Chapter One Problems Solutions

1.1- A cylindrical resistor on a circuit board dissipates 0.6 W of power. The amount of heat dissipated in 24 h,
the heat flux, and the fraction of heat dissipated from the top and bottom surfaces are to be determined.

Assumptions Heat is transferred uniformly from all surfaces.

Analysis (a) The amount of heat this resistor dissipates during a 24-hour period is
Q  Q t  (0.6 W)(24 h)  14.4 Wh = 51.84 kJ (since 1 Wh = 3600 Ws = 3.6 kJ) Q
(b) The heat flux on the surface of the resistor is Resistor
0.6 W
D 2
 (0.4 cm) 2
As  2  DL  2   (0.4 cm)(1.5 cm)  0.251  1.885  2.136 cm 2
4 4
Q 0.60 W
q s    0.2809 W/cm 2
As 2.136 cm 2
(c) Assuming the heat transfer coefficient to be uniform, heat transfer is proportional to the surface
area. Then the fraction of heat dissipated from the top and bottom surfaces of the resistor becomes
Qtop base Atop  base 0.251
   0.118 or (11.8%)
Qtotal Atotal 2136
.
Discussion Heat transfer from the top and bottom surfaces is small relative to that transferred from the side
surface.

1.2- An aluminum ball is to be heated from 80C to 200C. The amount of heat that needs to be transferred to
the aluminum ball is to be determined.

Assumptions The properties of the aluminum ball are constant.

Properties The average density and specific heat of aluminum are given to be
Metal
 = 2,700 kg/m3 and C p  0.90 kJ/kg. C. ball
Analysis The amount of energy added to the ball is simply the change in its internal
energy, and is determined from
Etransfer  U  mC(T2  T1)
where; E
 
m  V  D3  . m)3  4.77 kg
(2700 kg / m3 )(015
6 6
Substituting,

Therefore, 515 kJ of energy (heat or work such as electrical energy) needs to be

transferred to the aluminum ball to heat it to 200C.

1.3- An electrically heated house maintained at 22°C experiences infiltration losses at a rate of 0.7 ACH. The
amount of energy loss from the house due to infiltration per day and its cost are to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Air as an ideal gas with a constant specific heats at room temperature. 2 The volume occupied
by the furniture and other belongings is negligible. 3 The house is maintained at a constant temperature and
pressure at all times. 4 The infiltrating air exfiltrates at the indoors temperature of 22°C.

Properties The specific heat of air at room temperature is C p = 1.007 kJ/kg.C (Table A-15).
Analysis The volume of the air in the house is
V  ( floor space)(height)  (200 m2 )(3 m)  600 m3 22C
0.7 ACH
AIR
5C

2
Chapter One Problems Solutions
Noting that the infiltration rate is 0.7 ACH (air changes per hour) and thus the air in the house is completely
replaced by the outdoor air 0.724 = 16.8 times per day, the mass flow rate of air through the house due to
infiltration is
PoVair Po (ACH  V house)
m air  
RTo RTo
(89.6 kPa)(16.8  600 m 3 / day)
  11,314 kg/day
(0.287 kPa.m 3 /kg.K)(5 + 273.15 K)
Noting that outdoor air enters at 5C and leaves at 22C, the energy loss of this house per day is
Q infilt  m air C p (Tindoors  Toutdoors)
 (11,314 kg/day)(1.007 kJ/kg.C)(22  5)C  193,681 kJ/day = 53.8 kWh/day
At a unit cost of $0.082/kWh, the cost of this electrical energy lost by infiltration is
Enegy Cost = (Energy used)(Uni t cost of energy)  (53.8 kWh/day)($0.082/kWh)  $4.41/day

1.4- A house is heated from 10C to 22C by an electric heater, and some air escapes through the cracks as the
heated air in the house expands at constant pressure. The amount of heat transfer to the air and its cost are to be
determined.

Assumptions 1 Air as an ideal gas with a constant specific heats at room temperature. 2 The volume occupied
by the furniture and other belongings is negligible. 3 The pressure in the house remains constant at all times. 4
Heat loss from the house to the outdoors is negligible during heating. 5 The air leaks out at 22C.

Properties The specific heat of air at room temperature is C p = 1.007 kJ/kg.C

(Table A-15).
22C
Analysis The volume and mass of the air in the house are
V  ( floor space)(height)  (200 m2 )(3 m)  600 m3 10C
AIR
PV . kPa)(600 m3 )
(1013
m   747.9 kg
RT (0.287 kPa.m3 / kg.K)(10 + 273.15 K)
Noting that the pressure in the house remains constant during heating, the amount of heat that must be
transferred to the air in the house as it is heated from 10 to 22C is determined to be
Q  mC p (T2  T1 )  (747.9 kg)(1.007 kJ/kg.C)(22  10)C  9038 kJ

Noting that 1 kWh = 3600 kJ, the cost of this electrical energy at a unit cost of $0.075/kWh is
Enegy Cost = (Energy used)(Unit cost of energy)  (9038 / 3600 kWh)($0.075/kWh)  $0.19
Therefore, it will cost the homeowner about 19 cents to raise the temperature in his house from 10 to 22C.

1.5- A water heater is initially filled with water at 45F. The amount of energy that needs to be transferred to
the water to raise its temperature to 140F is to be determined.

Assumptions 1 Water is an incompressible substance with constant specific heats at room temperature. 2 No
water flows in or out of the tank during heating.

Properties The density and specific heat of water are given to be 62 lbm/ft3 and 1.0 Btu/lbm.F.
Analysis The mass of water in the tank is;
 1 ft 3  140F
m  V  (62 lbm/ft 3 )(60 gal)   497.3 lbm
 7.48 gal 
  45F
Then, the amount of heat that must be transferred to the water in the Water

tank as it is heated from 45 to140F is determined to be;

Q  mC (T2  T1 )  (497.3 lbm)(1.0 Btu/lbm.F)(140  45)F  47,250 Btu

3
Chapter One Problems Solutions
1.6- The hydrogen gas in a rigid tank is cooled until its temperature drops to 300 K. The final pressure in the
tank and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Hydrogen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical
point values of -240C and 1.30 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ke  pe  0 .

Properties The gas constant of hydrogen is R = 4.124 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).

Analysis (a) We take the hydrogen in the tank as our system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or
leaves. The final pressure of hydrogen can be determined from the ideal gas relation,
P1V P2V T 300 K
 
 P2  2 P1  (250 kPa)  178.6 kPa
T1 T2 T1 420 K
(b) The energy balance for this system can be expressed as
E  E out  E system
in  
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies

Qout  U H2
250 kPa
Qout   U  m(u2  u1 )  mCv (T1  T2 )
420 K
where
P1V (250 kPa)(1.0 m 3 )
m   0.1443 kg Q
RT1 (4.124 kPa  m 3 /kg  K)(420 K)
Using the Cv (=Cp – R) = 14.516 – 4.124 = 10.392 kJ/kg.K value at the average temperature of 360 K and
substituting, the heat transfer is determined to be
Qout = (0.1443 kg)(10.392 kJ/kg·K)(420 - 300)K = 180.0 kJ

1.7- An iron block at 100°C is brought into contact with an aluminum block at 200°C in an insulated enclosure.
The final equilibrium temperature of the combined system is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Both the iron and aluminum block are incompressible substances with constant specific heats. 2
The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero, KE  PE  0 and
E  U . 3 The system is well-insulated and thus there is no heat transfer.

Properties The specific heat of iron is given in Table A-3 to be 0.45 kJ/kg.C, which is the value at room
temperature. The specific heat of aluminum at 450 K (which is somewhat below 200C = 473 K) is 0.973
kJ/kg.C.
Analysis We take the entire contents of the enclosure iron + aluminum blocks, as the system. This is a closed
system since no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance on the system can be
expressed as
E  Eout  Esystem
in
  
  
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies

0  U 20 kg 20 kg
Al iron
U iron  U Al  0
or, mCT2  T1 iron  mC T2  T1 Al  0
Substituting,
(20 kg)(0.450 kJ / kg C)(T2  100) C  (20 kg)(0.973 kJ / kg C)(T2  200) C  0
T2 = 168 C

4
Chapter One Problems Solutions
1.8- An unknown mass of iron is dropped into water in an insulated tank while being stirred by a 200-W paddle
wheel. Thermal equilibrium is established after 25 min. The mass of the iron is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Both the water and the iron block are incompressible substances with constant specific heats at
room temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero,
KE  PE  0 and E  U . 3 The system is well-insulated and thus there is no heat transfer.

Properties The specific heats of water and the iron block at room temperature are Cp, water = 4.18 kJ/kg·C and
Cp, iron = 0.45 kJ/kg·C (Tables A-3 and A-9). The density of water is given to be 1000 kg/m³.
Analysis We take the entire contents of the tank, water + iron block, as the system. This is a closed system since
no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance on the system can be expressed as
E  E out  E system
in  
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies WATER
Wpw,in  U
or, Wpw,in  U iron  U water Iron
Wpw
Wpw,in  mC T2  T1 iron  mC T2  T1 water
where
mwater  V  (1000 kg / m3 )(0.08 m3 )  80 kg
Wpw  Wpw t  (0.2 kJ / s)(25  60 s)  300 kJ
Using specific heat values for iron and liquid water and substituting,
(300kJ)  miron (0.45 kJ/kg  C)(27  90)C  (80 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg  C)(27  20)C  0
miron = 72.1 kg

1.9- A copper block and an iron block are dropped into a tank of water. Some heat is lost from the tank to the
surroundings during the process. The final equilibrium temperature in the tank is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The water, iron, and copper blocks are incompressible substances with constant specific heats at
room temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero,
KE  PE  0 and E  U .

Properties The specific heats of water, copper, and the iron at room temperature are Cp, water = 1.0 Btu/lbm·F,
Cp, Copper = 0.092 Btu/lbm·F, and Cp, iron = 0.107 Btu/lbm·F (Tables A-3E and A-9E).
Analysis We take the entire contents of the tank, water + iron + copper blocks, as the system. This is a closed
system since no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance on the system can be
expressed as
E  E out  E system
in   WATER
Net energy transfer Change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc. energies Iron
Qout  U  U copper  U iron  U water
or  Qout  mC T2  T1 copper  mC T2  T1 iron  mC T2  T1 water Copper 600Btu

Using specific heat values at room temperature for simplicity and substituting,

600Btu  (90lbm)(0.092Btu/lbm F)(T2  160)F  (50lbm)(0.107Btu/lbm F)(T2  200)F

 (180lbm)(1.0Btu/lbm F)(T2  70)F
T2 = 74.3 F

5
Chapter One Problems Solutions
1.10- The inner and outer surfaces of a brick wall are maintained at specified temperatures. The rate of heat
transfer through the wall is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain constant at
the specified values. 2 Thermal properties of the wall are constant.
Brick
Properties The thermal conductivity of the wall is given to be k = 0.69 W/mC.
wall
Analysis Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through the wall is
T (20  5)C
Q cond  kA  (0.69W/m  C)(5  6m 2 )  1035W 0.3 m
L 0.3m 30 cm
20C 5C

1.11- The inner and outer surfaces of a window glass are maintained at specified temperatures. The amount of
heat transfer through the glass in 5 h is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the glass remain constant at
the specified values. 2 Thermal properties of the glass are constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass is given to be k = 0.78 W/mC.
Analysis Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through the glass by conduction is
Glass
T (10  3)C
Q cond  kA  (0.78 W/m  C)(2  2 m 2 )  4368 W
L 0.005m
Then the amount of heat transfer over a period of 5 h becomes
Q  Q cond t  (4.368 kJ/s)(5  3600 s)  78,620 kJ
If the thickness of the glass doubled to 1 cm, then the amount of heat transfer 10C 3C
will go down by half to 39,310 kJ.
0.5 cm

1.12- The thermal conductivity of a material is to be determined by ensuring one-dimensional heat conduction,
and by measuring temperatures when steady operating conditions are reached.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the temperature readings do not change with time. 2 Heat
losses through the lateral surfaces of the apparatus are negligible since those surfaces are well-insulated, and
thus the entire heat generated by the heater is conducted through the samples. 3 The apparatus possesses thermal
symmetry.
Analysis For each sample we have Q  Q
Q  35 / 2  17.5 W
A  (01
. m)(01. m)  0.01 m2
T  82  74  8 C
L L
Then the thermal conductivity of the material becomes
T 
QL (17.5 W)(0.005 m) A
Q  kA 
 k    1.09 W / m.  C
L AT (0.01 m2 )(8 C)

6
Chapter One Problems Solutions
1.13- The rate of radiation heat transfer between a person and the surrounding surfaces at specified
temperatures is to be determined in summer and in winter.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer by convection is not considered. 3 The person
is completely surrounded by the interior surfaces of the room. 4 The surrounding surfaces are at a uniform
temperature.
Properties The emissivity of a person is given to be  = 0.95
Analysis Noting that the person is completely enclosed by the surrounding surfaces, the net rates of radiation
heat transfer from the body to the surrounding walls, ceiling, and the floor in both cases are:
(a) Summer: Tsurr = 23+273=296
Tsurr
Q rad  As (Ts4  Tsurr
4
)
 (0.95)(5.67  10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(1.6 m 2 )[(32 + 273) 4  (296 K) 4 ]K 4
= 84.2 W
(b) Winter: Tsurr = 12+273= 285 K Qrad
Q rad  As (Ts4  Tsurr
4
)
 (0.95)(5.67  10 8 W/m 2 .K 4 )(1.6 m 2 )[(32 + 273) 4  (285 K) 4 ]K 4
= 177.2 W
Discussion Note that the radiation heat transfer from the person more than doubles in winter.

1.14- Hot air is blown over a flat surface at a specified temperature. The rate of heat transfer from the air to the
plate is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer by radiation is not considered. 3 The
convection heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the surface.
Analysis Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer by convection is
Q conv  hAs T  (55W/m2  C)(2  4m 2 )(80  30)  C  22,000W

80C
Air

30C

1.15- An electric resistance heating element is immersed in water initially at 20°C. The time it will take for this
heater to raise the water temperature to 80°C as well as the convection heat transfer coefficients at the beginning
and at the end of the heating process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist and thus the rate of heat loss from the wire equals the rate of
heat generation in the wire as a result of resistance heating. 2 Thermal properties of water are constant. 3 Heat
losses from the water in the tank are negligible.
Properties The specific heat of water at room temperature is C = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-2).
Analysis When steady operating conditions are reached, we have Q  E generated  800 W . This is also equal to the
rate of heat gain by water. Noting that this is the only mechanism of energy transfer, the time it takes to raise the
water temperature from 20C to 80C is determined to be
Qin  mC (T2  T1 )
water

Qin t  mC (T2  T1 )
800 W
mC (T2  T1 ) (60 kg)(4180 J/kg.C)(80  20)C 120C
t    18,810 s  5.225 h
Q in 800 J/s
The surface area of the wire is
As  (D) L   (0.005 m)(0.5 m) = 0.00785 m 2

7
Chapter One Problems Solutions
The Newton's law of cooling for convection heat transfer is expressed as Q  hAs (Ts  T ) . Disregarding any
heat transfer by radiation and thus assuming all the heat loss from the wire to occur by convection, the
convection heat transfer coefficients at the beginning and at the end of the process are determined to be
Q 800 W
h1    1020 W/m 2 .C
As (Ts  T1 ) (0.00785 m )(120  20)C
2

Q 800 W
h2    2550 W/m 2 .C
As (Ts  T 2 ) (0.00785 m 2 )(120  80)C
Discussion Note that a larger heat transfer coefficient is needed to dissipate heat through a smaller temperature
difference for a specified heat transfer rate.

1.16- A hollow spherical iron container is filled with iced water at 0C°. The rate of heat loss from the sphere
and the rate at which ice melts in the container are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain constant at
the specified values. 2 Heat transfer through the shell is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal properties of the iron shell
are constant. 4 The inner surface of the shell is at the same temperature as the iced water, 0C°.
Properties The thermal conductivity of iron is k = 80.2 W/mC (Table A-3). The heat of fusion of water is
given to be 333.7 kJ/kg.
Analysis This spherical shell can be approximated as a plate of thickness 0.4 cm and area
A = D² = (0.2 m)² = 0.126 m²
Then the rate of heat transfer through the shell by conduction is 5C
T (5  0)C
Q cond  kA  (80.2W/m  C)(0.126m 2 )  12,632W Iced
L 0.004m 0.4 cm
water
Considering that it takes 333.7 kJ of energy to melt 1 kg of ice at 0C°, the rate 0C
at which ice melts in the container can be determined from
Q 12.632 kJ / s
 ice 
m   0.038 kg / s
hif 333.7 kJ / kg
Discussion We should point out that this result is slightly in error for approximating a curved wall as a plain
wall. The error in this case is very small because of the large diameter to thickness ratio. For better accuracy,
we could use the inner surface area (D = 19.2cm) or the mean surface area (D = 19.6cm) in the calculations.

1.17- A styrofoam ice chest is initially filled with 40 kg of ice at 0C. The time it takes for the ice in the chest
to melt completely is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The inner and outer surface temperatures of the ice chest
remain constant at 0C and 8C, respectively, at all times. 3 Thermal properties of the chest are constant. 4 Heat
transfer from the base of the ice chest is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the styrofoam is given to be k = 0.033 W/mC. The heat of fusion of ice
at 0C is 333.7 kJ/kg.
Analysis Disregarding any heat loss through the bottom of the ice chest and using the average thicknesses, the
total heat transfer area becomes
A  (40  3)(40  3)  4  (40  3)(30  3)  5365 cm2  05365
. m2
The rate of heat transfer to the ice chest becomes Ice chest,
T (8  0) C 0C
Q  kA  (0.033 W / m.  C)(0.5365 m2 )  4.72 W
L 0.03 m
The total amount of heat needed to melt the ice completely is
Q
Q  mhif  (40 kg)(333.7 kJ / kg)  13,348 kJ 3 cm
Then transferring this much heat to the cooler to melt the ice completely will take
Q 13,348,000 J
t    2,828,000 s  785.6 h  32.7 days
Q 4.72 J/s

8
Chapter One Problems Solutions
1.18- A sealed electronic box dissipating a total of 100 W of power is placed in a vacuum chamber. If this box
is to be cooled by radiation alone and the outer surface temperature of the box is not to exceed 55C, the
temperature the surrounding surfaces must be kept is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer by convection is disregarded. 3 The emissivity
of the box is constant and uniform over the exposed surface. 4 Heat transfer from the bottom surface of the box
to the stand is negligible.
Properties The emissivity of the outer surface of the box is given to be 0.95.
Analysis Disregarding the base area, the total heat transfer area of the electronic box is
As  (0.4 m)(0.4 m)  4  (0.2 m)(0.4 m)  0.48 m 2
The radiation heat transfer from the box can be expressed as
100 W
Q rad  As (Ts 4  Tsurr 4 )
 = 0.95

100 W  (0.95)(5.67  10 8 W/m2 .K 4 )(0.48 m 2 ) (55  273 K ) 4  Tsurr 4  Ts =55C
which gives Tsurr = 296.3 K = 23.3C. Therefore, the temperature of the
surrounding surfaces must be less than 23.3C.