Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

10. Properties of Gases and Gas Mixture

Some Important Notes
1.

As p 0, or T , the real gas approaches the ideal gas behaviour.

R = 8.3143 kJ/kmole-K

2.

Tds = du + pdv
Tds = dh vdp
2
=1 +
N
For mono-atomic gas N = 3
For di -atomic gas N = 5
For Tri-atomic gas N = 6

3.

4.

[N = degrees of freedom]

Reversible adiabatic process

T
p
pv = C ; 2 = 2
T1 p1
5.

v1
v
2

For isentropic process

RT1
u2 u1 =
1
(i)

For closed system

1
1

p
p

(RT1 )
1
1 ; h 2 h1 =
p1

p1

1
2
p v p v
1 pd v = 1 1 12 2

6.

(p1 v1 p2 v 2 )
1

1
Isobaric process (p = C), n = 0, pv = C
Isothermal process (T = C), n = 1, pv1 = RT
Isentropic process (s = C), n = , pv = C
Isometric or isobaric process (V = C), n =

7.

For minimum work in multistage compressor, p2 =

For steady flow

v dp

p2 p3
=
p1 p2
(ii) Equal discharge temperature (T2 = T3 )

(i)

Equal pressure ratio i.e.

Page 145 of 265

p1 p3

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

p3
p2

p1
T

And (iii) Equal work for the two stages.

1
S
1

8.

9.

p n
Volumetric Efficiency ( vol ) = 1 + C C 2
p1
Clearance volume
Where, C =
Piston displacement volume

Equation of states for real gas

(i)

Van der Waals equation: p + 2 (v b) = RT

v

RT
a

or
p=
v b v2
or

(ii)

pr + v 2 (3 v r 1) = 8Tr
r

Beattie Bridge man equation

RT (1 e)
A
(v + B) 2
2
v
v
a
b
C

A = A 0 1 ; B = B0 1 ; e =
v
vT3
v

p=

Where

Does not give satisfactory results in the critical point region.

(iii)

Virial Expansions:
pv
= 1 + Bp + Cp2 + Dp3 +
RT
pv
B C
D
Or
= 1 + + 2 + 3 + .......
v v
v
RT
Page 146 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
a = 3 pc v 2c ; b =

10.

Chapter 10

vc
8 pc v c
; values of Z at critical point 0.375 for Van der Waal
; R=
3
3 Tc

gas.
a
bR
= x1 1 + x 2 2 + ....... + x c c

Boyle temperature (TB) =

11.
12.

m1R1 + m2 R 2 + ....... mc R c
m1 + m2 + ........... mc
m u + m2 u2 + ....... m c uc
um = 1 1
;
m1 + m2 + ........... m c
Rm =

c pm

m1 cP1 + m2 cP2 + ....... mc cPc

m1 + m2 + ........... mc

hm =

m1h1 + m2 h 2 + ....... m c h c
m1 + m 2 + ........... m c

c vm

m1 cv1 + m2 cv2 + ....... mc cv c

m1 + m2 + ........... mc

p
p
p

sf si = m1R1 ln 1 + m2 R 2 ln 2 + ...... + m c R c ln c
p
p
p

Gibbs function G = RT n x ( k + ln p + ln x k )

13.

Questions with Solution P. K. Nag

Q.101
Solution:

What is the mass of air contained in a room 6 m 9 m 4 m if the

pressure is 101.325 kPa and the temperature is 25C?
(Ans. 256 kg)
Given pressure (p) = 101.325 kPa
Temperature (T)
= 25C = (25 + 273) K = 298 K
Volume (V)
= 6 9 4 m3 = 216 m3
From equation of states
pV = mRT
For air R = 0.287 kJ/kg K, Gas constant mass is m kg

Q.10.2

(c)

Solution:

m=

pV
RT

101.325 216
kg = 255.9 kg
0.287 298

The usual cooking gas (mostly methane) cylinder is about 25 cm in

diameter and 80 cm in height. It is changed to 12 MPa at room
temperature (27C).
(a) Assuming the ideal gas law, find the mass of gas filled in the
cylinder.
(b) Explain how the actual cylinder contains nearly 15 kg of gas.
If the cylinder is to be protected against excessive pressure by means of
a fusible plug, at what temperature should the plug melt to limit the
maximum pressure to 15 MPa?

Given diameter
Height

(D) = 25 cm = 0.25 m
(H) = 80 cm = 0.8 m
D2

Volume of the cylinder

(V) =
H = 0.03927 m3
4
Gas pressure
(p) = 12 MPa = 12000 kPa
Page 147 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

Temperature
(a)

(T) = 27 C = 300 K

Mass of gas filled in the cylinder

pV
R 8.3143
=
kJ/kg K = 0.51964
Here R = Gas constant =
RT
M
16

= 3.023 kg

m=

(b)

In cooking gas main component is ethen and it filled in 18 bar pressure. At

that pressure it is not a gas it is liquid form in atmospheric temperature so
its weight is amount 14 kg.

(c)

Let temperature be T K, then pressure, p = 15 MPa = 15000 kPa

Q.10.3

T=

pV
15000 0.03927
=
= 375 K = 102 C
mR
3.023 0.51964

A certain gas has cP = 0.913 and cV = 0.653 kJ/kg K. Find the molecular
weight and the gas constant R of the gas.

Solution:

Gas constant, R = c p c v = (0.913 653) kJ/kg K = 0.26 kJ/kg K

If molecular weight,( M )kJ/kg mole
R
8.3143
=
kJ/kg mole = 31.98 kJ/kg mole
Then R = MR
M=
R
0.26

Q.10.4

From an experimental determination the specific heat ratio for

acetylene (C2H2 ) is found to 1.26. Find the two specific heats.

Solution:

Gas constant of acetylene (C2 H2 ) (R) =

R
8.3143
=
kJ/kg K = 0.3198 kJ/kg K
M
26

As adiabatic index ( ) = 1.26 then

cp =
R = 1.55 kJ/kg K
1
R
cv =
= 1.23 kJ/kg K
and
1
Q.10.5
Solution:

Find the molal specific heats of monatomic, diatomic, and polyatomic

gases, if their specific heat ratios are respectively 5/3, 7/5 and 4/3.

Mono-atomic: c p =
R = 20.79 kJ/kg mole K;
1

R
= 12.47 kJ/kg mole K
1

cp =
R = 29.1 kJ/kg mole K;
1

cv =
Di-atomic:

cv =

R
= 20.79 kJ/kg mole K
1

Page 148 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
cp =

Polyatomic:

Chapter 10

R = 33.26 kJ/kg mole K;

1

cv = 24.94 kJ/kg mole K

Q.10.6

Solution:

A supply of natural gas is required on a site 800 m above storage level.

The gas at - 150C, 1.1 bar from storage is pumped steadily to a point on
the site where its pressure is 1.2 bar, its temperature 15C, and its flow
rate 1000 m 3 /hr. If the work transfer to the gas at the pump is 15 kW,
find the heat transfer to the gas between the two points. Neglect the
change in K.E. and assume that the gas has the properties of methane (C
H4 ) which may be treated as an ideal gas having = 1.33 (g = 9.75 m/ s2 ).
(Ans. 63.9 kW)
Given:
At storage
(p1 ) = 1.1 bar = 110 kPa
(T1 ) = 150C = 123 K
p3 = 1.2 bar = 120 kPa

T3 = 288 K

(V 3 ) = 1000 m3/m =

Flow rate
Gas constant (R) =

5 3
m /s
18

R
= 0.51964 kJ/kg K
16

p3 V3 = m RT3

p V3
m =
= 0.22273 kg/s
RT3

dW
Pump work
= 15 kW
dt

From steady flow energy equation

dQ
dW

m(h1 + 0 + gZ1 ) +
= m( h3 + 0 + g Z3 ) +
dt
dt
(Z

Z
)
dW
dQ

1

= m (h3 h1 ) + g 3
+
dt
1000
dt

Z dW

= m c P (T3 T1 ) + g
+
1000
dt

9.75 800

= 0.22273 2.0943 (288 123) +

1000

+ ( 15)
= 63.7 kJ/s = 63.7 kW (heat given to the system)

Q.10.7

cp =
R = 2.0943 kJ/kg
1

800m

P
1

A constant volume chamber of 0.3 m 3 capacity contains 1 kg of air at

5C. Heat is transferred to the air until the temperature is 100C. Find
the work done, the heat transferred, and the changes in internal energy,
enthalpy and entropy.

Page 149 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
Solution:

Chapter 10

Constant volume (V) = 0.3 m3

T2 = 100C = 373 K
p
p2 = 1 T2 = 357 kPa
T1

Mass (m) = 1 kg
T1 = 5 C = 278 K

mRT1
= 265.95 kPa
V
Work done = pdV = 0
p1 =

du + dW = dW = m c dT = m c
Change in internal Energy = du = 68.21 kJ
Change in Enthalpy = dh = m c (T T ) = 95.475 kJ

Heat transferred Q =

Change in Entropy =

d s = s2

(T2 T1 ) = 68.21 kJ

s1 = m c p ln

V2
p
+ m c v ln 2
V1
p1

p2
357
= 1 0.718 ln
265.95
p1
= 0.2114 kJ/kg K
= m c v ln

Q.10.8

One kg of air in a closed system, initially at 5C and occupying 0.3 m3

volume, undergoes a constant pressure heating process to 100C. There
is no work other than pdv work. Find (a) the work done during the
process, (b) the heat transferred, and (c) the entropy change of the gas.

Solution:

T1 = 278 K
V1 = 0.3 m3
m = 1 kg
p1 = 265.95 kPa
T2 = 100 C = 373 K
p2 = 265.95 kPa
mRT2
V2 =
= 0.40252 m3
p2
(a) Work during the process
2

(W12) =

p dV

= p(V2 V1 ) = 27.266 kJ

(b) Heat transferred Q1 2 = u2 u1 + W12

= mc v (T2 T1 ) + W1 2 = 95.476 kJ

(c) Entropy change of the gas

V
p
s2 s1 = mc p ln 2 + mc v ln 2
V1
p1
v
= m c p ln 2 = 0.29543 kJ/kg K
v1
Q.10.9

0.1 m 3 of hydrogen initially at 1.2 MPa, 200C undergoes a reversible

isothermal expansion to 0.1 MPa. Find (a) the work done during the
process, (b) the heat transferred, and (c) the entropy change of the gas.
Page 150 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
Solution:

Chapter 10

V1 = 0.1 m3
p1 = 1.2 MPa = 1200 kPa
T1 = 473 K

1
1

2
S

R
8.3143
=
kJ/kg K = 4.157 kJ/kg K
M
2
p V
m = 1 1 = 0.06103 kg
RT1
Reversible isothermal expansion
So
T2 = T1 = 473 K
Enthalpy change (h) = m c p (T2 T1 ) = 0
R=

And
p2 = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa
Heat transferred (Q) = u + W
mRT2
3

V2 =
= 1.2 m
p2

= u2 u1 + p dV
1

dV
= 0 + RT
V
V
= RT ln 2
V1

pV = RT

p=

RT
V

1.2
= 4.157 473 ln

0.1
= 4886 kJ
2

Work done (W) =

p dV

= 4886 kJ

Entropy change, s2 s1 = mc p ln

V2
p
+ mc v ln 2
V1
p1

1.2
100
= 0.06103 14.55 ln
+ 10.4 ln

0.1
1200

= 0.6294 kJ/kg K
For H2 diatomic gas ( = 1.4)

R
= 10.4 kJ/kg K
cp =
R = 14.55 kJ/kg K; cv =
1
1
Q.10.10

Air in a closed stationary system expands in a reversible adiabatic

process from 0.5 MPa, 15C to 0.2 MPa. Find the final temperature, and
per kg of air, the change in enthalpy, the heat transferred, and the work
done.

Page 151 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
Solution:

Chapter 10

p1 = 0.5 MPa = 500 kPa

T1 = 15C = 288 K
Let mass is 1 kg

v1 = 1 R T1 = 0.1653 m3/kg
p1
p2 = 0.2 MPa = 200 kPa

p1 v1 = p2 v 2 :

p
v2 = v1 1 = 0.31809 m3/kg
p2
1

T1
p
p

T2 = T1 2
= 1
T2
p2
p1
= 222 K
Change of Enthalpy
(H) = mc p (T2 T1 ) = 66.33 kJ/kg

2
S

The Heat transferred (Q) = 0

The work done
2
p v p2 v 2
(W) = p d v = 1 1
1
1
= 47.58 kJ/kg
Q.10.11

Solution:

If the above process occurs in an open steady flow system, find the final
temperature, and per kg of air, the change in internal energy, the heat
transferred, and the shaft work. Neglect velocity and elevation changes.

T
p
Final temperature will be same because then also 2 = 2
T1
p1
i.e. T2 = 222 K
Change in internal energy = u = mc v (T2 T1 ) = 47.4 kJ/kg
2

(W) = v dp =

Shaft work

valid.

[p1 v1 p2 v 2 ] = +66.33 kJ/kg

1

Heat transferred:
h1 + 0 + 0 +

Q.10.12

dQ
dW
= h2 + 0 + 0 +
dm
dm
dQ
dW
= (h 2 h1 ) +
= 66.33 + 66.33 = 0
dm
dm
[As it is reversible adiabatic so dQ = 0]

The indicator diagram for a certain water-cooled cylinder and piston air
compressor shows that during compression pv1.3 = constant. The
compression starts at 100 kPa, 25C and ends at 600 kPa. If the process is
reversible, how much heat is transferred per kg of air?

Page 152 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
Solution:

Chapter 10

p1 = 100 kPa
T1 = 298 K
RT1
= 0.8553 m3/kg
v1 =
p1
p2 = 600 kPa
1
n

p
v 2 = v1 1 = 0.21554 m3/kg
p2

2
pV

1.3

= constant

p
1

n 1
n

p
= 451 K
T2 = T1 2
p1
dQ
dW
h1 + 0 + 0 +
= h2 + 0 + 0 +
dm
dm
dQ
dW
= (h 2 h1 ) +
dm
dm
n[p1 v1 p2 v 2 ]
dW
=
n 1
dm
= 189.774 kJ/kg
= Cp(T2 T1) -189.774
= 153.765 189.774
= 36 kJ/kg
[Heat have to be rejected]

Q.10.13

An ideal gas of molecular weight 30 and = 1.3 occupies a volume of 1.5

m 3 at 100 kPa and 77C. The gas is compressed according to the law
pv1.25 = constant to a pressure of 3 MPa. Calculate the volume and
temperature at the end of compression and heating, work done, heat
transferred, and the total change of entropy.

Solution:

R
= 0.27714 kJ/kg K
30
= 1.3; n = 1.25
R
= 0.9238 kJ/kg K
cv =
1
R
cP =
= 1.2 kJ/kg K
1
p1 = 100 kPa; V1 = 1.5 m3; T1 = 350 K
p2 = 3 MPa = 3000 kPa
R=

2
p

p n
V2 = V1 1 = 0.09872 m3
p2
pV
m = 1 1 = 1.5464 kg
RT1
pV
T2 = 2 2 = 691 K
mR

Page 153 of 265

1
V

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10
2

Work done (W1 2) =

p1 V

n
1

pdV

1
n
2

= p V = p2 V
= p1 V1n

p1 V1n
dV
=
1 V n n + 1

1
1
Vn 1 Vn 1
1
2

p2 V2 p1 V1
p V p2 V2
= 1 1
1n
n 1
100 1.5 3000 0.09872
kJ = 584.64 kJ
=
1.25 1

Heat transfer Q = u2 u1 + W1 2
= mc v (T2 T1 ) + W1 2
= [1.5464 0.9238 (691 350) 584.64] kJ
= 97.5 kJ
p
V

S = S2 S1 = mc v ln 2 + mc P ln 2
p1
V1

= 0.19 kJ/K
Q.10.14

Calculate the change of entropy when 1 kg of air changes from a

temperature of 330 K and a volume of 0.15 m 3 to a temperature of 550 K
and a volume of 0.6 m 3 .
If the air expands according to the law, pv n = constant, between the
same end states, calculate the heat given to, or extracted from, the air
during the expansion, and show that it is approximately equal to the
change of entropy multiplied by the mean absolute temperature.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.15

0.5 kg of air, initially at 25C, is heated reversibly at constant pressure

until the volume is doubled, and is then heated reversibly at constant
volume until the pressure is doubled. For the total path, find the work
transfer, the heat transfer, and the change of entropy.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.16

An ideal gas cycle of three processes uses Argon (Mol. wt. 40) as a
working substance. Process 1-2 is a reversible adiabatic expansion from
0.014 m 3 , 700 kPa, 280C to 0.056 m 3 . Process 2-3 is a reversible
isothermal process. Process 3-1 is a constant pressure process in which
heat transfer is zero. Sketch the cycle in the p-v and T-s planes, and find
(a) the work transfer in process 1-2, (b) the work transfer in process 2-3,
and (c) the net work of the cycle. Take = 1.67.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.17

A gas occupies 0.024 m 3 at 700 kPa and 95C. It is expanded in the nonflow process according to the law pv1.2 = constant to a pressure of 70 kPa
Page 154 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

after which it is heated at constant pressure back to its original

temperature. Sketch the process on the p-v and T-s diagrams, and
calculate for the whole process the work done, the heat transferred, and
the change of entropy. Take c p = 1.047 and c V = 0.775 kJ/kg K for the gas.
Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.18

0.5 kg of air at 600 kPa receives an addition of heat at constant volume

so that its temperature rises from 110C to 650C. It then expands in a
cylinder poly tropically to its original temperature and the index of
expansion is 1.32. Finally, it is compressed isothermally to its original
volume. Calculate (a) the change of entropy during each of the three
stages, (b) the pressures at the end of constant volume heat addition and
at the end of expansion. Sketch the processes on the p-v and T-s
diagrams.
Try please.

Solution:
Q.10.19

0.5 kg of helium and 0.5 kg of nitrogen are mixed at 20C and at a total
pressure of 100 kPa. Find (a) the volume of the mixture, (b) the partial
volumes of the components, (c) the partial pressures of the components,
(d) the mole fractions of the components, (e) the specific heats cP and cV
of the mixture, and (f) the gas constant of the mixture.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.20

A gaseous mixture consists of 1 kg of oxygen and 2 kg of nitrogen at a

pressure of 150 kPa and a temperature of 20C. Determine the changes in
internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of the mixture when the mixture
is heated to a temperature of 100C (a) at constant volume, and (b) at
constant pressure.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.21

A closed rigid cylinder is divided by a diaphragm into two equal

compartments, each of volume 0.1 m 3 . Each compartment contains air at
a temperature of 20C. The pressure in one compartment is 2.5 MPa and
in the other compartment is 1 MPa. The diaphragm is ruptured so that
the air in both the compartments mixes to bring the pressure to a
uniform value throughout the cylinder which is insulated. Find the net
change of entropy for the mixing process.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.22

A vessel is divided into three compartments (a), (b), and (c) by two
partitions. Part (a) contains oxygen and has a volume of 0.1 m 3 , (b) has a
volume of 0.2 m 3 and contains nitrogen, while (c) is 0.05 m 3 and holds
C O2 . All three parts are at a pressure of 2 bar and a temperature of 13C.
When the partitions are removed and the gases mix, determine the
change of entropy of each constituent, the final pressure in the vessel
and the partial pressure of each gas. The vessel may be taken as being
completely isolated from its surroundings.
(Ans. 0.0875, 0.0783,
0.0680
kJ/K; 2 bar; 0.5714, 1.1429, 0.2857 bar.)
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Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

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Chapter 10

Solution:

0.1 m 3

0.2 m 3

0.05 m 3

N2

O2

W2

p = 2 bar = 200 kPa

T = B C = 286 K
After mixing temperature of the mixture will be same as before 13C = 286 K and
also pressure will be same as before 2 bar = 200 kPa. But total volume will be
V = Va + Vb + Vc
= (0.1 + 0.2 + 0.05) = 0.35 m3
pVa
200 0.1
ma =
=

kg = 0.26915 kg
8.3143
Ra T
286
32
pVa
200 0.2
mb =
=
kg = 0.471 kg
8.3143
RbT
286
28
pVc
200 0.05
mc =
=
kg = 0.18504 kg
8.319
Rc T
286
44
v
T
p
p

S = S2 S1 = mc P ln 2 mR ln 2
Here T2 = T1 so 2 = 1
T1
p1
p1 v 2
(S2 S1 )O2 = mO2 R O2 ln

Vo
8.3143
9.35
ln
= 0.26915

VO2
32
0.1

= 0.087604 kJ/K
8.3143
V
0.35
= 0.471
ln
(S2 S1 )N2 = mN2 R N2 ln
= 0.078267 kJ/K

32
0.2
Vn2
8.3143
V
0.35
= 0.18504
ln
(S2 S1 )CO2 = mCO2 RCO2 ln
= 0.06804 kJ/K

44
0.05
VCO2
Partial pressure after mixing
0.1
Mole fraction of
O2 (x O2 ) =
0.35
0.2
Mole fraction of
N 2 (x N2 ) =
0.35
0.05
Mole fraction of
CO2, x O2 =
0.35
[ At same temperature and pressure same mole of gas has same]
0.1
200 = 57.143 kPa
O2 ; (pO2 ) = x O2 p =
Partial pressure of
0.35
0.2
200 = 114.29 kPa
Partial pressure of
N 2 ; (pN2 ) = x N 2 p =
0.35
0.05
Partial pressure of
200 = 28.514 kPa
CO2 ; (pCO2 ) = x CO2 p =
0.35

( )

Page 156 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

Q.10.23

A Carnot cycle uses 1 kg of air as the working fluid. The maximum and
minimum temperatures of the cycle are 600 K and 300 K. The maximum
pressure of the cycle is 1 MPa and the volume of the gas doubles during
the isothermal heating process. Show by calculation of net work and
heat supplied that the efficiency is the maximum possible for the given
maximum and minimum temperatures.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.24

An ideal gas cycle consists of three reversible processes in the following

sequence: (a) constant volume pressure rise, (b) isentropic expansion to
r times the initial volume, and (c) constant pressure decrease in volume.
Sketch the cycle on the p-v and T'-s diagrams. Show that the efficiency of
the cycle is
r 1 ( r 1)
cycle =
r 1
4
Evaluate the cycle efficiency when y =
and r = 8.
3
(Ans. ( = 0.378))
For process 1 2 constant volume heating
Q1 2 = u + pdv
= mc v T + pdv

Solution:

= mc v T = mc v (T2 T1 )

2
2

T
1

1
V

S
Q2 3 = 0 as isentropic expansion.
Q3 1 = mc P T = mc P (T3 T1 )

Efficiency = 1

heat rejection
heat addition

T3

mc p (T3 T1 )
T

= 1 1
= 1
mc v (T2 T1 )
T2

T 1
1

p1 v1
p2 v 2
T2
p
=
as V1 = V2
= 2 = r

Here
T1
T2
T1
p1

And p2 v 2 = p3 v 3

And

or

p3 v 3
pv
= 2 2
T1
T3
Page 157 of 265

p2
v
= 3 = r
p3
v2
p2
= r
p1

as p3 = p1 then

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
or
If

Chapter 10

T3
v
v
= 3 = 3 =r
T1
v1
v2
=

= 1

( 1)
r 1 (r 1)
Proved
=
r 1
r 1

4
and r = 8 then
3

cycle =

r 1 (r 1)
r 1

4
(8 1)
3
= 1 4
= 0.37778
3
(8 1)
Q.10.25

Solution :

Using the Dietetic equation of state

RT
a
P=
.exp

vb
RTv
(a) Show that
a
a
pc = 2 2 , v c = 2b, Tc =
4Rb
4e b
(b) Expand in the form
B C

pv = RT 1 + + 2 + ....
v v

(c) Show that

a
TB =
bR
Try please.

Q.10.26

The number of moles, the pressures, and the temperatures of gases a, b,

and c are given below
Gas
m (kg mol)
P (kPa)
t (0C)
N2
1
350
100
CO
3
420
200
O2
2
700
300
If the containers are connected, allowing the gases to mix freely, find (a)
the pressure and temperature of the resulting mixture at equilibrium,
and (b) the change of entropy of each constituent and that of the
mixture.

Solution :

Try please.

Q.10.27

Calculate the volume of 2.5 kg moles of steam at 236.4 atm. and 776.76 K
with the help of compressibility factor versus reduced pressure graph.
At this volume and the given pressure, what would the temperature be
in K, if steam behaved like a van der Waals gas?
The critical pressure, volume, and temperature of steam are 218.2 atm.,
57 cm 3 /g mole, and 647.3 K respectively.

Solution :

Try please.

Q.10.28

Two vessels, A and B, each of volume 3 m 3 may be connected together by

a tube of negligible volume. Vessel a contains air at 7 bar, 95C while B
Page 158 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
Solution:

Chapter 10

contains air at 3.5 bar, 205C. Find the change of entropy when A is
connected to B. Assume the mixing to be complete and adiabatic.
(Ans. 0.975 kJ/kg K)
VA = VB = 3m3
pA = 7 bar = 700 kPa
TA = 95C = 368 K
pB = 3.5 bar = 350 kPa
TB = 205C = 478 K

mA =

pA VA
= 19.883 kg
RTA

mB =

In case of Adiabatic mixing for closed system

Internal energy remains constant.

UA + UB = U
m A c v . TA + m B c v . TB = (m A + m B ) c v T
or
m A TA + mB TB
= 398.6 K
m A + mB
After mixing partial for of A
Total pressure

p = mRT = 525.03 kPa

V

m RT
= 379.1 kPa
pAf = A
V
m RT
pBf = B
= 145.93 kPa
V
p
T
SA = SAf SA = m A c p ln
m A R ln Af
TA
pA
= 5.0957 kJ/K
p
T
m B R ln Bf
sBf sB = m B c P ln
TB
pB
= 0.52435 kJ/kg

Suniv = SA + SB = 5.62 kJ/K

Q.10.29

T=

pB VB
= 7.6538 kg
RTB

3m 3

3m 3

pA = 7 bar
TA = 95C

pB = 3.5 bar
TB = 205C

An ideal gas at temperature T1 is heated at constant pressure to T2

n

and

then expanded reversibly, according to the law pv = constant, until the

temperature is once again T1 What is the required value of n if the
changes of entropy during the separate processes are equal?

2
Ans. n =

+ 1

Page 159 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
Solution:

Chapter 10

Let us mass of gas is 1 kg

2
p

T2

T
1

T1
1

T2
2
3 (T1 )

3
S

Then

v2
p
T
T
p
T
R

ln 2
+ c v ln 2 = c p ln 2 R ln 2 = c p ln 2 =
T1
v1
p1
T1
p1
T1
1

T
p
= c p ln 3 R ln 3
T2
p2

s2 s1 = 1 c P ln
or

s3 s 2

n 1

n 1

T
p T n
p n
Hence T3 = T1 and 3 = 3
3 = 3
T2
p2 T2
p2
T
T1

nR
n
T
T2 n
R

= cP ln 1 R
ln 1 =
ln T = R ln T n 1 1

4
n
1
T2
n 1 T2

1
As s2 s1 = s3 s2

or
or
or
or

T
R

T n
ln 2 = R ln 2

T1
1
T1 n 1 1

n
2
=
1
n 1

2n 2 = n n
n (n) = 2
2
n=
proved
+1

Q.10.30

A certain mass of sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ) is contained in a vessel of

Solution:

0.142 m 3 capacity, at a pressure and temperature of 23.1 bar and 18C

respectively. A valve is opened momentarily and the pressure falls
immediately to 6.9 bar. Sometimes later the temperature is again 18C
and the pressure is observed to be 9.1 bar. Estimate the value of specific
heat ratio.
(Ans. 1.29)
Mass of SO2 before open the valve
S = 32
O 16 2 = 64
m1 =

pV
2310 0.142
= 8.6768 kg
=
8.3143
R SO2 T
291
64

Mass of SO2 after closing the valve

Page 160 of 265

R SO2 = 0.12991 kJ/kg-K

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
m2 =

Chapter 10

910 0.142
= 3.4181 kg
RSO2 291

If intermediate temperature is T then

p1 V1
pV
9.1 0.142
6.9 0.142
= 2 2
or
=
291
T
T1
T2
or T = 220.65 K
As valve is opened momentarily term process is adiabatic
So

or

or

Q.10.31

Solution :

T2
p
= 2
T1
p1

220.65
6.9
or
=

291
23.1

220.65
ln

299 = 0.22903
1

6.9

ln

23.1
1
= 1 0.22903 = 0.77097

= 1.297

A gaseous mixture contains 21% by volume of nitrogen, 50% by volume of

hydrogen, and 29% by volume of carbon-dioxide. Calculate the molecular
weight of the mixture, the characteristic gas constant R for the mixture
and the value of the reversible adiabatic index . (At 10C, the c p values
of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide are l.039, 14.235, and 0.828
kJ/kg K respectively.)
A cylinder contains 0.085 m 3 of the mixture at 1 bar and 10C. The gas
undergoes a reversible non-flow process during which its volume is
reduced to one-fifth of its original value. If the law of compression is
pv1.2 = constant, determine the work and heat transfer in magnitude and
sense and the change in entropy.
(Ans. 19.64 kg/kg mol, 0.423 kJ/kg K, 1.365,
16 kJ, 7.24 kJ, 0.31 kJ/kg K)
Volume ratio = 21: 50: 29

Mass ratio = 21 28: 50 2: 29 44

Let
mN2 = 21 28 kg,
m H2 = 50 2 kg,
mN2 = 29 44 kg
= 588 kg

Rmix =

= 100 kg

= 1276 kg

RN2 =

R H2 =

m N2 R N2 + m H2 R H2 + mCO2 R CO2
m N2 + m H2 + mCO2

28

R
R
, RCO2 =

2
44

21 R + 50 R + 29 R
21 28 + 50 2 + 29 44
= 0.42334 kJ/kg K
=

c p Mix =

m N2 C pN + m H2 C pH + mCO2 C pCO
2

m N2 + m H2 + mCO2
Page 161 of 265

[mN2 + m H2 + mCO2 = 1964]

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
=

Chapter 10
21 28 1.039 + 100 14.235 + 0.828 1276
= 1.5738 kJ/kg K
588 + 100 + 1276

R
= 0.74206
28
R
c VH2 = 14.235
= 10.078
2
R
c VCO2 = 0.828
= 0.63904
44
c VN2 = 1.039

588 0.74206 + 100 10.078 + 1276 0.63904

= 1.1505 kJ/kg K
588 + 100 + 1276
c v mix = c P mix Rmix = 1.5738 0.42334 = 1.1505 kJ/kg K

cv

Mix

c p mix

mix =

= 1.368

cv mix

Given
p1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa

p2 = 690 kPa (Calculated)

v
V2 = 1 = 0.017 m3
5
T2 = 390.5 K (Calculated)

V2 = 0.085 m3
T1 = 10 C = 283 K
n

p2
v
= 1 = 51.2
p1
v2
p2 = 100 51.2 kPa

2
p

n 1

T2
p n
= 2
T1
p1
p V p2 V2
W= 1 1
n 1

T2 = 390.5 K

1
V

dV
W = pdV = C 4
1
1 V

100 0.085 690 0.017

1.2 1
= 16.15 kJ
[i.e. work have to be given to the system)
=

Q = u2 u1 + W
m=

p1 V1
= 0.070948 kg
RT1

= mc v (T2 T1 ) + W
= (8.7748 16.15) kJ
= 7.3752 kJ
[i.e. Heat flow through system]
Page 162 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

Charge of entropy
T
p
S = S2 S1 = mc P ln 2 m R ln 2
T1
p1

390.5
690
= m 1.5738 ln
0.42334 ln
kJ/K
283
100

= 0.022062 kJ/K = 22.062 J/K

Q.10.32

Solution:

Two moles of an ideal gas at temperature T and pressure p are contained

in a compartment. In an adjacent compartment is one mole of an ideal
gas at temperature 2Tand pressure p. The gases mix adiabatically but do
not react chemically when a partition separating: the compartments are
withdrawn. Show that the entropy increase due to the mixing process is
given by
27
32

+
R ln
ln

4 1 27

Provided that the gases are different and that the ratio of specific heat
is the same for both gases and remains constant.
What would the entropy change be if the mixing gases were of the same
Species?
nRT
2 RT
nR 2 T
2 RT
VA =
=
VB =
=
p
p
p
p

2 mole
T
p

1 mole
2T
p

After mixing if final temperature is Tf then

2 T + 1 2T
4
Tf =
= T
3
2 +1
Final pressure = p
4
Temperature = T
3

nRTf
=
pf =
Vf
and

After mixing Partial Pressure of A = pfA =

Partial pressure of B = pf B =

9
Tp
3
4 RT

3R

Volume = VA + VB =
2
p
3

1
p
3

T
p

(S)A = n A c pA ln f R ln fA
TA
pA

4
2

= 2R
ln ln
3
3
1
Page 163 of 265

c PA =

R
1

4 RT
p

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

T
p

(S)B = n B c PB ln f R ln fB
TB
pB

2
1

= R
ln ln
3
3
1

(S) univ = (S)A + (S)B

9
16
2

= R ln + ln 3 +
+ ln
ln
9
3
1
4

32
27
= R ln
+
ln
Proved.

4
1
27

Q.10.33

n1 moles of an ideal gas at pressure p1 and temperature T are in one

compartment of an insulated container. In an adjoining compartment,
separated by a partition, are n2 moles of an ideal gas at pressure p2 and
temperature T. When the partition is removed, calculate (a) the final
pressure of the mixture, (b) the entropy change when the gases are
identical, and (c) the entropy change when .the gases are different.
Prove that the entropy change in (c) is the same as that produced by two
independent free expansions.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.34

Assume that 20 kg of steam are required at a pressure of 600 bar and a

temperature of 750C in order to conduct a particular experiment. A 140litre heavy duty tank is available for storage.
Predict if this is an adequate storage capacity using:
(a) The ideal gas theory,
(b) The compressibility factor chart,
(c) The van der Waals equation with a = 5.454 (litre) 2 atm/ (g mol) 2 , b =
0.03042 litres/gmol for steam,
(d) The Mollier chart
(e) The steam tables.
Estimate the error in each.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.35

Estimate the pressure of 5 kg of CO2 gas which occupies a volume of 0.70

m 3 at 75C, using the Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state.
Compare this result with the value obtained using the generalized
compressibility chart. Which is more accurate and why?
For CO2 with units of atm, litres/g mol and K, A o = 5.0065, a = 0.07132, Bo =

0.10476, b = 0.07235, C * 10-4 = 66.0.

Solution:

Try please.

Q.10.36

Measurements of pressure and temperature at various stages in an

adiabatic air turbine show that the states of air lie on the line pv1.25 =
Page 164 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

constant. If kinetic and gravitational potential energy is neglected,

prove that the shaft work per kg as a function of pressure is given by the
following relation
p 1/5
W = 3.5p1 v1 1 2
p1
Take for air as 1.4.
Solution:

Using S.F.E.E.
V2

Q W + 2 + g Z = h2 h1
2

or

Q W = mc p (T2 T1 )
=

mR(T2 T1 )
1

p1 v1 = mRT1

p2 v 2 = mRT2

p1 v1 p2 v 2

1 p1 v1

n 1

p n
=
1
p1 v1 2
p1

1
=

Q 0 and as

Here adiabatic process

So

n 1

n
p

p1 v1 1
W=
p1

= 1.4 and n = 1.25

1

5
p

2
W = 3.5 p1 v1 1 proved
p1

Q.10.37

Solution:

A mass of an ideal gas exists initially at a pressure of 200 kPa,

temperature 300 K, and specific volume 0.5 m 3 /kg. The value of r is 1.4. (a)
Determine the specific heats of the gas. (b) What is the change in entropy
when the gas is expanded to pressure 100 kPa according to the law pv1.3 =
const? (c) What will be the entropy change if the path is pv1.5 = const. (by
the application of a cooling jacket during the process)? (d) What is the
inference you can draw from this example?
(Ans. (a) 1.166,0.833 kJ/kg K, (b) 0.044 kJ/kg K (c) - 0.039 kJ/kg K
(d) Entropy increases when n < and decreases when n > )
p1 = 200 kPa
Given
T1 = 300 K
v1 = 0.5 m3/kg
= 1.4
(a) Gas constant( R) =

p1 v1
200 0.5
=
= 0.33333 kJ/kg K
300
T1
Page 165 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

Super heat at constant Pressure

1.4
R =
0.33333 = 1.1667 kJ/kg K
cp =
1.4 1
1
c V = c p R = 0.83333 kJ/kg K
(b) Given p2 = 100 kPa
1

s2

p 1.3
v 2 = v1 1 = 0.85218 m3/kg
p2
V
p
s1 = c p ln 2 + cV ln 2
V1
p1

0.85218
100
= 1.1667 ln
+ 0.83333 ln
kJ/kg K
0.5
200
= 0.044453 kJ/kg K = 44.453 J/kg K

p
2
V

(c) If path is pv1.5 = C. Then

1

p 1.5
v2 = v1 1 = 0.7937 m3/kg
p2
0.7937
150
s2 s1 = 1.1667 ln

+ 0.83333 ln
kJ/kg K
0.5
200
= 0.03849 kJ/kg K
(d) n > is possible if cooling arrangement is used and S will be ve

Q.10.38

Solution:

(a) A closed system of 2 kg of air initially at pressure 5 atm and

temperature 227C, expands reversibly to pressure 2 atm following
the law pv1.25 = const. Assuming air as an ideal gas, determine the
work done and the heat transferred.
(Ans. 193 kJ, 72 kJ)
(b) If the system does the same expansion in a steady flow process, what
is the work done by the system?
(Ans. 241 kJ)
Given
m = 2 kg
p1 = 5 atm = 506.625 kPa
1
T1 = 277 C = 550 K
p2 = 2 atm = 202.65 kPa
p
n 1

p n
T2 = T1 2
= 457.9 K
p1
p V p2 V2
mR(T1 T2 )
=
W1 2 = 1 1
n 1
n 1
2 0.287(550 457.9)
=
= 211.46 kJ
1.25 1
Reversible polytropic process
Heat transfer
Q1 2 = u2 u1 + W1 2
= mc v (T2 T1 ) + W1 2
Page 166 of 265

2
V

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

= 2 0.718 (457.9 550) + W = 132.26 + 211.46 = 79.204 kJ

(b)

Q.10.39

Solution:

For steady flow reversible polytropic process

W = h1 h 2
n
mR
=
[p1 V1 p2 V2 ] =
[T1 T2 ] = 264.33 kJ
n 1
n 1

Air contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston is compressed reversibly

according to the law pv1.25 = const. The mass of air in the cylinder is 0.1
kg. The initial pressure is 100 kPa and the initial temperature 20C. The
final volume is 1/ 8 of the initial volume. Determine the work and the
heat transfer.
(Ans. 22.9 kJ, 8.6 kJ)
It is a reversible polytropic process
p2 = 1345.4 kPa
m = 0.1 kg
p1 = 100 kPa
T2 = 492.77 K
mRT1

V1 =
V2 = 0.010511 m3
P1
= 0.084091 m3
1.25
V
2

p2 = p1 1 = 100 81.25
V
2
p
n 1
p2 n
T2 = T1
1
p1
p1 V1 p2 V2
n 1
100 0.084091 1345.4 0.010511
=
1.25 1
= 22.93 kJ
Q1 2 = u2 u1 + W1 2

W1 2 =

= mc v (T2 T1 ) + W1 2
= 0.2 0.718 (492.77 293) 22.93
= 8.5865 kJ

Q.10.40

Solution:

Air is contained in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston. Initially

the cylinder contains 0.5 m 3 of air at 1.5 bar, 20C. The air is
Then compressed reversibly according to the law pv n = constant until
the final pressure is 6 bar, at which point the temperature is 120C.
Determine: (a) the polytropic index n, (b) the final volume of air, (c) the
work done on the air and the heat transfer, and (d) the net change in
entropy.
(Ans. (a) 1.2685, (b) 0.1676 m3 (c) 95.3 kJ, 31.5 kJ, (d) 0.0153 kJ/K)
Given
p1 = 1.5 bar = 150 kPa
T1 = 20C = 293 K
V1 = 0.5 m3
Page 167 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

p1 V1
= 0.89189 kg
RT1
p2 = 6 bar = 600 kPa
T2 = 120 C = 393 K

m=

T
p
2 = 2
T1
p1

n 1
n

1
V

T
ln 2
1

T1 = 0.2118
or 1 =

n
P
ln 2
P1
n = 1.2687
(a) The polytropic index, n = 1.2687
mRT2
0.189 0.287 393 3
m = 0.16766 m3
(b) Final volume of air (V1) =
=
600
p2
2

(c)

W1 2

pdV
1

p1 V1 p2 V2
n 1

150 0.5 600 0.16766

kJ = 95.263 kJ
1.2687 1

Q1 2 = u2 u1 + W1 2
= mc v (T2 T1 ) + W1 2
= 0.89189 0.718(393 293) + W1 2
= 31.225 kJ
(d)

Q.10.41

Solution:

p
V

s = s2 s1 = m c v ln 2 + c P ln 2
p1
V1

600
0.16766
= 0.89189 0.718 ln
+ 1.005 ln
= 0.091663 kJ/K
150
0.5

The specific heat at constant pressure for air is given by

c p = 0.9169 + 2.577 + 10-4 T - 3.974 * 10-8 T2 kJ/kg K
Determine the change in internal energy and that in entropy of air when
it undergoes a change of state from 1 atm and 298 K to a temperature of
2000 K at the same pressure.
( Ans. 1470.4 kJ/kg, 2.1065 kJ/kg K )
p1 = p2 = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
T1 = 298 K; T2 = 2000 K
c p = 0.9169 + 2.577 104 T 3.974
103 T2 kJ/kg K
u = u2 u1 =

m c

dT

Page 168 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
=
=

Chapter 10

m(c R) dT
mc dT mR dT
P

2000

= 1

T
(0.9169 + 2.577 10 4 T 3.974

298
2000

10 8 T 2 ) dT 1 0.287

dT kJ / kg

298

= (1560.6 + 503.96 105.62 488.47) kJ/kg

= 1470.5 kJ/kg

Tds = dh vdp
or

Tds = mc PdT v dp
2

2000

dT
T
1
298
2000
+ 2.577 10 4 (2000 298)
s2 s1 = 0.9169 ln
298

dS = m

cP

20002 2982
3.974 10 8

= 2.1065 kJ/kg K

Q.10.42

Solution:

A closed system allows nitrogen to expand reversibly from a volume of

0.25 m 3 to 0.75 m 3 along the path pv1.32 = const. The original pressure of
the gas is 250 kPa and its initial temperature is 100C.
(a) Draw the p-v and T-s diagrams.
(b) What are the final temperature and the final pressure of the gas?
(c) How much work is done and how much heat is transferred?
(d) What is the Entropy change of nitrogen?
(Ans. (b) 262.44 K, 58.63 kPa,
(c) 57.89 kJ, 11.4 kJ, (d) 0.0362 kJ/K)
Given
p1 = 250 kPa
V1 = 0.25 m3
T1 = 100C = 373 K

p1

p
2
V

m=

p2

p1 v1
= 0.563 kg = 0.5643 kg
RT1
Page 169 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

8.3143
= 0.29694 kJ/kg
28
n
v1
p2 = p1 = 58.633 kPa
v2

RN2 =

V2 = 0.75 m3
n 1

p n
= 262.4 K
T2 = T1 2
p1
p V p2 V2
250 0.25 58.633 0.75
=
W= 1 1
= 57.891 kJ
n 1
(1.32 1)
Q = u2 u1 + W = mc v (T2 T1 ) + W
= 0.5643 0.7423 (262.4 373) + W
R
cv =
= 0.7423
1
= 1+

= 11.56 kJ
cp =

Q.10.43

Solution:

1.4
R =
0.29694 = 1.04 kJ/kg K
1.4 1
1

2
= 1.4
5

V
p

s = s2 s1 = m cP ln 2 + cV ln 2
V1
p1

0.75
58.633
= 0.5643 1.04 ln
+ 0.7423 ln
kJ/K
0.25
250

= 0.0373 kJ/kg K

Methane has a specific heat at constant pressure given by c p = 17.66 +

0.06188 T kJ/kg mol K when 1 kg of methane is heated at constant
volume from 27 to 500C. If the initial pressure of the gas is 1 atm,
calculate the final pressure, the heat transfer, the work done and the
change in entropy.
(Ans. 2.577 atm, 1258.5 kJ/kg, 2.3838 kJ/kg K)
R
Given p1 = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa
R =
16
T1 = 27C = 300 K
= 0.51964 kJ/kg K
p2 = 261 kPa
m = 1 kg
mRT1

V1 =
V2 = 1.5385
p1
T2 = 500C = 773 K
= 1.5385 m3 = V2
V=C
mRT2
(i) Find pressure (p2 ) =
V2
T
= 261 kPa 2.577 atm
(ii) Heat transfer Q =

mc

dT

= m [c P R]dT

S
Page 170 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

773

= 1

(1.1038 + 3.8675 10

0.51964) dT

300

= 0.58411(773 300) + 3.8675 10 3

(7732 3002 )
2

17.66 0.06188
+
T kJ/kg K
16
16
= 1.1038 + 3.8675 103 T = 1257.7 kJ/kg

cP =

(iii)

Work done =

pdV = 0
1

Tds = du = mc v dT

dT
dT
= m(c p R)
T
T
2
773
1 0.58411 + 3.8675 10 3 T
dS
=

dT
1

T

300
773
s2 s1 = 0.58411 ln
+ 3.8675 10 3 (773 300) = 2.3822 kJ/kg K
300
ds = mc v

Q.10.44

Air is compressed reversibly according to the law pv1.25 = const. from an

Solution:

initial pressures of 1 bar and volume of 0.9 m 3 to a final volume of 0.6

m 3 .Determine the final pressure and the change of entropy per kg of
air.
(Ans. 1.66 bar, 0.0436 kJ/kg K)
p1 = 1 bar
V1 = 0.9 m3
V2 = 0.6 m3
1.25
V1

= 1.66 bar
p2 = p1

V2

2
T

1
V

V
p

s = s2 s1 = c p ln 2 + cv ln 2
V1
p1

0.6
1.66
= 1.005 ln
kJ/kg K
+ 0.718 ln
1
0.9
= 0.043587 kJ/kg K

Q.10.45

In a heat engine cycle, air is isothermally compressed. Heat is then

added at constant pressure,
after
Page
171which
of 265 the air expands isentropically to

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

its original state. Draw the cycle on p-v and T'-s coordinates. Show that
the cycle efficiency can be expressed in the following form
=1

Solution:

( 1) lnr

r 1/ 1
Where r is the pressure ratio, p2 /p1 . Determine the pressure ratio and
the cycle efficiency if the initial temperature is 27C and the maximum
temperature is 327C.
( Ans. 13.4, 32.4%)
Heat addition (Q1) = Q2 3 = mc p (T3 T2 )

p2

p1

T
2
1

1
S

p
Heat rejection (Q2) = mRT1 ln 2
p1
p
RT1 ln 2
Q
p1

= 1 2 = 1
C p (T3 T2 )
Q1

p
ln 2
1
p1
= 1
T3

T 1
1

Here,

p2
=r
p1

T3
p
= 3
T1
p1

cp =
= 1

And

(r

Proved

1)

If initial temperature (T1) = 27C = 300 K = T2

T3 = 327C = 600 K

ln r
1

1.4

T 1
600 1.4 1
r= 3
=
= 11.314

300
T1
(1.4 1)
ln (11.314)
= 1

1.4 1
(1.4)
[ (11.314) 1.4 1

Page 172 of 265

= 0.30686

R
1

= r

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
Q.10.46

Solution:

Chapter 10

What is the minimum amount of work required to separate 1 mole of

air at 27C and 1 atm pressure (assumed composed of 1/5 O2 and 4/5 N2 )
into oxygen and nitrogen each at 27C and 1 atm pressure?
( Ans. 1250 J)
Total air is 1 mole
1
So
O2 = mole = 0.0064 kg
5
4
N2 = mole = 0.0224 kg
5
Mixture, pressure = 1 atm, temperature = 300 K
1
Partial pressure of O2 = atm
5
4
Partial pressure of N2 = atm
5
Minimum work required is isothermal work
pf O
pf N 2
= mO2 R O2 T1O ln 2 + mN2 R N2 T12 ln
2
p1 N
p1O
2

2
8.3143
8.3143
5
300 ln (5) + 0.0224
300 ln
= 0.0064
32
28
4
= 1.248 kJ = 1248 J
A closed adiabatic cylinder of volume 1 m 3 is divided by a partition into
two compartments 1 and 2. Compartment 1 has a volume of 0.6 m 3 and
contains methane at 0.4 MPa, 40C, while compartment 2 has a volume of
0.4 m 3 and contains propane at 0.4 MPa, 40C. The partition is removed
and the gases are allowed to mix.
(a) When the equilibrium state is reached, find the entropy change of
the universe.
(b) What are the molecular weight and the specific heat ratio of the
mixture?
The mixture is now compressed reversibly and adiabatically to 1.2
MPa. Compute
(c) the final temperature of the mixture,
(d) The work required per unit mass, and
(e) The specific entropy change for each gas. Take c p of methane and

Q.10.47

Solution:

propane as 35.72 and 74.56 kJ/kg mol K respectively.

(Ans. (a) 0.8609 kJ/K, (b) 27.2,1.193 (c) 100.9C,
(d) 396 kJ, (e) 0.255 kJ/kg K)
After mixing
pf = 400 kPa
Tf = 313 K

But partial pressure of (p1f )

CH4 =

0.6
400 = 240 kPa
1

p2f = 0.4 400 = 160 kPa

Page 173 of 265

V1 = 0.6 m3
p1 = 400 kPa
T1 = 313 K
CH4

2
V2 = 0.4 m3
p2 = 400 kPa
T2 = 313 K
C3 H8

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

T
p
( S)CH4 = mCH4 c PCH ln 2 R ln 2
4
T1
p1

p
= mCH4 RCH4 ln i
pf

(a)

p
p1 V1
RCH4 ln i
RCH4 T1
pf

p
p1 V1
RCH4 ln i
pf
T1
1
p2 V2
pi
=
ln
T2
pf2
=

( S)C3H8

(S) Univ = ( S)CH4 + ( S)C3H8

400 0.6 400 400 0.4 400
ln
ln
+
kJ /K
313
313
240
160
= 0.86 kJ/K

(b)

Molecular weight
xM = x1M1 + x2M2
x
x

M = 1 M1 + 2 M2 = 0.6 16 + 0.4 44 = 27.2

x
x
n1c p1 + n 2 c p2
0.6 35.72 + 0.4 74.56
=
= 51.256 kJ/kg
c p mix =
1
n1 + n 2
Rmix = R = 8.3143

Q.10.48

c v mix = c P mix R = 42.9417

mix

c P mix
=

c v mix

51.256
= 1.1936
42.9417

An ideal gas cycle consists of the following reversible processes: (i)

isentropic compression, (ii) constant volume heat addition, (iii)
isentropic expansion, and (iv) constant pressure heat rejection. Show
that the efficiency of this cycle is given by

1/
1 a 1

rk 1 a 1

Where rk is the compression ratio and a is the ratio of pressures after

and before heat addition.
An engine operating on the above cycle with a compression ratio of 6
starts the compression with air at 1 bar, 300 K. If the ratio of pressures
after and before heat addition is 2.5, calculate the efficiency and the
m.e.p. of the cycle. Take
= 1.4 and c v = 0.718 kJ/kg K.

=1

( Ans. 0.579, 2.5322 bar)

Solution:

Q2 3 = u3 u2 + pdV = mc v (T3 T2 )
Page 174 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10

Q1 4 = mc p (T4 T1 )

= 1

m c p (T4 T1 )
m c v (T3 T2 )

T T1
= 1 4

T3 T2
1

v
T2
= 1
= rk 1
T1
v
2
T2 = T1 rk 1
1

p
T3
= 3
T4
p4
p3

=9
p2
p v
p2 v 2
= 3 3
T2
T3
T
3 = (a r)
T4

p
= 3
p1

V=C
3
Q1
W

V 1
= 2
V1 a

= (rk a 1 )
T4 = rk1 . a

1
k
1

= r

.a

p
p
= 1 2
p2 p3

= 1

Q1
2

. a T1 . rk 1

Q2
S

(a T1 T1 )
(aT1rk 1 T1rk 1 )
1

[ (a 1)]
= 1 1
Proved.
rk (a 1)
Given p1 = 1 bar = 100 kPa
T1 = 300K,
a = 2.5,

Q2

= a . T1

. T3

1
1

r1
r

p
T
3 = 3 = a,
p2
T2

p
= 1
p3

p=C

v
p2
= 1 = a
p1
v2
T3 = aT2 = aT1rk 1
p
T4
= 4
T3
p3

rk = 6,
= 1.4

Page 175 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal

Chapter 10
1

1.4(2.51.4 1)
= 1 1.4 1
= 0.57876
6
(2.5 1)
Q1 = mc v (T3 T2 )
= m c v (aT1rk 1 T1rk 1 )
= m c v T1rk 1 (a 1)
= m 0.718 300 60.4 (2.5 1)
= 661.6 m kJ
W = Q1 = 382.9 m kJ
1

For V4 = ; T4 = 2.51.4 300 = 577.25 K

p4 = p1 = 100 kPa
mRT4
m 0.287 577.25 3
m
V4 =
=
p4
100
= 1.6567 m m3
m R T1
m 0.287 300
=
V1 =
p1
100
= 0.861m m3

V4 V1 = 0.7957 m3
Let m.e.p. is pm then
pm ( V4 V1 ) = W
382.9 m
kPa
pm =
0.7957 m
= 481.21 kPa = 4.8121 bar

Q10.49

Solution:
Q10.50

Solution:
Q10.51

The relation between u, p and v for many gases is of the form u = a + bpv
where a and b are constants. Show that for a reversible adiabatic
process pv y = constant, where
= (b + 1)/b.
Try please.
(a) Show that the slope of a reversible adiabatic process on p-v
coordinates is
dp
1 cp
1 v
=
wherek =

dv kv c v
v p T
(b) Hence, show that for an ideal gas, pv = constant, for a reversible
adiabatic process.
Try please.
A certain gas obeys the Clausius equation of state p (v b) = RT and has
its internal energy given by u = c v T. Show that the equation for a
reversible adiabatic process is p ( v b ) = constant, where = c p / c v .

Solution:

Try please.

Page 176 of 265

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
Q10.52

Solution:
Q10.53

Chapter 10

(a) Two curves, one representing a reversible adiabatic process

undergone by an ideal gas and the other an isothermal process by
the same gas, intersect at the same point on the p-v diagram. Show
that the ratio of the slope of the adiabatic curve to the slope of the
isothermal curve is equal to .
(b) Determine the ratio of work done during a reversible adiabatic
process to the work done during an isothermal process for a gas
having = 1.6. Both processes have a pressure ratio of 6.
Try please.
Two containers p and q with rigid walls contain two different
monatomic gases with masses m p and m q , gas constants Rp and Rq ,
and initial temperatures Tp and Tq respectively, are brought in contact

Solution:
Q10.54

Solution:
Q10.55

Solution:

with each other and allowed to exchange energy until equilibrium is

achieved. Determine:
(a) the final temperature of the two gases and
(b) the change of entropy due to this energy exchange.
Try please.
The pressure of a certain gas (photon gas) is a function of temperature
only and is related to the energy and volume by p(T) = (1/3) (U/V). A
system consisting of this gas confined by a cylinder and a piston
undergoes a Carnot cycle between two pressures P1 and P2 .
(a) Find expressions for work and heat of reversible isothermal and
adiabatic processes.
(b) Plot the Carnot cycle on p-v and T- s diagrams.
(c) Determine the efficiency of the cycle in terms of pressures.
(d) What is the functional relation between pressure and temperature?
Try please.
The gravimetric analysis of dry air is approximately: oxygen = 23%,
nitrogen = 77%. Calculate:
(a) The volumetric analysis,
(b) The gas constant,
(c) The molecular weight,
(d) the respective partial pressures,
(e) The specific volume at 1 atm, 15C, and
(f) How much oxygen must be added to 2.3 kg air to produce . A mixture
which is 50% oxygen by volume?
(Ans. (a) 21% O2 , 79% N 2 , (b) 0.288 kJ/kg K,
By gravimetric analysis

(d) 21 kPa for O2 ' (e) 0.84 m3 /kg, (f) 1.47 kg)
O2: N2 = 23: 77

(a) By volumetric analysis O2: N2 =

23 77
:
32 28

= 0.71875: 2.75
(100)
2.75 100
:
(0.71875 2.75)
2.75
= 20.72: 79.28
Page 177 of 265

= 0.71875

Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures

By: S K Mondal
(b)

Chapter 10

Let total mass = 100 kg

O2 = 23 kg, N2= 77 kg

R=

23 R O2 + 77 R N2
23 + 77

8.3143
8.3143
+ 77
32
28
=
23 + 77
= 0.2884 kJ/kg K
23

(c)

For molecular weight ()

x = x1 1 + x 2 2
x
x
or
= 1 1 + 2 2
x
x
= 2072 32 + 0.7928 28 = 28.83

(d)

Partial pressure of O2 = x O2 p
= 0.2072 101.325 kPa = 20.995 kPa
Partial pressure of N2 = x N 2 p = 0.7928 101.325 kPa = 80.33 kPa

(e)

RT
0.2884 288 3
=
m / kg = 0.81973 m3/kg
101.325

= 1 + 2
pN 2
pO2
1
1
1
+
=
+
=
v
v1 v 2
R O2 288 R N2 288

Sp. volume, v =
Density

0.2072 101.325 32 0.7928 101.325 28

+
8.3143 2.88
8.3143 288
3
v = 0.81974 m /kg

(f)

In 2.3 kg of air O2 = 2.3 0.23 kg = 0.529 kg

N2 = 2.3 0.77 = 1.771 kg = 63.25 mole

For same volume we need same mole O2
32
Total
O2 = 63.25
kg = 2.024 kg
1000
Oxygen must be added = (2.024 0.529) kg = 1.495 kg

Page 178 of 265