CH 13
CH 13
CH 13
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
rc =
2
p
V1
bigger term
=
V2
smaller term
1
V
p
2
V
bigger term
re = 2 =
V1
smaller term
3. Cut-off ratio, =
V2
V1
bigger term
=
smaller term
Relation
p
1
rc = re .
2
V
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
2
bigger term
2
= p = smaller term
1
1
V
5. Pressure ratio, rP
p2
rP = p
1
6.
Q1
pV = C
Q2
Carnot cycle: The large back work (i.e compressor work) is a big draw back for the
Carnot gas cycle, as in the case of the Carnot Vapour cycle.
7.
8.
9.
The regenerative, stirling and Ericsson cycles have the same efficiency as the
carnot cycle, but much less back work.
10.
=1
1
1
c
V=
3
p
4
2
V=C
4
S
1
For Wmax;
2( 1)
T
rc = max
Tmin
By: S K Mondal
Diesel cycle (1892)
b.
Chapter 13
V=C
1
V
( 1)
= 1 1
rc . ( 1)
3
p
5
1
Where =
V=C
5
V
=1
4 p=C
3
V=C
2
1
c
( 1)
[( 1) + ( 1)]
p3
p2
Q1
7
1
V
Q2
By: S K Mondal
b.
Chapter 13
For the Same maximum Pressure and Temperature (also heat rejection same)
Q1
5
p=C
V=C
3
T
2
V=C
Q2
3
2
1
V
V=C
7
Brayton cycle
= 1
1
1
c
=1
p=C
3
2
p=C
4
1
S
rp
* For same compression ratio
Otto = Brayton
T ( 1)
a. For Maximum efficiency ( rp ) max = max
Tmin
max = Carnot
b.
=1
(i)
T 2( 1)
( rp ) opt. = max
Tmin
Tmin
Tmax
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
2
Tmin
and Wnet, max = Cp [ Tmax Tmin ]
Tmax
cycle = 1
(ii)
T 2( 1)
( rp ) opt. = T C max
Tmin
Q13.1
Solution:
Given V1 = 0.06 m3 = V4
V2 = 0.03 m3 = V3
p3 = 200 kPa
3
Q1
T1 = T2 = 270C = 543 K
T3 = T4 = 540C = 813 K
p
2
p3 V3
200 0.03
=
= 0.025715 kg
R T3
0.287 813
Q1 = 0.025715 0.718 (813 543) kJ = 4.985 kJ
Here m =
V
pdV = m R T3 ln 4
3
V3
pV = mRT = C
3
V
W1 2 = pdV = m RT1 ln 1
1
V2
p=
4
T=C
1
W3 4 =
T=C
mRT
V
V
m(RT3 RT1 ) ln 1
V2 =
=
4.985
Q2
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
Solution:
Given T1 = T2 = 288 K
T3 = T4 = 1100 K
p1 = 1.013 bar = 101.3 kPa
RT1
= 0.81595 m3/kg
V1 =
p1
Q1
2
p
T=C
1
T=C
Q2
V
V
WC = RT1 ln 1
V2
V
WT = R T3 ln 4
V3
p3 = p 2 ; p1 = p 4
= 1
288
= 73.82%
1100
W = Q1 = CP (T1 T2)
p1 V1 p2 V2
=
T1
T2
V1
T p p
= 1 2 = 2
V2
T2 p1 p1
Q13.5
p 2 (V3 V2)
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
Solution:
V2 = 2000 cm3 = 0.002 m3
V1 = V2 + S.V.
= 0.002 +
0.152
0.45 = 0.009952 m3
4
V1
= 4.9761
V2
1
air std = 1 1 = 47.4%
rc
rc =
Q13.10
1
V1
V2
SV
VCL
Two engines are to operate on Otto and Diesel cycles with the following
data: Maximum temperature 1400 K, exhaust temperature 700 K. State of
air at the beginning of compression 0.1 MPa, 300 K.
Estimate the compression ratios, the maximum pressures, efficiencies,
and rate of work outputs (for 1 kg/min of air) of the respective cycles.
(Ans. Otto-- rk = 5.656, p max = 2.64 MPa, W = 2872 kJ/kg, = 50%
Diesel- rk , = 7.456, p max = 1.665 MPa, W = 446.45 kJ/kg, = 60.8%)
T3 = 1400 K
T4 = 700 K
p1 = 100 kPa
Solution:
T1 = 300 K
RT1
= 0.861 m3/kg
v1 =
p1
p
T3
= 3
T4
p4
v
= 4
v3
V=C
3
3
V=C
T
Q1
2
4
Q2
1
1
S
1400 v1
700 = v
v2 =
v1
1
1
0.861
1
2 0.9
2
= 0.1522 m3/kg
v
T
2 = 1
T1
v2
By: S K Mondal
1
v
p2
= 1 P2 = 1131.5 kPa
p1
v2
T
1400
p3 = 3 p2 =
1131.5 kPa = 2.64 MPa
600
T2
v
rc = 1 = 2 1 = 5.657
v2
p3
p
= 2
T3
T2
Diesel
Chapter 13
T3 = 1400 K
T4 = 700 K
T1 = 300 K
v1 = 0.861 m3/kg
p1 = 100 kPa
T3 v 4
=
T4 v 3
0.4
1400 v1
=
700
v2
1
v
1 = 2 0.4 = 22.5
v3
v1
v3 = 3.5
= 0.1522 m3/kg
2
RT3
0.287 1400
= 2639.9 kPa
p3 =
=
0.1522
V3
4
1
p 2 = p3
T2 p2
=
T1 p1
V
1
v
= 1
v2
T2 = 764 K
1
p
v
2639.9 1.4
rc = 1 = 2 =
= 10.36
v 2 p1
100
p1 = p3 = 2.64 MPa
Q1 = Q2 3 = CP (T3 T2) = 1.005 (1400 764) kJ/kg
= 638.84 kJ/kg
Page 230 of 265
By: S K Mondal
=
Q13.11
Chapter 13
W
351.64
=
= 55%
638.84
Q1
(Ans. (a) 235 kJ/kg, (b) 1440 kJ/kg, (c) 1014 kJ/kg,
(d) 60.5%, (e) 1252 K, (f) 2.144 (g) 1.21 MPa)
Solution:
rc =
v1
= 15
v2
p1 = 100 kPa
v1 =
T1 = 40C = 313 K
3
p
RT1
= 0.89831 m3/kg
p1
4
Q34
Q23
1
V
p3 = p 4 = 6000 kPa
Q2 4 = 1675 kJ/kg
v
T2
= 1
T1
v2
= (15)1.4 1 T2 = 924.7 K
v
p2
= 1 = 151.4 p 2 = 4431 kPa
p1
v2
p V
p
p2 V2
6000
924.7 = 1252 K
= 3 3 T3 = 3 T2 =
p2
4431
T2
T3
Q2 4 = Cv (T3 T2) + CP (T4 T3) = 1675
T4 = T3 + 1432.8 k = 2684.8 K
Page 231 of 265
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
RT4
= 0.12842 m3/kg.
p4
v4 =
v
T4
= 5
T5
v4
v
= 1
v4
T4
= 2.1773 T5 = 1233 K
T5
v4
0.12842
=
= 2.1444
0.05988
v3
[ v3 =
(g) m. e. p.
pm
(V1
pm =
Q13.13
V2 ) = W
RT3
= 0.059887]
p3
1014.44
= 1209.9 kPa = 1.2099 MPa
v
v1 1
15
Show that the air standard efficiency for a cycle comprising two
constant pressure processes and two isothermal processes (all
reversible) is given by
(T1 T2 ) ln ( rp )
( 1) /
( 1) /
T1 1 + ln ( rp )
T2
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
Solution:
1
T
2
Q1
Q1
Q2
T=C
T=C
3
3
Q2
V
S
2 dV
p
p
V
W1 2 = pdV = RT1
rP = 4 = 1
= RT1 ln 2 = RT1 ln rP
1 V
p3
p2
V1
Q1 2 = 0 + W1 2
4
V
V
W3 4 = pdV = RT3 ln 4 = RT3 ln 3 = RT3 ln rP .
3
V4
V3
V
Wnet = W1 2 + W3 4 = R(T1 T3 ) ln 2
V1
= R (T1 T2) ln rP .
Constant pressure heat addition = CP (T1 T4)
R
(T1 T4 )
T1 = Tmax
=
2
R
(T1 T2 )
=
T2 = Tmin.
1
Total heat addition (Q1)
Multiply
R (T1 T2 ) ln rP
R (T1 ln rP +
(T1 T2 )
1
1
,D ,N
1)
(T1 T2 ) ln rp
=
1
(T1 T2 ) +
T1 ln rp
(T1 T2 ) ln rp
1
T1 [1 + ln r
] T2
By: S K Mondal
Q13.14
Chapter 13
T
rk = min
Tmax
Solution:
Tmin = T1
Tmax = T3
Q1 = Cv (T3 T2)
Q2 = Cv (T4 T1)
W = Q1 Q2
= Cv [(T3 T2) (T4 T1)]
v
T
Hence 2 = 1
T1
v2
1
T2 = T1 rc
v
T
And 4 = 3
T3
v4
=x
T4 = T3 . rc( r 1)
Then
v
= 2
v1
= rc 1
= rc( 1) Let rc 1
T
= 3
x
W = Cv T3 T1x 3 + T1
x
dW
For maximum W,
=0
dx
T
Cv 0 T1 + 32 + 0 = 0
x
T
x2 = 3
T1
rc 1 =
T3
=
T1
Q1
4
Q2
2
1
Tmax
Tmin
1
T 2(1 )
T 2( 1)
Proved.
= min
rc = max
Tmin
Tmax
Q13.15
A dual combustion cycle operates with a volumetric compression ratio rk
= 12, and with a cut-off ratio 1.615. The maximum pressure is given by
pmax = 54 p1 ' where p1 is the pressure before compression. Assuming
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
indices of compression and expansion of 1.35, show that the m.e.p. of the
cycle
pm = 10 p1
Hence evaluate (a) temperatures at cardinal points with T1 = 335 K, and (b
Cycle efficiency.
Here
v1
= rc = 12
v2
v4
= = 1.615
v3
pv1.35 = C, n = 1.35
p max = p3 = p 4 = 54 p1
4
3
T
1
V
And
v
T2
= 1
T1
v2
v
p2
= 1
p1
v2
p
p2
= 3
T3
T2
n 1
T2 = T1 (12 )
(1.35
1)
= 2.3862 T1
p2 = p1 (12)1.35 = 28.635 p1
T3 =
p3
54p1
T2 =
2.3862 T1 = 4.5 T1
T2
28.635p1
v3 = v 2 = 1
12
1.615
v1 = 0.13458 v1
12
Pv
p4 v 4
p3 = p 4
= 3 3
T3
T4
v
T4 = T3 4 = 1.615 T3 = 1.615 4.5 T1 = 7.2675 T1
v3
v 4 = v3 =
n 1
n 1
v
v
T5
= 4
= 4
T4
v1
v5
T5 = 3.6019 T1
W = [Cv (T3 T2) + CP (T4 T3) Cv (T5 T1) = 2.4308 T1 kJ/kg.
Page 235 of 265
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
p m (v1 v2) = W
2.4308 p1
2.4308 T1
= 9.25 p1
=
v
11
R
v1 1
12
12
2.4308 T1
100 % = 56.54%
(b) =
4.299 T1
(a)
T1 = 335 K, T2 = 799.4 K, T3 = 1507.5 K, T4 = 2434.6 K,
T5 = 1206.6 K.
pm =
Q13.16
Recalculate (a) the temperatures at the cardinal points, (b) the m.e.p.,
and (c) the cycle efficiency when the cycle of Problem 13.15 is a Diesel
cycle with the same compression ratio and a cut-off ratio such as to give
an expansion curve coincident with the lower part of that of the dual
cycle of Problem 13.15.
(Ans. (a) T2 = 805 K, T3 = 1970 K, T4 = 1142 K
T3 =
Then
v3
T2 = 1.615 799.4 = 1291 K
v2
v
T2
= 1
T1
v2
p
4
n 1
T2 = T1 (12 )
1.35 1
1
1=
799.4 K
v
p
But 2 = 1
p1
v2
Continue to try..
Q13.19
Solution:
In a gas turbine plant working on the Brayton cycle the air at the inlet is
at 27C, 0.1 MPa. The pressure ratio is 6.25 and the maximum
temperature is 800C. The turbi- ne and compressor efficiencies are each
80%. Find (a) the compressor work per kg of air, (b) the turbine work per
kg of air, (c) the heat supplied per kg of air, (d) the cycle efficiency, and
(e) the turbine exhaust temperature.
(Ans. (a) 259.4 kJ/kg, (b) 351.68 kJ/kg, (c) 569.43 kJ/kg,
(d) 16.2%, (e) 723 K)
Maximum Temperature
T1 = 800 C = 1073 K
p3 = 100 kPa
T3 = 300 K
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
rP = 6.25
p4
= 6.25
p3
4s
4s
2s
p 4 = 625 kPa
p 2 = 100 kPa
p1 = p 4
v3 =
2s
RT3
= 0.861
p3
v3 = 0.861
1
p
p4 v 3
v
= 4 = 3
p3 v 4
v3
p4
T3 = 300 K
p 4
v 4 = v3 3
p4
p 2 = p3
v
T4
= 3
T3
v4
p 4 = 625 kPa
T4 = T3 (3.70243)0.4
T4 s T3
T4 T3
T4s = 506.4 K
0.8 =
p
T1
= 1
T2s
p2
T4 = 558 K
v4s
= 0.23255
T4 = 558
T2s = 635.6 K
p
= 4
p3
= 1.68808
T2 = 723 K
T1 T2
T1 T2 = 350
T1 T2s
T2 = T1 350 = 723 K
=
(a) Compressor work (Wc) = (h4 h3) = Cp(T4 T3) = 259.3 kJ/kg
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
A simple gas turbine plant operating on the Brayton cycle has air inlet
temperature 27C, pressure ratio 9, and maximum cycle temperature
727C. What will be the improvement in cycle efficiency and output if the
turbine process Is divided into two stages each of pressure ratio 3, with
intermediate reheating to 727C?
(Ans. - 18.3%, 30.6%)
Solution:
p2
1000 K
p1
T
562 K
4
300 K
1
(a)
For (a)
T1 = 300 K
p2
=9
p1
T3 = 1000 K
p
T2 = 2
p1
p
T4
= 4
T3
p3
533.8 K
p
= 1
p2
T1 = 562 k
1
=
9
T4 =
T3
9
= 533.8 K
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
p2
pi
1000 K
1000K 3
562 K 2
5
730.6 K
p1
6730.6 K
300 K
S
(b)
p
T4
= i
For (b)
T3
p2
p
T6
= 1
T5
pi
For (a)
For (b)
1
T4 = T3
3
1
T6 = T5
3
= 730.6 K
= 730.6 K
= 39.13 %
Efficiency change =
39.13 46.62
100% = 16.07 %
46.62
278.18 205.22
100 = 35.6%
205.22
Q13.28
Obtain an expression for the specific work output of a gas turbine unit
in terms of pressure ratio, isentropic efficiencies of the compressor and
turbine, and the maximum and minimum temperatures, T3 and T1
Hence show that the pressure ratio
T
rp = T C 3
T1
rp
/ 2( 1)
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
T1 = Tmin
T3 = Tmax
p2
Hence
p2
p1
T2s = T1
2s
p1
2
4
4s
= T1 rP
1
S
Let
rp
=x
T2s = x T1
If isentropic efficiency and compressor is c
c =
T2s T1
T2 T1
T2 = T1 +
T2s T1
x 1
= T1 1 +
C
C
p
Similarly T4s = T3 4
p3
p
= T3 1
p2
Then T =
T3 T4
T3 + T4 = T (T4s T3)
T3 T4S
T4 = T3 + T 3 T3
x
= T3 1 + T 1
x
T3
x
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
1 Tmin
= CP T Tmax 1 1
C
rp
rp 1 kJ/ kg
dW
=0
dx
T
T
dW
= CP T 2 3 1 = 0
dx
C
x
x2 = T C
x=
T3
TT1
T C
Tmax
Tmin
T 2( 1)
Proved.
= T C max
Tmin
rP
2(1.4 1)
= 4.26
( rp )opt. = 0.8 0.8 1073
300
1
1 T (x 1)
Wmax = Cp T T3 1 1
x
c
1 300
1.513 0.08
= 99.18 kJ/kg
x 1
= 492.4 K
Page 241 of 265
By: S K Mondal
=
Chapter 13
99.18
100% = 17%
583.5
Q13.29
A gas turbine plant draws in air at 1.013 bar, 10C and has a pressure
ratio of 5.5. The maximum temperature in the cycle is limited to 750C.
Compression is conducted in an uncooled rotary compressor having an
isentropic efficiency of 82%, and expansion takes place in a turbine with
an isentropic efficiency of 85%. A heat exchanger with an efficiency of
70% is fitted between the compressor outlet and combustion chamber.
For an air flow of 40 kg/s, find (a) the overall cycle efficiency, (b) the
turbine output, and (c) the air-fuel ratio if the calorific value of the fuel
used is 45.22 MJ/kg.
(Ans. (a) 30.4%, (b) 4272 kW, (c) 115)
Solution:
p1 = 101.3 kPa
T1 = 283 K
p2
= 5.5 kPa
p1
T4 = 750C = 1023 K
1
T
p
2s = 2 T2s = 460.6 K
T1
p1
T T
T T
c = 2s 1 T2 = T1 + 2s 1
T2 T1
c
= 499.6K
T
p
5s = 5
T4
p4
p
= 1
p2
1
=
5.5
p2
4 1023 K
+m
(1
g
)k
T
2s
K
6
0.
46 1 kg
(1 + m) kg
2
499.6 K
p1
687.7 K
5s
628.6 K
283 K 1
1
T5s = T4
5.5
T =
1.4 1
1.4
= 628.6K
T4 T5
T4 T5 = T (T4 T5s) = 335.3 K
T4 T5s
Page 242 of 265
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
T5 = 687.K
Q13.30
the turbine to drive the compressor. The gas is then expanded through a
second turbine connected to the drive wheels. Consider air as the
working fluid, and assume that all processes are ideal. Determine (a)
pressure p5 (b) the net work per kg and mass flow rate, (c) temperature
T3 and cycle thermal efficiency, and (d) the T S diagram for the cycle.
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
Solution :
Try please.
Q13.31
Solution:
Q13.32
Solution:
V=C
3
Q1
2
T=C
Q1
2
T=C
Q2
S=C
pV = C
1
Q2 4
p=C
Q1
Q1
Compression ratio, rc =
V1
V2
V4
V
= 4
V3
V2
Heat addition Q1 = Q1 + Q1
= constant volume heat addition
(Q1 + constant temperature heat addition Q1)
Heat rejection, Q2 = Cp (T4 T1)
Expansion ratio, re =
T2 T1 . rc 1
T3 = T4
p1 v3
p v
= 4 4
T3
T4
p3 = p1 . re
v
= rc 1
= 1
v
2
v
and v2 = 1 and p 2 = p1 rc
rc
T
p
Hence 2 = 2
T1
p1
p
p
v4
= 3 = 3 = re
p4
p1
v3
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
p
p2
= 3
T2
T3
or
= 1
p3
r
r
T2 = e T1 . rc - 1 = T1 e = T4
p2
rc
rc
Cp (T4 T1 )
T3 =
Q2
= 1
Cv (T3 T2 ) + RT3 In re
Q1
Cp T1 . e T1
rc
= 1
re
r
Cv T1 . T1 rc 1 + R .T1 e In re
rc
rc
e 1
r
c
= 1
r
re
e
1
r rc + ( 1) r In re
c
c
(re rc )
= 1
(re rc ) + ( 1) re l n re
= 1
[re rc ]
(re r ) + ( 1) re l n re
T3 = T1
re
313 100
=
= 3912.5 K
8
rc
T2 = T1 rc 1 = 719 K
Heat addition, Q = Cv ( T3 T2) + R T3 In re
v 4 = 100 v 2
p m (100 1) v 2 = W
pm (99)
v1
=W
8
Page 245 of 265
v2 =
v1
rc
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
8W
= 346.1 kPa
99 v1
= 3.461 bar
( v 4 V3) = 40 58
pm =
pm
pm =
Q13.37
v1 =
RT1
= 0.89831 kJ/kg
p1
4058
= 365 bar
v4
v4
100
Show that the mean effective pressure, pm ' for the Otto cycle is
Given by
(p
pM =
1
p1 rk 1 -1
rk
( 1)( rk 1)
T
p
v
2 = 2
= 1
T1
p1
v2
1
T2 = T1 . rc
= rc 1
3
p
PV = C
Q1
pv = C
pv = C
v2 =
v1
rc
p3
p
= 2
T3
T2
T3 = T2
p3
p
r 1 p3
T p
= T2 3 = T1 c
= 1 3
rc p1
p2
p1 rc
p1 rc
1
T3
v
v
= 4 = 1 = rc 1
T4
v2
v3
T
T1 p3
T p
= 1 3
T4 = 3 1 =
-1
rc
rc p1 rc
rc p1
W = Q1 Q2
= Cv (T3 T2) Cv (T4 T1)
pm (V1 V2) =W
pm =
p2 = p1 rc
Cv [(T3 T2 ) (T4 T1 )]
V1 V2
Q2
1
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
T p
T p
cv 1 3 T1 rc - 1 1 3 + T1
rc p1
rc p1
=
v1
v1
rc
p
p3 p1 rc 3 1 + p1 rc
cV T1
rc
=
V1 p1
(rc 1)
cV = 1
p1 V1 = RT1
RT1
=
V1 p1
p3
+ ( p3 p1 rc )]
rc 1
( 1) (rc 1)
[( p3 p1 rc )
( p3 p1 rc ) 1 1
rc
Proved
=
( 1)(rc 1)
Q13.38
A gas turbine plant operates on the Bray ton cycle using an optimum
pressure ratio for maximum net work output and a regenerator of 100%
effectiveness. Derive expressions for net work output per kg of air and
corresponding efficiency of the cycle in terms of the maximum and the
minimum temperatures.
If the maximum and minimum temperatures are 800C and 30C
respectively, compute the optimum value of pressure ratio, the
maximum net work output per kg and the corresponding cycle
efficiency.
2
T
(Ans. (Wnet )max = C p Tmax Tmin
(cycle )max = 1 Tmin , ( rp )opt = 9.14
max
T1 = Tmin
Solution:
T4 = Tmax
T2
p
= 2
T1
p1
T2 = T1 x
= rp = x (say)
1
T5 p5
1
p
= = 1
=
x
T4 p4
p2
T
T5 = 4
x
For regeneration 100% effective number
Cp (T5 T2) = Cp (T3 T2)
T
T3 = T5 = 4
x
WT = h4 h5 = Cp (T4 T5)
Page 247 of 265
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
T
= Cp T4 4
x
p2
4
Q1
3
T
p1
2
5
Q2
And
= Cp T4 1
Wc = h2 h1
= Cp (T2 T1)
= Cp T1 (x 1)
1
Wnet = WT WC = Cp T4 1 T1 (x 1)
x
x2 = 4 = max
Tmin
T1
x=
Tmax
Tmin
T 2( 1)
Heat addition ( rp ) opt. = max
Tmin
T
Q1 = h4 h3 = Cp (T4 T3) = Cp T4 4
x
1
= Cp T4 1
T1
= Cp T4 1
T4
T4 1 T1 (x 1)
Wnet
x
opt. =
=
1
Q1
T4 1
x
= 1
T
T4
T1
x = 1 1
= 1
T4
T4
T1
Tmin
Tmax
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
1073
rp,opt =
303
opt. = 1
1.4
2(1.41)
= 9.14
Tmin
= 46.9%
Tmax
Show that for the Sterling cycle with all the processes occurring
reversibly but where the heat rejected is not used for regenerative
heating, the efficiency is giver: by
T1
1 + ( 1) ln r
=1 2
T1
T1
1 + ( 1) ln r
T2
T2
Minimum temperature
(T2) = Tmin
Maximum temperature
(T1) = Tmax
p Q
1
T=C
1
Compression ratio
v
v
( rc ) = 2 = 1
v3
v4
Q2
T=C
T1 T4
and
T3 = T2
v
WT = RT1 ln 1 = RT1 ln rc
v4
Q2
v
WC = RT2 ln 2 = RT2 ln rc
v3
Wnet =R ln ( rc ) [T1 T2]
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
( 1) ln rc (T1 T2 )
W
ln rc [T1 T2 ]
=
1 +1
= net =
T2 T1
( 1) T1 ln rc (T2 T1 )
Q
T1 ln rc r 1
( 1) ln rc (T1 T2 )
= 1 1
( 1) ln rc (T2 T1 )
( 1) T1 ln rc (T2 T1 ) ( 1) ln rc T1 + ( 1) T2 ln rc
= 1
( 1) ln rc (T2 T1 )
= 1
(T1 T2 ) + ( 1) T2 ln rc
(T1 T2 ) + ( 1) T1 ln rc
T1
T 1 + ( 1) ln rc
= 1 2
Proved
T1
T1
T 1 + ( 1) T ln rc
2
2
Q13.41
Helium is used as the working fluid in an ideal Brayton cycle. Gas enters
the compressor at 27 C and 20 bar and is discharged at 60 bar. The gas is
heated to l000 C before entering the turbine. The cooler returns the hot
turbine exhaust to the temperature of the compressor inlet. Determine:
(a) the temperatures at the end of compression and expansion, (b) the
heat supplied, the heat rejected and the net work per kg of He, and (c) the
cycle efficiency and the heat rate. Take c p = 5.1926 kJ/kg K.
(Ans. (a) 4 65.5, 820.2 K, (b) 4192.5, 2701.2, 1491.3 kJ/kg,
(c) 0.3557, 10,121kJ/kWh)
T2
p
= 2
T1
p1
Solution:
60
20
Cp = 5.1926, R = 2.0786
c v = c p R = 3.114
cp
cv
5.1926
= 1.6675
3.114
1
= 0.4
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
p2
1273 K
Q1
T
2
465.7 K
p1
4
820 K
Q2
1 300 K
60
T2 = T1
20
= 465.7 K
T
p
4 = 4
T3
p3
20
=
60
T4 = T3
1
1 = 820 K
3
(a)
(b)
W
1492
100% = 35.6%
=
Q1
4192
3600
3600
Heat rate =
=
= 10112 kJ/kWh
0.356
(c)
Q13.42
Solution:
An air standard cycle for a gas turbine jet propulsion unit, the pressure
and temperature entering the compressor are 100 kPa and 290 K,
respectively. The pressure ratio across the compressor is 6 to 1 and the
temperature at the turbine inlet is 1400 K. On leaving the turbine the air
enters the nozzle and expands to 100 kPa. Assuming that the efficiency
of the compressor and turbine are both 85% and that the nozzle
efficiency is 95%, determine the pressure at the nozzle inlet and the
velocity of the air leaving the nozzle.
(Ans. 285 kPa, 760 m / s)
p2
=6
p2 = 600 kPa
p1
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
p2
pi
5
T
2s
4s
p1
1
290 K, 100 kPa
S
1
1.4 1
T2s
p
= 2
= 6 1.4
T1
p1
T2s = 483.9 K
T2s T1
T2 T1
T T1
= 228 K
T2 T1 = 2s
c
T2 = 518 K
T3 = 1400 K
WC = CP (T2 T1) = 1.005 (518 290) = 229.14 kJ/kg
C =
T4 s
p
= i
T3
p2
W
T4s = 1131.8 K
1.4
p
1131.8 1.4 1
= i
p2
1400
1.4
pi = p2
1131.8 1.4 1
= 285 kPa
1400
h = h5 h6 = CP (T5 T6)
T3 T5
= T
T3 T4 s
T5
p
= 5
T6
p6
T3 T5 = 227.97
1
285
=
100
1.4 1
1.4
T5 = 1172 K
T6 = T5 = 868.9 K
By: S K Mondal
Q13.43
V=
Chapter 13
2000 h =
A stationary gas turbine power plant operates on the Brayton cycle and
delivers 20 MW to an electric generator. The maximum temperature is
1200 K and the minimum temperature is 290 K. The minimum pressure is
95 kPa and the maximum pressure is 380 kPa. If the isentropic
efficiencies of the turbine and compressor are 0.85 and 0.80 respectively,
find (a) the mass flow rate of air to the compressor, (b) the volume flow
rate of air to the compressor, (c) the fraction of the turbine work output
needed to drive the compressor, (d) the cycle efficiency.
If a regenerator of 75% effectiveness is added to the plant, what would be
the changes in the cycle efficiency and the net work output?
(Ans. (a) 126.37 kg/s, (b) 110.71 m3 /s, (c) 0.528,
(d) 0.2146, = 0.148 Wnet = 0)
T2
p
= 2
T1
p1
Solution:
T4 p4
=
T3 p3
T2 = 431K
p
= 1
p2
; T4 = 807.5 K
= 79.13 kg/s
Mass flow rate (m) =
252.76
p2
380 kPa
1200 K
431 K
T
p1
2
4
807.5 K
1 95 kPa, 290 K
WC
T T1
= 0.3592
= 2
T3 T4
WT
Page 253 of 265
By: S K Mondal
Chapter 13
RT1
= 0.8761 m3/kg
p1