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13-1 Hot exhaust gases are used in the reheat section of a Rankine cycle.

le. Consider a commercial steel tube 5-cm


outside diameter, 4.5-cm inside diameter used to convey the steam. The air side heat transfer coefficient is
85 W/m2·K, and that of the steam side is 200 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside tube area (in W/m2·K)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube area (in W/m2·K)
c. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area if air side fouling is 0.0015 m2·K/W and
steam side fouling is 0.0005 m2·K/W (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
Use Eq. 13-3 and Eq. 13-4, which give the overall heat
transfer coefficient in terms of its component parts.

Assumptions:
1. There are no fins.
2. There is no fouling.

Solution:
The overall heat transfer coefficient is calculated with Eq. 13-3 and Eq. 13-4:
1 1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= = + i + Rw + +
Ui Ai Uo Ao ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo, o Ao ηo, o ho Ao
No fins are used, so ηo ,i = ηo ,o = 1 .
ln ( ro ri ) ln ( Do Di )
For a circular tube Rw = =
2π kL 2π kL
From Appendix A-2, the thermal conductivity of commercial steel is k = 60.5 W/mK.
The areas are: Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L

a) Incorporating the above expressions into the equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the
inside area, noting that the length cancels, and ignoring fouling:
1 A π Di L ln ( Do Di ) π Di L
= i + +
Ui hi Ai 2π kL hoπ Do L
1 1 ( 0.045 m ) ln ( 0.050 0.045 ) 1 0.045 m
= + + = 0.005 + 3.92 × 10−5 + 0.0106
2
Ui 200 W m K 2 ( 60.5 W mK ) 2
85 W m K 0.050 m
Ui =64.0 W m 2 K Answer
b) The overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area is:
A ⎛ W ⎞⎛ 0.045 ⎞ W
U o = U i i = ⎜ 64.0 2 ⎟⎜ ⎟ =57.6 2 Answer
Ao ⎝ m K ⎠⎝ 0.050 ⎠ mK
c) With fouling on both sides of the heat exchanger, we obtain

1 1 m 2 K ( 0.045 m ) ln ( 0.050 0.045 ) ⎛ m 2 K ⎞⎛ 0.045 m ⎞ 1 ⎛ 0.045 m ⎞


= +0.0005 + + ⎜ 0.0005 ⎟⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
2
Ui 200 W m K W 2 ( 60.5 W mK ) ⎝
2
W ⎠ ⎝ 0.050 m ⎠ 85 W m K ⎝ 0.050 m ⎠

Ui =60.3 W m 2 K Answer

Comment:
The overall heat transfer coefficient is low, so the effect of fouling is small. If the overall heat transfer coefficient
had been large, then the addition of fouling would have had a much greater effect.

13- 1
13-2 A two shell pass, eight tube pass heat exchanger with a surface area of 8,300 ft2 is used to heat 1,700
lbm/min of water from 75 °F to 210 °F. Hot exhaust gases enter at 570 °F and exit at 255 °F. Assuming
the exhaust gases have the same properties as air, determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient if fouling on both sides equivalent to 0.005 hr·ft2·°F/Btu is
present in the heat exchanger (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F).

Approach:
With all temperatures known, along with the area and
one flow rate, sufficient information is given to
evaluate the heat transfer rate and the LMTD.
Therefore, Eq. 13-21 can be used to calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → U=
AF ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming steady,
no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )
From Appendix B-6, at Tavg = (75+210)/2= 142.5 ºF, cp = 1.00 Btu/lbmR.
Q = (1700 lbm min )(1.00 Btu lbmR )( 210-75 ) R=2.30 × 105 Btu min
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out = 570 − 210 = 360 o F ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 255 − 75 = 180 o F
∆T1 − ∆T2 360 − 180
∆TLM ,cf = = = 259.7 o F
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ( 360 180 )
Using Figure 13-7b to determine F:
570 − 255 210 − 75
R= = 2.33 P= = 0.273
210 − 75 570 − 75
So from Figure 13-7b, F ≈ 0.97
Finally,

U=
( 2.30 × 105 Btu min ) ( 60 min 1hr )
= 6.59
Btu
Answer
(8300ft ) ( 0.97 )( 259.7R )
2
hrft 2 R
b) Using Eq. 13-3 and rearranging it, ignoring fouling and wall resistance (since no wall thickness is given
2
1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ hrft R
= + R ′′ = ⎜ + 0.005 ⎟
U dirty U clean ⎝ 6.59 ⎠ Btu
Btu
U dirty = 6.38 Answer
hrft 2 R

Comments:
Because the overall heat transfer coefficient is small, the addition of the fouling does not have a significant
effect. If the overall heat transfer coefficient had been large, then the addition of fouling would have had a
larger effect.

13- 2
13-3 In a desalination plant, salt water is used to create pure water. Salt water is boiled, and salt concentrates in
the boiler; the salt water solution is drained from the boiler, and the pure water vapor is condensed for use.
Condensing vapor at a high pressure is used to boil salt water at a lower pressure. Consider an experiment
on a single tube; condensing steam at 105 ºC inside the tube is used to boil salt water at 85 ºC. The 304
stainless steel tube is 3-m long, 2.5-cm inside diameter, and 2-mm thick. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inside area is 830 W/m2·K, and the condensing coefficient is 1500 W/m2·K.
Determine the heat transfer coefficient of the boiling salt water (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. No information is given about
fouling, so we ignore those resistances. Likewise, no
fins are used so the overall surface efficiencies are
unity, ηo,o = ηo,i=1.

Assumptions:
1. There is no fouling and no fins.
2. The heat transfer is one dimensional.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There is no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ) , and ηo,o = ηo,i=1.
For 304 stainless steel, from Appendix A-2, kss = 14.9 W/mK.
The wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL . The areas are Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L . Substituting these
expressions into the overall heat transfer coefficient equation, simplifying, and solving for the outside heat
transfer coefficient:
1 1 Ao 1 Ao ln ( Do Di ) 1 Do 1 Do ln ( Do Di )
= − − Ao = − − Do
ho U i Ai hi Ai 2π kL U i Di hi Di 2k
1 0.029 m 1 0.029 m ( 0.029 m ) ln ( 0.029 m 0.025 m )
= - -
(830 W m K ) 0.025 m (1500 W m K ) 0.025 m
2 2
2 (14.9 W mK )
ho = 2080 W m 2 K Answer

13- 3
13-4 The performance characteristics of a finned, crossflow heat exchanger are determined in a laboratory. The
heat exchanger has 100 tubes that have inside diameters of 12 mm and lengths of 2.6 m; a dense array of
continuous plate fins is attached to the outside of the tubes. At one particular operating condition,
measurements on the heat exchanger are: hot water inlet temperature 174 °C, hot water outlet temperature
121 °C; hot water flow rate 0.00051 m3/s, cold air inlet temperature 25 °C, cold air inlet pressure 97 kPa,
cold air inlet flow rate 2.2 m3/s. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside tube
area (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate, the LMTD, and the inside surface area.
Therefore, Eq. 13-22 can be used to calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Air and water are ideal fluids with constant specific
heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → Ui =
Ai F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate is obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water. Assuming steady, no work,
negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = ρVc p (TH ,in − TH ,out )
From Appendix A-6, at 174 ºC, ρ = 893.1 kg/m3; at Tavg = (174+121)/2= 147.5 ºC, cp = 4.267 kJ/kgK.
Q = ( 893.1kg m3 )( 0.00051m3 s ) ( 4.267 kJ kgK )(174-121) K=103kW
The area is Ai = Nπ Di L = (100 ) π ( 0.012m )( 2.6m ) =9.8m 2
The LMTD requires four temperatures. We can calculate the air outlet temperature from an energy balance
similar to that done with the water. Therefore:
Q Q
Q = ma c p , a (TC , out − TC ,in ) → TC , out = TC ,in + = TC ,in +
ma c p , a ρVc p , a

Using the ideal gas equation: ρ=


PM
=
( 97 kN m2 ) ( 28.97 kg kmol ) =1.134 kg
RT ( 8.314 kJ kmolK )( 25+273) K m3
The air specific heat should be evaluated from Appendix A-7 at the air average temperature. Because we are
calculating the air outlet temperature, to evaluate cp,a we assume TC,out = 100 ºC, and Tavg = (25+100)/2= 62.5 ºC,
cp = 1.008 kJ/kgK.
(103kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TC ,out = 25 o C+ =66.0 o C
(1.134 kg m3 )( 2.2 m3 s ) (1.008 kJ kgK )
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out = 174 − 66.0 = 108 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 121 − 25 = 96 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 108 − 96
∆TLM ,cf = = = 101.9 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln (108 96 )
25 − 66.0 121 − 174
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F: R = = 0.77 P = = 0.36 . So, from Figure 13-7c, F ≈ 0.85.
121 − 174 25 − 174
(103kW )(1000 W kW ) W
Finally, Ui = = 121.3 2 Answer
( 9.8m 2
) ( )(
0.85 101.9K ) m K

13- 4
13-5 Water at 200 °F flows inside a 1-in. inside diameter 304 stainless steel tube with wall thickness of 0.05 in.
Air flows over the outside surface of the tube. The water side heat transfer coefficient is 80 Btu/hr·ft2·°F,
while that of the air side is 40 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside surface area (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient if the air side fouling factor is 0.0007 hr·ft2·°F/Btu and that on
the water side is 0.0003 hr·ft2·°F/Btu (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F).

Approach:
Because of the given information, we can use Eq. 13-
3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer is one dimensional
2. The heat transfer coefficients are uniform over the
heat exchanger.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
Multiplying through by Ai, incorporating Ai = π Di L, Ao = π Do L , and recognizing there are no fins
(ηo ,i = ηo,o = 1)
1 1 π Di ln ( Do Di ) ⎛D ⎞ 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
= + Ri′′+ + Ro′′ ⎜ i ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2π k ⎝ Do ⎠ ho ⎝ Do ⎠
a) With no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ) , and from Appendix B-2 the thermal conductivity of 304 stainless steel of 8.6
Btu/hrftR, so that
1 1 (1 12 ft ) ln (1.1 1) 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i 80 Btu hrft 2 R 2 ( 8.6 Btu hrftR ) 40 Btu hrft 2 R ⎝ 1.1 ⎠
U i = 28.0 Btu hrft 2 R Answer
b) With fouling, obtain estimates of the fouling factors from Table 13-1
1 1 D 1 hrft 2 R hrft 2 R ⎛ 1 ⎞ hrft 2 R
= + Ri′′+ Ro′′ i = 2
+0.0003 +0.0007 ⎜ ⎟ =0.0366
U dirty U clean Do 28.0 Btu hrft R Btu Btu ⎝ 1.1 ⎠ Btu
U dirty = 27.3Btu hrft 2 R Answer

Comments:
Because the overall heat transfer coefficient is low, the addition of the fouling did not have much of an effect on
the overall heat transfer coefficient. If the clean overall heat transfer coefficient were high, then the addition of
fouling would have had a much larger effect.

13- 5
13-6 A heat exchanger tube 25-mm outside diameter has 20 longitudinal fins with rectangular cross sections
equally spaced around the circumference of the tube. The fins are 25-mm from base to tip and 1.6-mm
thick. The tube has a 2-mm wall thickness, and tube and fins are both made of plain carbon steel (k = 60.5
W/m·K). The inside and outside convective heat transfer coefficients are 1000 W/m2·K and 200 W/m2·K,
respectively. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside surface area (in W/m2·K)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
With the given information, we can use Eq. 13-3 to
determine the overall heat transfer coefficient. First,
though the overall surface efficiency for the fins must
be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Hydrogen and water are ideal fluids with constant
specific heats.

Solution:
a) We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins on the inside (ηo,i = 1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is
Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kWN . The areas are: Ai = π DiW and Ao = π DoW + 2 NLW . Substituting these expressions
into the equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ π Di ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ηo ,o ho ⎝ π Do + 2 NL ⎠
The given wall thermal conductivity is k = 60.5 W/mK.
For the fins, we use the equation for a fin with an adiabatic tip and correct the length to account for
NAf
convection at the fin tip. The overall surface efficiency is (Eq. 11-94): ηo ,o = 1 −
Atot
(1 − η f )
With a corrected fin length L* = L + t 2 = 0.025 + 0.0016 2 = 0.00258m , Atot = Ao , and Af = 2 LW . From
Table 11-5, Case A, with mL = ( hp kAx ) : η f = tanh ( mL ) mL
0.5

2 ( 200 W m 2 K )
0.5
⎛ h2 L ⎞
0.5 ⎡ ⎤
Therefore, mL* = L * ⎜ ⎟ = ( 0.0258m ) ⎢ ⎥ = 1.66
⎝ ktL ⎠ ⎢⎣ ( 60.5 W mK )( 0.0016m ) ⎥⎦
tanh (1.66 ) 20 ( 2 )( 0.0258 )
ηf = = 0.561 and ηo ,o = 1 − (1 − 0.561) = 0.592
1.66 π ( 0.025 ) + 2 ( 20 )( 0.0258 )
1 1 ( 0.021m ) ln ( 0.025 m 0.021m ) 1 ⎡ π ( 0.021m ) ⎤
= + + ⎢ ⎥
2
U i 1000 W m K 2 ( 60.5 W mK ) ( 0.592 ) ( 200 W m K ) ⎢⎣ π ( 0.025 m ) +2 ( 20 )( 0.0258 m ) ⎥⎦
2

U i = 653 W m 2 K Answer
b) For the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area:
A ⎛ W ⎞⎡ π ( 0.021m ) ⎤ W
U o = U i i = ⎜ 653 2 ⎟ ⎢ ⎥ = 38.8 2 Answer
Ao ⎝ m K ⎠ ⎢⎣ π ( 0.025 m ) +2 ( 20 )( 0.0258 m ) ⎥⎦ mK
Comments:
Because of the significantly different areas on the inside and outside surfaces, the magnitudes of the overall heat
transfer coefficients are similarly significantly different.

13- 6
13-7 Very thin-walled low chromium steel (k = 37 W/m·K) tubes of diameter 10 mm are used in a condenser. A
convection coefficient of hi = 5000 W/m2·K is associated with condensation on the inner surface of the
tubes, while a coefficient of ho = 100 W/m2·K is maintained by airflow over the tubes. For a 1-m long
section of tube with 286 fins, determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient if the tubes are unfinned (in W/m2·K)
b. the fin efficiency and overall heat transfer coefficient based on inner area if low chromium steel
annular fins of thickness t = 1.5 mm, outer diameter Do = 20 mm, and axial spacing S = 3.5 mm are
added to the outer tube surface (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. The overall surface efficiency,
ηo,o, must be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer is one dimensional.
Solution:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
Using Eq. 13-3: = + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There is no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ) , and wall thickness is not specified, so Di = Do and Rw = 0.
a) With no fins and Di = Do,
1 1 1 1 1 1
= = + = + → U = 98.0 W m 2 iK Answer
U i U o hi ho 5000 100
b) With annular fins, we can determine the fin efficiency using Figure 11-18 and the overall surface efficiency
NAf
with Eq. 11-94: ηo ,o = 1 −
Atot
(1 − η f )
12 0.5
⎛ h ⎞ ⎛h⎞
12 ⎡ 100 W m 2 K ⎤
32
L ⎜ ⎟⎟ = ( L + t 2) ⎜ ⎟ = ( 0.005m+ 0.0015m 2 ) ⎢ ⎥ =0.244
⎜ kA ⎢⎣ ( 37W m 2 K ) ( 0.0015m ) ⎥⎦
c
⎝ p ⎠ ⎝ kt ⎠
From Figure 11-18, ( r2 + t 2 ) r1 = ( 0.010 + 0.0015 2 ) 0.005 = 2.15 , so that ηf ≈ 0.92.
Total area is: Aunfinned + Afin
Area of one fin: Afin = 2π ( r22 − r12 ) + 2π r2 t = 2π ( 0.012 − 0.0052 ) + 2π ( 0.01)( 0.0015 ) = 0.000566 m 2 fin
Total fin area: Afin = ( 0.000566 m 2 ) ( 286 ) =0.162 m 2
Unfinned area: Aunfinned = N ( S − t ) π D1 = 286 ( 0.0035m-0.0015 m ) π ( 0.010 m ) =0.0180 m 2
Total area: Atot = 0.0180 + 0.162 = 0.180 m 2
0.162
Overall surface efficiency: ηo ,o = 1 − (1 − 0.92 ) = 0.928
0.180
1 1 1
The overall heat transfer coefficient is: = +
U i π DiW hi π DiW ηo ,o ho Ao
1 1 π ( 0.01m )(1m )
= +
U i 5000 W m K ( 0.928 ) (100 W m 2 K )( 0.180 m 2 )
2

U i = 481W m 2 K Answer
Comments:
Because of the addition of the fins, the overall heat transfer coefficient increases dramatically.

13- 7
13-8 A double pipe heat exchanger consists of a 4-cm pipe inside a 6-cm pipe; the heat exchanger is 2-m long.
The water inside the inner pipe has an average temperature of 40 ºC and a flow rate of 0.016 m3/s. In the
annulus (between the inner and outer pipes), unused engine oil has an average temperature of 147 ºC and a
flow rate of 0.01 m3/s. The inner tube has a wall thickness of 1-mm and is made of 304 stainless steel.
Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the inner tube (in W/m2·K)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside surface area of the inner tube if the water
and oil sides are fouled; choose representative fouling factors from Table 13-1 (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. Sufficient information is given
to calculate the two heat transfer coefficients with
appropriate correlations.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The flows are fully developed.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do Di ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo ,i Ai 2π kL ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i=1. The two areas are Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L = π ( Di + 2t ) L . Substituting in
these expressions and simplifying:
1 1 ⎛ D + 2t ⎞ ⎛ Di + 2t ⎞ ( Di + 2t ) ln ⎣⎡( Di + 2t ) Di ⎦⎤ 1
= ⎜ i ⎟ + Ri′′⎜ ⎟+ + Ro′′ +
U o hi ⎝ Di ⎠ ⎝ Di ⎠ 2k ho
The thermal conductivity of 304 stainless steel from Appendix A-2 is 14.9 W/mK.
The heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD m m 4m 4 ρV
Water: Re = → V= = → Re = =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di πµ Di
For water from Appendix A-6 with Tw = 40 o C : µ = 6.34 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.631 W/mK; Pr = 4.19;
ρ = 992.2 kg/m3.
4 ( 992.2 kg m3 )( 0.016 m3 s )(1Ns 2 kgm )
Re = = 797, 000
π ( 6.34×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.04 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 ( 797000 ) ( 4.19 )
0.8 0.4
= 2150
Nuk ( 2150 )( 0.631W mK ) W
hw = = =33,900 2
Di 0.04m mK
For the oil Reynolds number and Nusselt number, we need to use the hydraulic diameter as the
characteristic length:
4 (π 4 ) ⎡ D32 − ( D1 + 2t ) ⎤
2
4 Ax ⎣ ⎦ = D − D + 2t = 0.06 − 0.04 + 2 × 0.001 = 0.0180m
Dh = = ( 1 ) ( )
π D3 + π ( D1 + 2t )
3
Pwetted
V V 0.01m3 s m
V= = = =6.93
Ax (π 4 ) ⎡ D32 − ( D1 + 2t )2 ⎤ ( π 4 ) ⎡ 0.062 - ( 0.04+0.002 )2 ⎤ m 2 s
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
For oil from Appendix A-6 with To = 147 o C : µ = 56.4 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.133 W/mK; Pr = 103; ρ = 812.1 kg/m3.

13- 8
Re =
(812.1kg m3 ) ( 6.93m s )( 0.018m ) (1Ns 2 kgm )
= 18, 000
56.4×10-4 Ns m 2
This is turbulent flow, so again using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 (18, 000 ) (103)
0.8 0.4
= 372
Nuk ( 372 )( 0.133 W mK ) W
ho = = =2750 2
Di 0.018m mK
The wall resistance is:
( Di + 2t ) ln ( ( Di + 2t ) Di ) ( 0.04+0.002 ) ln ( 0.042 0.04 ) m2 K
Rw = = =0.000069
2k 2 (14.9 W mK ) W

a) Without fouling the overall heat transfer coefficient is (with consistent units omitted for brevity):
1 1 ⎛ 0.042 ⎞ 1
= ⎜ ⎟ + 0.000069 + = 0.000031 + 0.000069 + 0.000364
U o 33,900 ⎝ 0.04 ⎠ 2750
U o = 2160 W m 2 K Answer
b) With fouling using fouling factors estimated from Table 13.1 of:
′′ ≈ 0.000175 m 2 K W and
Roil Rw′′ ≈ 0.0004 m 2 K W
1 ⎛ 0.042 ⎞
= 0.000031 + 0.0004 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.000069 + 0.000175 + 0.000364 = 0.00106 m K W
2

Uo ⎝ 0.040 ⎠
U o = 944 W m 2 K Answer

Comments:
The oil side heat transfer coefficient dominates the situation when there is no fouling. Adding fouling has a
significant effect on the overall heat transfer coefficient.

13- 9
13-9 Ethylene glycol enters a double pipe heat exchanger at 17 °C with flow rate of 1.5 kg/s. It is heated with
water that enters the heat exchanger at 100 °C with a flow rate of 0.04 kg/s. The inner pipe is 2.5-cm in
diameter, the outer pipe is 3.75-cm in diameter, and the length is 3 m. Determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient (in W/m2·K) if:
a. the water flows in the inner tube
b. the water flows in the annular space between the two tubes.

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. Sufficient information is given to
calculate the two heat transfer coefficients with
appropriate correlations.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water flow is fully developed.
3. Wall resistance is negligible.

Solution:
a) Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do Di ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo ,i Ai 2π kL ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i= 1, and we assume negligible fouling. With no wall thickness given, the two areas
are Ai = π DL and Ao = π DL . Substituting in these expressions, simplifying, and solving for the overall heat
transfer coefficient, U:
−1
⎡1 1 ⎤
Ui = ⎢ + ⎥
⎣ hi ho ⎦
The fluid properties must be evaluated from Appendix A-6 at the appropriate temperatures:
Ethylene glycol: µ =247×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.248 W/mK; Pr = 236; ρ = 1118.8 kg/m3.
Water: µ = 2.76 ×10-5 Ns/m2; k = 0.681 W/mK; Pr = 1.71; ρ = 958.3 kg/m3.
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD m ( 0.04 kg s ) 4 m
Re = → V = = =0.085
µ ρ Ai ( 958.3kg m3 ) π ( 0.025m )2 s

Re =
( 958.3kg m3 ) ( 0.085 m s )( 0.025 m )
= 73,800
2.76×10-5 Ns m 2
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 73,800 ) (1.71)
0.8 0.3
= 212
Nuk ( 212 )( 0.681W mK ) W 1 m2 K
hi = = =5770 2 = 5.68 × 10−4
Di 0.025m mK hi W
For ethylene glycol in the annulus:
m (1.5 kg s ) 4 m
V = = =2.185
ρ A (1118.8 kg m ) π ⎡( 0.0375m ) − ( 0.025m ) ⎤
3 2 2
s
⎣ ⎦
We need the hydraulic diameter for the annulus to calculate the Reynolds number:
Dh = 4 Ax Pwetted = D2 − D1 = 0.0375 − 0.025 = 0.0125m
ρ VDh (1118.8 kg m ) ( 2.185 m s )( 0.0125 m )
3

Re = = = 1240
µ 247 × 10-4 Ns m 2
This is laminar flow, so we need to check the entrance length:
Lent = 0.037 RePrDh = 0.037 (1240 )( 236 )( 0.0125m ) =135m
Therefore, entrance effects must be taken into account. Using the Seider-Tate correlation:

13- 10
Nu = 1.86Gr1 3 ( µ µ s ) = 1.86 ( RePrD L ) ( µ µs )
0.14 13 0.14

Assuming the wall temperature is Ts ≈ (17 + 100 ) 2 = 58.5 o C , µs = 54.2×10-4 Ns/m2


⎡ (1240 )( 236 )( 0.0125 ) ⎤ ⎛ 247 × 10−4 ⎞
13 0.14

Nu = 1.86 ⎢ ⎥ ⎜ −4 ⎟
= 24.6
⎣ 3 ⎦ ⎝ 54.2 × 10 ⎠
Nuk ( 24.6 )( 0.248 W mK ) W
ho = = =488 2
Do 0.0125 m m K
−1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ W
Ui = ⎢ + ⎥ = 450 m 2 K Answer
⎣ 5770 488 ⎦

b) Now putting the water on the annulus side:


m ( 0.04 kg s ) 4 m
V = = =0.0680
ρ A ( 958.3kg m3 ) π ⎡( 0.0375m )2 − ( 0.025m )2 ⎤ s
⎣ ⎦
ρ VDh ( 958.3kg m ) ( 0.0681m s )( 0.0125 m )
3

Re = = = 29,500
µ 2.76 × 10-5 Ns m 2
This is still turbulent flow, so:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 29,500 ) (1.71)
0.8 0.3
= 102
Nuk (102 )( 0.681W mK ) W
hi = = =5550 2
Di 0.0125m m K
For the ethylene glycol:
m (1.5 kg s ) 4 m
V = = =2.73
ρ Ai (1118.8 kg m3 ) π ( 0.025m )2 s

ρ VD (1118.8 kg m ) ( 2.73m s )( 0.025 m )


3

Re = = = 3090
µ 247 × 10-4 Ns m 2
The ethylene glycol is now turbulent, but this is a low Reynolds number so we will use the Gnielinski correlation:
−2 −2
f = ⎣⎡ 0.79 ln ( Re ) − 1.64 ⎦⎤ = ⎣⎡0.79 ln ( 3090 ) − 1.64 ⎦⎤ = 0.0451
( f 8)( Re − 1000 ) Pr ( 0.0451 8)( 3090 − 1000 )( 236 )
Nu = = = 76.3
1 + 12.7 ( f 8 ) ( Pr − 1) 1 + 12.7 ( 0.0451 8 ) ( 2362 3 − 1)
12 23 12

Nuk ( 76.3)( 0.248 W mK ) W


So that h = = =756
Di 0.025m m2 K
−1
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ W
Ui = ⎢ + ⎥ = 666 2 Answer
⎣ 5550 756 ⎦ mK

Comments:
Just by putting the two fluids on different sides of the heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer coefficient
increased by 48%, which would translate into a significantly higher heat duty.

13- 11
13-10 A heat exchanger used to heat air with hot water is constructed of individually finned tubes, as shown in the
figure below. The tube (1-m long, 10-mm inside diameter, 13-mm outside diameter) and fins (12-mm long,
0.5-mm thick spaced on 5-mm centers) are constructed of brass. Air flows over the tubes with a heat
transfer coefficient of 100 W/m2·K. Water with a velocity of 2 m/s enters the tube at 80 °C. Determine the
overall heat transfer coefficients based on the inside area, Ui, and the outside area, Uo, (in W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. The water side heat transfer
coefficients and the fin efficiency must be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water flow is fully developed.
3. Fouling is negligible.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( r1 ro ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai 2π kW ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Atot
There are no fins on the inside, so ηo,i= 1, and we assume negligible fouling.. The inside area is Ai = π Di L .
For the wall resistance, the thermal conductivity of brass from Appendix A-2 is 110 W/mK, so that:
ln ( r1 ro ) ln ( 0.0065 0.005 )
= =3.80×10-4 m 2 K W
2π kW 2π (110 W mK )(1m )
With annular fins, we can determine the fin efficiency using Figure 11-18 and the overall surface efficiency
with Eq. 11-94: ηo ,o = 1 − ( NAf Atot )(1 − η f ) . The total area requires the number of fins, N, over the total length
W:
W −S 1m-0.005m
W = N (S + t) + S → N= = = 180.9
S +t 0.005m+0.0005m
Therefore, we use N = 180 (an integer number of fins).
The total area will take into account the tip area by using the corrected length, so we need the corrected
radius:
r2 c = r2 + t 2 = 0.0185m+ 0.0005 2 =0.01875m
Area of one fin Afin = 2π ( r22c − r12 ) = 2π ( 0.018752 − 0.00652 ) = 1.943 × 10−3 m 2 fin
Total area: Atot = 2π r1 (W − Nt ) + NAf = 2π ( 0.0065m ) ⎡⎣1m- (180 )( 0.0005m ) ⎤⎦ + (180 ) (1.943×10-3 m 2 ) = 0.387 m 2
Now for the parameters in Fig. 11-18:
r2 c r1 = 0.01875 0.0065 = 2.88
L* = L + t 2 = 0.012m+ 0.0005m 2 =0.01225m
Ap = L * t = ( 0.01225m )( 0.0005m ) =6.125×10-6 m 2
12 12
⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ 100 W m 2 K ⎞
= ( 0.01225m ) ⎜
32
32
L ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ = 0.522
c ⎜ kA ⎟
⎝ p⎠ ⎜ (110W m 2 K )( 6.125×10-6 m 2 ) ⎟
⎝ ⎠
From Figure 11-18, so that ηf ≈ 0.78.
(180 ) (1.943×10-3 m 2 )
Overall surface efficiency: ηo ,o = 1 − (1 − 0.78) = 0.801
0.387m 2
The finned side resistance is:
1 1
= =0.03225 K W
ηo ,o ho Atot ( 0.801) (100 W m 2 K )( 0.387m 2 )

13- 12
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number. Water properties from Appendix A-
6 at T = 80 o C : µ = 3.48 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.670 W/mK; Pr = 2.18; ρ = 971.8 kg/m3.:
ρ VD ( 971.8 kg m ) ( 2 m s )( 0.010m )
3

Re = = = 55,900
µ 3.48×10-4 Ns m 2
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 55,900 ) ( 2.18)
0.8 0.3
= 182
Nuk (182 )( 0.670 W mK ) W
hi = = =12,200 2
Di 0.01m mK
2
1 1 −3 m K
= = 2.61 × 10
hi Ai (12,200 W m 2 K ) π ( 0.01m )(1m ) W
The inside overall heat transfer coefficient is (with consistent units omitted for brevity):
1 −1
Ui = ⎡⎣ 2.61× 10−3 + 3.80 × 10 −4 + 0.03225⎤⎦ = 903 W m 2 K Answer
π ( 0.01m )(1m )
The outside overall heat transfer coefficient is
⎛A ⎞ ⎡ π ( 0.01m )(1m ) ⎤
U o = U i ⎜ i ⎟ = ( 903 W m 2 K ) ⎢ 2 ⎥ = 73.3 W m K
2
Answer
A
⎝ o⎠ ⎣ 0.387m ⎦
Comments:
Because the surface areas are significantly different on both sides of the tube, the overall heat transfer coefficients
are similarly different. This illustrates well that the side on which the overall heat transfer coefficient is based
must be specified.

13- 13
13-11 Hot water at 100 °C flows at a rate of 4.5 × 10-4 m3/s through a horizontal 316 stainless steel pipe with a 5-
cm inside diameter and a 5-mm wall thickness. Outside of the pipe is still air at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere.
Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside and outside surface areas of the pipe (in
W/m2·K).

Approach:
We can use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat
transfer coefficient. Sufficient information is given to
calculate the two heat transfer coefficients with
appropriate correlations.

Assumptions:
1. The overall heat transfer coefficient is uniform
over the heat exchanger.
2. The water flow is fully developed.
3. Fouling is negligible.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3 to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do Di ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo ,i Ai 2π kL ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins, so ηo,o = ηo,i= 1, and we assume negligible fouling.. The two areas are Ai = π Di L and
Ao = π Do L . Substituting in these expressions , simplifying, and solving for the overall heat transfer coefficient,
Ui:
−1
⎡ 1 ( D ) ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞ ⎤
Ui = ⎢ + i + ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠ ⎦
For the wall resistance, the thermal conductivity of 316 stainless steel from Appendix A-2 is 13.4 W/mK,
so that:
Di ln ( Do Di ) ( 0.05m ) ln ( 0.06 0.05 )
= =3.40×10-4 m 2 K W
2k 2 (13.4 W mK )
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number:
ρ VD m m 4m 4 ρV
Water: Re = → V = = → Re = =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di πµ Di
For water from Appendix A-6 with Tw = 100 o C : µ = 2.76 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.681 W/mK; Pr = 1.71;
ρ = 958.3 kg/m3.
4 ( 958.3kg m3 )( 4.5×10-4 m3 s )(1N•s 2 kg•m )
Re = = 39,800
π ( 2.76×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.05 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.3 = 0.023 ( 39800 ) (1.71)
0.8 0.3
= 129.2
Nuk (129.2 )( 0.681W mK ) W 1 m2 K
hi = = =1760 2 = 5.68 × 10−4
Di 0.05m mK hi W
The air side is natural convection. We must assume a surface temperature to calculate a Rayleigh number.
We know natural convection heat transfer coefficients are low compared, for example, to forced convection of
water. Hence, the wall temperature will be closer to the water temperature than the air temperature, so we assume
an outside wall temperature that is only slightly lower than the water temperature, Ts ≈ 95 ºC. Therefore,
T film = ( 95 + 25 ) 2 = 60 o C , and the air properties from Appendix A-7 at this temperature are approximately:
µ = 1.99 ×10-5 Ns/m2; k = 0.0288 W/mK; Pr = 0.700; ρ = 1.060 kg/m3.

Ra =
g βρ 2 (Ts − T f ) Do3 Pr
=
( 9.81m s ) (1 333K ) (1.060 kg m ) ( 95-25) K ( 0.06m ) ( 0.700 ) = 885, 000
2 3 2 3

µ2 (1.99×10 Ns m ) -5 2 2

13- 14
Using Table 12-3 for natural convection on a horizontal circular cylinder:
2 2
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
0.387 ( 885, 000 )
16
⎪ 0.387 Ra1 6 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
Nu = ⎨0.6 + ⎬ = ⎨0.6 + ⎬ = 14.0
9 16 8 27 9 16 8 27
⎪ ⎡1 + ( 0.559 Pr ) ⎤ ⎪ ⎪ ⎡1 + ( 0.559 0.700 ) ⎤ ⎪
⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭ ⎩ ⎣ ⎦ ⎭
Nuk (14.0 )( 0.0288 W mK ) W ⎛ Di ⎞
1 1 ⎛ 0.05 ⎞ m2 K
ho = = =6.73 2 ⎜ ⎟= 2 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.124
Do 0.06m mK ⎝ Do ⎠ 6.73 W m K ⎝ 0.06 ⎠
ho W
The inside overall heat transfer coefficient is (with consistent units omitted for brevity):
−1
U i = ⎡⎣5.68 × 10−4 + 3.4 × 10−4 + 0.124 ⎤⎦ = 8.02 W m 2 K Answer
The outside overall heat transfer coefficient is
⎛A ⎞ ⎛ 0.05 ⎞
U o = U i ⎜ i ⎟ = ( 8.02 W m 2 K ) ⎜ ⎟ = 6.68 W m K
2
Answer
⎝ Ao ⎠ ⎝ 0.06 ⎠
Comments:
Note that the water and wall resistances are negligible, and our assumed wall surface temperature will be close to
the actual wall temperature, so no iteration is required.

13- 15
13-12 Ethylene glycol flows inside a copper tube that has a 0.5-in. inside diameter and a 0.65-in. outside
diameter. The heat transfer coefficient for the ethylene glycol is 300 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Water flows outside the
tube and has a heat transfer coefficient of 550 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube area (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside tube area if fouling is present on both the
water and ethylene glycol sides (in Btu/hr·ft2·°F). (Estimate fouling factors from Table 13-1.)
c. Discuss how much the overall heat transfer coefficient can vary depending on the choice of fouling
factor.

Approach:
Because of the given information, we can use Eq. 13-3
to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Fouling factors are estimated from Table 13-1.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer is one dimensional
2. The heat transfer coefficients are uniform over
the heat exchanger.

Solution:
Using Eq. 13-3:
1 1 R ′′ ln ( Do D ) Ro′′ 1
= + i + + +
U o Ao ηo,i hi Ai ηo ,i Ai 2π kL ηo, o Ao ηo, o ho Ao
Multiplying through by Ao, incorporating Ai = π Di L, Ao = π Do L , and recognizing there are no fins
(ηo ,i = ηo,o = 1)
1 1⎛D ⎞ ⎛ D ⎞ D ln ( Do Di ) 1
= ⎜ o ⎟ + Ri′′⎜ o ⎟ + o + Ro′′ +
U o hi ⎝ Di ⎠ ⎝ Di ⎠ 2k ho
a) With no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ) , and the thermal conductivity of copper from Appendix B-2 of 231.7 Btu/hrftR,
so that
1 1 ⎛ 0.0542 ⎞ ( 0.0542ft ) ln ( 0.0542 0.0417 ) 1
= ⎜ ⎟+ +
2
U o 300 Btu hrft R ⎝ 0.0417 ⎠ 2 ( 231.7 Btu hrftR ) 550 Btu hrft 2 R
U 0 = [ 0.00433 + 0.000031 + 0.00182] = 162 Btu hrft 2 R
−1
Answer
b) With fouling, obtain estimates of the fouling factors from Table 13-1
Water: Ro′′ = 0.0009 → 0.00053m 2 K W OR 0.00051 → 0.0030hr ft 2 R Btu
Ethylene glycol: Ri′′ = 0.00035 m 2 K W =0.002hr ft 2 R Btu
Using the maximum fouling resistance:
−1
⎡ ⎛ 0.0542 ⎞ ⎤
U 0 = ⎢ 0.00433 + 0.002 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.000031 + 0.003 + 0.00182 ⎥ = 84.9 Btu hrft R
2
Answer
⎣ ⎝ 0.0417 ⎠ ⎦

Using the minimum fouling resistance:


−1
⎡ ⎛ 0.0542 ⎞ ⎤
U 0 = ⎢ 0.00433 + 0.002 ⎜ ⎟ + 0.000031 + 0.00051 + 0.00182 ⎥ = 108 Btu hrft R
2
Answer
⎣ ⎝ 0.0417 ⎠ ⎦

Comments:
The choice of the magnitude of the fouling resistance can have a large effect on a heat exchanger design or rating
problem. Care must be exercised, and the effect of the choice must be evaluated.

13- 16
13-13 To use as much energy as possible from the combustion of natural gas, heat exchangers are often placed in
exhaust stacks to recover waste energy. Consider a single pass crossflow heat exchanger. Exhaust gases
(assume air properties) enter at 180 °F with a flow rate of 0.31 lbm/s and exit at 130 °F. Fresh air enters at
70 °F with a flow rate of 0.62 lbm/s. The heat exchanger construction is such that both fluids are unmixed,
and the overall heat transfer coefficient is estimated to be 35 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. Determine the required area of
the heat exchanger (in ft2).

Approach:
Because we want to determine the heat exchanger
area, this is a design problem. We use the LMTD
method for the analysis. The fresh air outlet
temperature needs to be calculated so that the log
mean temperature difference can be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. The fresh air and exhaust gases are ideal with
constant specific heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the exhaust gas flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . We also assume that the exhaust gases can be approximated as air. Therefore, evaluating the
specific heat from Appendix B-7 at the average temperature (180+130)/2 = 155 ºF, cp = 0.241 Btu/hrftºF.
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ Btu
⎟ (180-130 ) F=3.74
o
Q = mc p ∆T = ⎜ 0.31 ⎟ ⎜ 0.241
⎝ s ⎠⎝ hrftR ⎠ s
To calculate the LMTD, we need to calculate Tc,out. Applying conservation of energy to the fresh air as
before:
Q
Q = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in +
mc p
Assuming Tc,out = 100 ºF, so that Tavg = 85 ºF, cp = 0.240 Btu/hrftºF, and:
3.74 Btu s
TC ,out = 70+ =95.1 o F
( 0.62 lbm s )( 0.240 Btu lbmR )
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 180 − 95.1 = 84.9 o F ∆T2 = 130 − 70 = 60 o F
84.9 − 60
∆TLM ,cf = = 71.7 o F
ln ( 84.9 60 )
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F:
180 − 130 95.1 − 70
R= = 1.99 P= = 0.228
95.1 − 70 180 − 70
Therefore, F ≈ 0.96
Finally,
( 3.74 Btu s )( 3600s 1hr )
A= = 5.59 ft 2 Answer
( 35 Btu hrft 2
R ) ( )(
0.96 71.7R )

13- 17
13-14 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger has tubes with 18-mm outside diameter and a wall thickness of 1.2 mm.
Cold water outside the tubes with a flow rate of 250 kg/min is heated from 30 ºC to 50 ºC with hot water
that enters the heat exchanger at 105 ºC with a flow rate of 150 kg/min. The company design specification
is to use a fluid velocity inside the tubes of about 0.4 m/s. From previous designs, the overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inside surface area is estimated to be 1800 W/m2·K. Determine the number of
tubes and the required tube length if the heat exchanger is:
a. counterflow
b. parallel flow
c. one shell pass and two tube passes
d. two shell passes and four tube passes.

Approach:
Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate. Because we are seeking the area, this
is a design problem. We use the LMTD method for
the analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The number of tubes is obtained from conservation of mass and the definition of mass flow rate:
m = N ρ VAx → N = m ρ VAx
For the hot water assuming an outlet temperature of 65 ºC, Tavg = (105 + 65 ) 2 = 85 o C , so that the hot water
properties from Appendix A-6 at this temperature are cp ≈ 4.198 kJ/kgK and ρ = 968.6 kg/m3. Therefore,
( 50 kg min )(1min 60s )
N= = 33.8
( 968.6 kg m3 ) ( 0.4 m s )( π 4 )( 0.0156m )2
So use N = 38 and V = 0.397 m/s.
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf with Ai = Nπ Di L → L=
U i N π Di F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the cold water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . From Appendix A-6 for water at an assumed average temperature of 40 ºC, cp ≈ 4.175 kJ/kgK.
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1min ⎞
Q = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) = ⎜ 250 ⎟ ⎜ 4.175 ⎟ ( 50-30 ) K ⎜ ⎟ =348kW
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ kgK ⎠ ⎝ 60s ⎠
The hot water outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the water using the same
assumptions as used as before and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Therefore,
Q
Qw = mw c p , w (TH ,out − TH ,in ) → TH , out = TH ,in −
mw c p , w
348kW
TH ,out = 150 o C- =116.8 o C
(150 kg min )( 4.198k J kgK )(1min 60s )
The LMTD for counterflow is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 105 − 50 = 55 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 116.8 − 30 = 86.8 o C
55 − 86.8
∆TLM ,cf = = 69.8 o C
ln ( 55 86.8 )
The LMTD for parallel flow is:

13- 18
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,in = 105 − 30 = 75 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC , out = 116.8 − 50 = 66.8 o C
75 − 66.8
∆TLM , pf = = 70.8 o C
ln ( 75 66.8 )
Finally,
( 348kW )(1000 W kW ) 116mK
L= =
(1800 W m2 K ) ( 34 ) π ( 0.0156m ) F∆TLM F∆TLM
The value of F depends on the heat exchanger configuration:
30 − 50 116.8 − 105
R= = 1.69 P= = 0.157
116.8 − 105 30 − 105
Using Figure 13-7 for the F factors and using the appropriate LMTD, we calculate the tube lengths:
Counterflow: F = 1 ∆TLM ,cf L = 1.662 m
Parallel flow: F = 1 ∆TLM , pf L = 1.638 m Answers
1 shell/2 tube: F ≈ 0.95 ∆TLM ,cf L = 1.696 m
2 shell/4 tube: F ≈ 1 ∆TLM ,cf L = 1.662 m

Comments:
For this combination of conditions, the variation in length with different heat exchanger configurations is not
large. However, with other conditions, the length can vary significantly.

13- 19
13-15 A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger is designed to heat water from 20 °C to 80 °C using hot oil,
which is supplied to the annulus at 160 °C and discharged at 140 °C. The thin-walled inner tube has a
diameter of Di = 20 mm, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m2·K. The design condition
calls for a total heat transfer rate of 3000 W. Determine the length of the heat exchanger (in m). After 3
years of operation, performance is degraded by fouling on the water side of the exchanger, and the water
outlet temperature is only 65 °C for the same fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures. What are the
corresponding values of the heat transfer rate, outlet temperature of the oil, the overall heat transfer
coefficient, and the water side fouling factor?

Approach:
Because we want to determine the tube length, which
is equivalent to finding the heat exchanger area, this is
a design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. The oil and water are ideal liquids with constant
specific heats.

Solution:
Q
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → L=
U π DF ∆TLM ,cf
∆T1 − ∆T2
Because this is counterflow, F = 1, and ∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
80 − 120
∆T1 = 160 − 80 = 80 o C ∆T2 = 140 − 20 = 120 o C ∆TLM ,cf = = 98.7 o C
ln ( 80 120 )
( 3000W )
Finally, L= = 0.97 m Answer
( 500 W m 2
K ) π ( 0.020m )( 98.7K )
1 1 1 1
b) With the fouling resistance: = + R ′′ → R ′′ = −
U dirty U clean U dirty U clean
We need to determine the dirty overall heat transfer coefficient, and to do that we need the heat transfer rate.
The new heat transfer rate after three years of operation can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to
the water flow. Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with
constant specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T : Qnew = mc p ∆Tnew = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )new
For the original: Qold = mc p ∆Told = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )old
Taking the ratio of these two heat transfer rates:
Qnew mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )new (TC ,out − TC ,in )new 65 − 20
= = = = 0.75 → Qnew = ( 0.75 )( 3000W ) =2250W
Qold mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )old (TC ,out − TC ,in )old 80 − 20
For the new oil outlet temperature, we use the same approach:
Qnew (TH ,in − TH ,out )new Q
= → TH ,out , new = TH ,in − new (TH ,in − TH ,out )old = 160 − 0.75 (160 − 140 ) = 145 o C
Qold (TH ,in − TH , out )old Qold
The overall heat transfer coefficient is U = Q A∆TLM , cf
95 − 125
∆T1 = 160 − 65 = 95 o C ∆T2 = 145 − 20 = 125 o C → ∆TLM , cf = = 109.3 o C
ln ( 95 125 )
2250W W 1 1 m2 K
U= =338 2 → R ′′ = − = 0.000955 Answer
π ( 0.020m )( 0.97m )(109.3K ) mK 338 500 W

13- 20
13-16 In a cogeneration plant, the exhaust from the turbine in a Brayton cycle is used in a crossflow heat
exchanger to heat pressurized liquid water inside tubes from 300 °F to 400 °F. The exhaust gas flow enters
the heat exchanger at 850 °F with a flow rate of 18 lbm/s and is considered unmixed. The overall heat
transfer coefficient is 80 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. The tubes are 1-in. diameter and 16-ft long. If the heat exchanger
effectiveness must be at least 75%, determine:
a. the water flow rate (in lbm/s)
b. the number of tubes.

Approach:
Using the definition of effectiveness, the given
information to calculate the heat transfer rate, and
assuming the hot gas has the minimum heat capacity
rate, the hot outlet temperature and the water flow rate
can be obtained. Finding the number of tubes is
equivalent to determining the area, so this is a design
problem, and the preferred approach is the LMTD
method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
a) The definition of effectiveness is:
ε = Q Qmax where Qmax = Cmin (TH ,in − TC ,in )
The heat transfer rate is obtained from conservation of energy applied to either of the flows. Assuming steady, no
work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T
If we assume the hot exhaust gas has the minimum heat capacity rate, then Q = mg c p , g (TH ,in − TH ,out ) . Combining
this expression with the definition of effectiveness and the maximum heat transfer rate, we obtain:
TH ,out = TH ,in − ε (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = 850 o F-0.75 ( 850-200 ) o F=437.5 o F
To find the water mass flow rate, equate the heat transfer rate expressions for the gas and water:
mg c p , g (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
mg c p , g (TH ,in − TH ,out )
mw =
c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
Assuming the hot gas can be approximated with air properties, and evaluating specific heats from
Appendix B-7 at average temperatures:
Gas: Tavg = ( 850 + 437.5 ) 2 = 644 o F, c p,g =0.251Btu lbm o F
Water: Tavg = ( 300 + 400 ) 2 = 350 o F, c p,w =1.05 Btu lbm o F
⎛ lbm ⎞⎛ 0.251 ⎞⎛ 850-437.5 ⎞ lbm
mw = ⎜18 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =17.75 Answer
⎝ s ⎠⎝ 1.05 ⎠⎝ 400-300 ⎠ s
Checking the heat capacity rate as a check on the assumption above:
Cw = (17.75lbm s ) (1.05 Btu lbm o F ) =18.8 Btu s o F
Cg = (18lbm s ) ( 0.251Btu lbm o F ) =4.52 Btu s o F
Therefore, our assumption above that the gas had the minimum heat capacity rate is valid.
b) The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf .

13- 21
Q
With A = Nπ DL , solving for the number of tubes: N = .
U π DLF ∆TLM ,cf
Using the energy balance on the gas from above:
Q = mg c p , g (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = (18lbm s ) ( 0.251Btu lbm o F ) ( 850-437.5 ) o F=1864 Btu s
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2 (850 − 400 ) − ( 437.5 − 300 )
∆TLM ,cf = = = 263.6 o F
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ⎡⎣( 850 − 400 ) ( 437.5 − 300 ) ⎤⎦
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F for crossflow with both fluids unmixed:
850 − 437.5 400 − 300
R= = 4.125 P= = 0.182
400 − 300 850 − 300
Therefore, F ≈ 0.87.
Finally,
(1864 Btu s )( 3600s 1hr )
N= =87.4 tubes
(80Btu hrft R ) π ( 0.0833ft )(16ft )( 0.87 ) ( 263.6 o F)
2

Therefore, choose N = 88 tubes (an integer number) Answer

13- 22
13-17 In a refrigeration unit, R-134a at 0.18 MPa is evaporated inside in a long, thin-walled tube. The refrigerant,
whose flow rate is 0.001 kg/s, enters the tube as a saturated liquid and exits as a saturated vapor, and its
heat transfer coefficient is 500 W/m2·K. Air at 27 °C flows with velocity of 6 m/s perpendicular to the
outside the tube. Shown in the figure below is the aluminum tube (k = 177 W/m·K) that has eight
rectangular fins inside the tube. Each fin is 5-mm long and 1-mm thick. The tube diameter is 3 cm.
Determine the required tube length (in m).

Approach:
Both fluids have constant temperatures, so
the basic heat transfer rate equation,
Q = ∆T Rtot , can be used to determine
the required length, since each of the
resistances involve area, and length is
used to calculate area. The outside (air)
heat transfer coefficient must be evaluated
from the given information.

Assumptions:
1. The heat transfer is one dimensional.
2. The system is steady.
3. No work is done or by the control
volume.
4. Potential and kinetic energy effects are
negligible.

Solution:
Assuming steady, one-dimensional heat transfer, the rate equation is:
∆T T f − TR
Q= =
Rtot Rair + R fins
Note that no wall thickness is given, so we ignore the wall resistance. The air side resistance is:
1 1
Rair = =
ho Ao hoπ DLT
The air side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number with fluid properties evaluated from Appendix
A-7 at Tfilm. Assuming Tfilm ≈ 300 K, ρ = 1.1774 kg/m3, µ = 1.846×10-5 Ns/m2, k = 0.02624 W/mK, Pr = 0.708.
ρ VD (1.1774 kg ms )( 6 m s )( 0.03m )
Re = = = 11,500
µ 1.846×10-5 Ns m 2
Nu = 0.193Re0.618 Pr1 3 = 0.193 (11500 ) ( 0.708)
0.618 13
From Table 12-1, = 55.5
Nuk ( 55.5 )( 0.2624 W mK ) W
ho = = = 48.6 2
D 0.03m mK
1 0.2184 mK
Rair = =
( 48.6 W m K ) π ( 0.03m ) LT LT W
2

The refrigerant side resistance is: R fins = 1 ηo ,i hi Ai


NAf
where ηo = 1 −
Atot
(1 − η ) .
f Assuming a rectangular fin with an adiabatic tip and using a corrected length to

account for convection at the tip: η f = tanh ( mL ) mL and m = ( hp kAx ) .


0.5

Evaluating the parameters in the equations:


Ax = tLT = 0.001LT , p = 2 LT , L* = L + Ax p = L + t 2 = 0.005 + 0.001 2 = 0.00505m
Area of one fin: Af = LT ( 2 L + t ) = LT ⎣⎡ 2 ( 0.005m ) +0.001m ⎦⎤ = 0.011LT
Total area: Atot = π DLT + N 2 LLT = LT ⎡⎣π ( 0.03m ) +8 ( 2 )( 0.005m ) ⎤⎦ = 0.174 LT

13- 23
⎡ ( 500 W m 2 K ) ( 2LT ) ⎤
0.5

m=⎢ ⎥ =75.16m -1 and mL* = ( 75.16m -1 ) ( 0.00505m ) = 0.3796


⎢⎣ (177 W mK )( 0.001LT ) ⎥⎦
8 ( 0.011LT )
η f = tanh ( 0.3796 ) 0.3796 = 0.955 and ηo = 1 − (1 − 0.955) = 0.977
0.174 LT
1 1 0.01176 mK W
R fins = = =
ηo,i hi Ai ( 0.977 ) ( 500 W m 2 K ) ( 0.174 LT ) LT
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from an energy balance on the refrigerant. Assuming steady, no
work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, we obtain:
Q = mh fg
From the saturated liquid table, Tsat = -12.73 ºC and hfg = 206.25 kJ/kg
Q = ( 0.001kg s )( 206.26 kJ kg ) =0.206 kJ s
Substituting this into the main equation to determine the tube length:
kJ ⎡⎣ 27- ( -12.73) ⎤⎦ o C
0.206 =
s 0.2184 mK W + 0.01176 mK W
LT LT
( 0.206 kJ s )( 0.2184 mK W + 0.01176 mK W )(1000 J kJ )
LT = =1.14m Answer
⎡⎣ 27- ( -12.73) ⎤⎦ o C (1J Ws )
Comments:
Note that the fin resistance is essentially negligible compared to the air side resistance.

13- 24
12-18 A one shell pass, four tube pass heat exchanger contains 20 thin-walled 25-mm tubes. It must be designed
to heat 2.5 kg/s of water from 15 °C to 85 °C. The heating is to be accomplished with hot oil (cp = 2.35
kJ/kg·K), which enters the shellside of the heat exchanger at 160 °C. The oil heat transfer coefficient is 400
W/m2·K. The oil leaves the heat exchanger at 100 °C. Determine the length of the shell (in m).

Approach:
The length of the shell is required, which is equivalent
to requiring the tube length and heat transfer area.
This is a design problem, and the preferred analysis
approach is the LMTD method. The water side heat
transfer coefficient must be determined.

Assumptions:
1. The flow is steady, and there is no work.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. Water is an ideal liquid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf . No tube thickness is given, so
A = N π DLt = N π DN p L p , where N = number of tubes, and Np = number of tube passes. Substituting into the heat
Q
transfer rate equation and solving for the pass length: Lp =
U i Nπ DN p F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming steady,
no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T . Evaluating the water properties from Appendix A-6 at the average temperature (15+85)/2 = 50 °C:
µ = 5.29 ×10-4 Ns/m; k = 0.643 W/mK; Pr = 3.44, cp = 4.178 kJ/kgK.
Q = mc p ∆T = ( 2.5 kg min )( 4.178 kJ kgK )( 85-15 ) K (1kJ s kW ) =732 kW
∆T1 − ∆T2 75 − 85
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = 160 − 85 = 75 o C, ∆T2 =100-15=85 o C ∆TLM ,cf = = 79.9 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ( 75 85 )
160 − 100 85 − 15
Using Figure 13-7 to determine F: R = = 0.857 P = = 0.483 . So, from Figure 13-7a, F ≈ 0.87.
85 − 15 160 − 15
We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), the wall resistance is Rw = 0 , and no wall thickness, so
1 1 1
that simplifying this equation, we obtain: = + . The water side heat transfer coefficient requires
U hi ho
ρ VD m m 4m
the Reynolds number: Re = → V= = → Re =
µ ρ Ai ρ (π 4 ) Di2 πµ Di
Remember that the given mass flow rate is for 20 tubes and the Reynolds number must be calculated for one tube.
4 ( 2.5 kg s )
Re = = 12, 030
( 20 ) π ( 5.29×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.025 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nuk ( 69.3)( 0.643 W mK ) W
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 (12030 ) ( 3.44 )
0.8 0.4
= 69.3 h= = =1780 2
D 0.025m mK
1 1 1 W
Therefore, = + → U = 327 2
U 400 1780 mK
( 732kW )(1000 W kW )
Lp = = 5.12m Answer
( 327 W m K ) ( 20 ) π ( 0.025m )( 4 )( 0.87 )( 79.9K )
2

13- 25
13-19 Because of its construction, the heat transfer area of a plate heat exchanger can be changed easily by adding
or removing plates; in addition, counterflow can be achieved, which results in good performance. Consider
the counterflow plate heat exchanger shown below. The plates are 304 stainless steel 1-mm thick and 2-m
wide and 3-m long. The channels on the hot and cold sides have 5-mm gaps. Engine oil enters at 80 °C
with a flow rate of 0.03 m3/s and should leave at 55 °C. Water, in counterflow, enters at 20 °C and should
leave no hotter than 30 °C. Determine:
a. the required water mass flow rate (in kg/s)
b. the number of channels required.

Approach:
The water flow rate can be determined from an
energy balance. Because we are seeking the number
of channels and we know the channel dimensions,
this is equivalent to determining the area, which
makes this a design problem. We use the LMTD
method for the analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
a) Apply energy balances to both fluids. Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy
effects, and ideal liquids with constant specific heats so that ∆h = c p ∆T :
Q = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = mo c p , o (TC , out − TC ,in )
Evaluating all the fluid properties, from Appendix A-6 for the oil at Tavg = ( 80 + 55 ) 2 = 67.5 o C ,
ρ = 859.9 kg/m3, µ = 531 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.139 W/mK; Pr = 793; cp = 2.076 kJ/kgK. For water at
Tavg = ( 20 + 30 ) 2 = 25 o C , ρ = 997 kg/m3, µ = 8.72 ×10-4 Ns/m2; k = 0.611 W/mK; Pr = 5.97; cp = 4178 J/kgK.
Q = mo c p ,o ∆To = ( 859.9 kg m3 )( 0.03m3 s ) ( 2.076 kJ kgK )( 80-55 ) K=1340kW
Q 1340kW
mw = = =32.0 kg s Answer
c p , w ∆Tw ( 4.178 kJ kgK )( 30-20 ) K
b) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf where A = NLW
Assuming equal number of channels for the oil and water, and solving for the number of channels:
Q
N= (1)
ULWF ∆TLM ,cf
Since this is a counterflow heat exchanger, F = 1.
The LMTD is:
(80 − 30 ) − ( 55 − 20 )
∆TLM ,cf = = 42.1 o C
ln ⎡⎣( 80 − 30 ) ( 55 − 20 ) ⎤⎦
We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient assuming no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling
( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = t kA . Substituting these expressions into the equation for the
overall heat transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
−1
⎡1 t 1 ⎤
U =⎢ + + ⎥ (2)
⎣ hi k ho ⎦
From Appendix A, for 304 stainless steel, k = 14.9 W/mK.
To calculate both heat transfer coefficients, we need the Reynolds number based on the hydraulic diameter:

13- 26
ρ VDh 4 Ax 4 SW
Re = where Dh = = ≈ 2S = 2 ( 0.005m ) =0.01m
µ pwetted 2 ( S + W )
The velocity depends on the number of channels:
m ρV
V = =
ρ Ai ρ NWS
So writing the velocity for both fluids in terms of what is known:
0.03m3 s 3 m
Oil Vo = =
N ( 2m )( 0.005m ) N s

Reo =
(859.9 kg m3 ) ( 3 N m s )( 0.01m )
=
486
531×10-4 Ns m 2 N
For any N, the oil flow is laminar.
32.0 kg s 3.21 m
Water Vw = =
N ( 997 kg m ) ( 2m )( 0.005m ) N s
3

Rew =
( 997 kg m3 ) ( 3.21 N m s )( 0.01m )
=
36,700
8.72×10-4 Ns m 2 N
For any N < 18, the flow is turbulent, so we will assume turbulent.
Checking the oil entrance length, even if N is reasonably large, the entrance length is much longer than the
heat exchanger length. We don not have a constant wall temperature or a constant wall heat flux boundary
condition, so we will assume the Seider-Tate equation is valid:
Nu = 1.86Gz1 3 ( µ µ s ) = 1.86 ( RePrD L ) ( µ µs )
0.14 13 0.14

Assuming Ts = ⎡⎣( 80 + 55 ) 2 + ( 20 + 30 ) 2 ⎤⎦ 2 = 45o C , µs = 1630×10-4 Ns/m2


13 0.14
⎡ 486 0.01 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 531× 10−4 ⎞
(1.86 ) ⎢⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ( 793) ⎛⎜
Nuk 0.139 W mK 240 W
ho = = ⎟⎥ ⎜ −4 ⎟
= 13 2 (3)
Dh 0.01m ⎣⎝ N ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 1630 × 10 ⎠ N m K
For the water also use the Seider Tate equation. Solving for the heat transfer coefficient
13 0.14
⎡ 36900 ⎞ ⎛ 0.01 ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ 8.72 ⎞
(1.86 ) ⎢⎛⎜
Nuk 0.611W mK 1090 W
ho = = ⎟ ( 5.97 ) ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⎜ ⎟ = 13 2 (4)
Dh 0.01m ⎣⎝ N ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 5.97 ⎠ N mK
Now iterating Equations (1) through (4) with the known information:
N = 140.4 therefore, use N = 140 parallel channels Answer
ho = 46.2 W/m2K
hw = 210 W/m2K
U= 37.7 W/m2K

13- 27
13-20 In a counterflow heat exchanger, 3.6 kg/s of an organic fluid flows with a specific heat of 850 J/kg·K; it
enters the heat exchanger at 12 °C and leaves at 340 °C. A high temperature oil with a specific heat of
1900 J/kg·K enters at 650 °C with a flow rate of 3 kg/s. If the outlet temperature of the cooler fluid must be
increased to 450 °C, with everything else remaining constant, determine the percentage increase in the heat
transfer area required.

Approach:
Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate, and we want to determine area, so this is
a design problem, and the preferred approach is the
LMTD method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
For a counterflow heat exchanger F = 1. Between the two cases, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the flow
rates remain constant. The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the organic
fluid flow. Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with
constant specific heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in )
For the old case: Qold = ( 3.6 kg s )( 850 J kgK )( 340-12 ) K=1.004×106 W
For the new case: Qnew = ( 3.6 kg s )( 850 J kgK )( 450-12 ) K=1.34×106 W
For the LMTD, the oil outlet temperature is obtained by conservation of energy on the oil. With the same
assumptions as before:
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TH ,in − TH ,out ) → TH ,out = TH ,in − Q mc p
For the old case: TH ,out = 650 o C- (1.004×106 W ) ⎡⎣( 3kg s )(1900 J kgK ) ⎤⎦ =473.9 o C
For the new case: TH ,out = 650 o C- (1.34×106 W ) ⎡⎣( 3kg s )(1900 J kgK ) ⎤⎦ =414.9 o C
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2 ( 650 − 340 ) − ( 473.9 − 12 )
∆TLM ,cf , old = = = 380.9 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ⎡⎣( 650 − 340 ) ( 473.9 − 12 ) ⎤⎦
( 650 − 450 ) − ( 414.9 − 12 )
∆TLM ,cf , new = = 289.7 o C
ln ⎣⎡( 650 − 450 ) ( 414.9 − 12 ) ⎦⎤
Therefore, the ratio of areas is:
Anew ⎣⎡Q UF ∆TLM ,cf ⎦⎤ new ⎣⎡Q ∆TLM ,cf ⎦⎤ new ⎣⎡1.34 × 10 289.7 ⎦⎤ new
6

= = = = 1.75
⎣⎡Q UF ∆TLM ,cf ⎦⎤ old ⎣⎡Q ∆TLM , cf ⎦⎤ old ⎡⎣1.004 × 10 380.9 ⎤⎦ old
Aold 6

Therefore, a 75% increase in area is required. Answer

Comments:
Note that while the heat transfer rate increased by about 34%, the required area increased by 75%. This is a
consequence of the decreasing average temperature different between the two fluids.

13- 28
13-21 The water flow in Problem P 13-5 is 130 lbm/min. The air enters the heat exchanger at 700 °F and leaves
at 500 °F with a flow rate of 300 lbm/min. If no fouling is present, determine the inside heat transfer area
(in ft2) if the heat exchanger is:
a. counterflow
b. parallel flow.

Approach:
We can evaluate the heat transfer rate from the given
information. We want to determine area, so for this a
design problem, the LMTD approach is preferred.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady with no work.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
Using the LMTD method, F = 1 for both counterflow and parallel flow. Hence, the governing equations for the
LMTD method are: Qcf = U i Ai ,cf ∆TLM ,cf and Q pf = U i Ai , pf ∆TLM , pf
∆T1 − ∆T2
The LMTD is: ∆TLM =
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
where for counterflow: ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out and ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
and for parallel flow: ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,in and ∆T2 = TH , out − TC , out
The heat transfer rate is obtained from conservation of energy applied to the air flow. Assuming steady, no
work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = ma c p , a ∆T = ma c p , a (TH ,in − TH ,out )
For air from Appendix B-7 at Tavg = ( 700 + 500 ) 2 = 600 o F → c p , a = 0.250 Btu hrft 2 R
Q = ( 300 lbm min )( 0.250 Btu lbmR )( 700-500 ) R=15,000 Btu min
The water outlet temperature is obtained by conservation of energy on the water. With the same assumptions as
before: Q = mw c p , w ∆T = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mw c p , w
For water from Appendix B-6 assuming Tout ≈ 300 ºF, Tavg = ( 200 + 300 ) 2 = 250 o F → c p , w = 1.01Btu hrft 2 R .
Therefore, TC ,out = 200 o F+ (15000 Btu min ) ⎡⎣(130 lbm min )(1.01Btu lbmR ) ⎤⎦ =314.2 o F
385.8 − 300
For counterflow: ∆T1 = 700 − 314.2 = 385.8 o F and ∆T2 = 500 − 200 = 300 o F ∆TLM ,cf = = 341 o F
ln ( 385.8 300 )
For parallel flow: ∆T1 = 700 − 200 = 500 o F and ∆T2 = 500 − 314.2 = 185.8 o F
500 − 185.8
∆TLM , pf = = 317.4 o F
ln ( 500 185.8 )
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
The inside heat transfer coefficient, with no fouling or fins, using Eq. 13-3 is: = + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠
From Appendix B-2, for 304 stainless steel, k = 8.6 Btu/hrftR.
−1
⎡ 1 ( 0.0833ft ) ln ( 0.0917 0.0833) 1 ⎛ 0.0833 ⎞ ⎤ Btu
Ui = ⎢ + + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 28.0
⎣⎢ 80 Btu hrft 2
R 2 ( 8.6 Btu hrftR ) 40 Btu hrft 2
R ⎝ 0.0917 ⎠ ⎦⎥ hrft 2
R
Qcf (15000 Btu min )( 60 min 1hr )
Ai ,cf = = =94.3ft 2
U i ∆TLM ,cf ( 28 Btu hrft 2 R )( 341 o F)
Therefore, Answers
Qcf (15000 Btu min )( 60 min 1hr )
Ai , pf = = =101.3ft 2

U i ∆TLM , pf ( 28 Btu hrft R )( 317.4 F)


2 o

13- 29
13-22 The counterflow heat exchanger in Problem P 13-21 is operated for a year. All flows and inlet
temperatures remain constant, but the hot fluid exits at 550 °F. Determine the magnitude of the fouling
factor (in hr·ft2·°F/Btu).

Approach:
Using the information given in Problem 13-20, we can use
the governing equation for the LMTD method to calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient. Comparison of the “dirty”
to the “clean” overall heat transfer coefficient will give the
fouling factor.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Air and water are ideal fluids with constant specific heats.

Solution:
The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → Ui =
Ai F ∆TLM ,cf
For counterflow, F = 1.
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the air flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = ma c p , a (TH ,in − TH ,out )
For air from Appendix B-7 at an average temperature of 625ºF, cp ≈ 0.250 Btu/lbmR.
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ Btu
Q = ⎜ 300 ⎟ ⎜ 0.250 ⎟ ( 700-550 ) R=11,250
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ lbmR ⎠ min
To calculate the LMTD, we need the cold water outlet temperature, which is obtained with an energy balance on
the water using the same assumptions as used for the air and the heat transfer rate calculated above:
Q
Q = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in +
mw c p , w
For water from Appendix B-6 at an assumed average temperature of 240 ºF, cp ≈ 1.01 Btu/lbmR.
11250 Btu min
TC ,out = 200 o F+ =285.7 o F
(130 lbm min )(1.01Btu lbmR )
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out = 700 − 285.7 = 414.3 o F ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 550 − 200 = 350 o F
414.3 − 350
∆TLM ,cf = = 381.2 o F
ln ( 414.3 350 )
Therefore
(11250 Btu min )( 60min 1hr ) Btu
Ui = =18.8 Answer
( 94.3ft 2 ) ( 381.2R ) hrft 2 R
When fouling has occurred:
1 1 1 1
= R ′′ + → R ′′ = −
U dirty U clean U dirty U clean
1 1 hrft 2 R
R ′′ = 2
- 2
=0.0175 Answer
18.8 Btu hrft R 28.0 Btu hrft R Btu

13- 30
13-23 A closed feedwater heater is used in a Rankine cycle power plant. The feedwater (150 kg/s) is to be heated
from 30 °C to 90 °C using steam extracted from the turbine at 200 kPa at a quality of 0.987, and the
condensate should leave as a saturated liquid at 200 kPa. The overall heat transfer coefficient is estimated
to be 2000 W/m2·K. Determine:
a. the required heat transfer area (in m2)
b. the condensate flow rate (in kg/s).

Approach:
Enough information is given to calculate the heat
transfer rate. We want to find the required area, so
this is a design problem, and the preferred approach is
the LMTD method. The condensation rate and the
heat transfer rate are determined using conservation of
energy.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
Because of the constant temperature condensation process, F = 1.
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the feedwater flow.
Assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal fluid with constant specific
heat so that ∆h = c p ∆T , where the specific heat from Appendix A-6 is evaluated at the average temperature,
(30+90)/2 = 60 ºC, cp,w = 4.181 kJ/kgK:
Q = mc p ∆T = (150 kg s )( 4.181kJ kgK )( 90-30 ) K=3.76 × 104 kW
The LMTD is calculated with the given feedwater temperatures and the saturation temperature at 200 kPa, Tsat =
120.23 ºC:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 120.23 − 90 = 30.23 o C ∆T2 = 120.23 − 30 = 90.23 o C
30.23 − 90.23
∆TLM ,cf = = 54.9 o C
ln ( 30.23 90.23)

A=
( 3.76 ×10 kW ) (1000 W kW ) =343m
4
2
Answer
( 2000 W m K ) ( 54.9K )
2

b) An energy balance on the steam with assumptions similar to those used on the feedwater gives us:
Q = msteam ( hsteam ,in − hsteam ,out )
From the steam table, Appendix A-11, at 200 kPa, the inlet enthalpy is
hsteam ,in = h f + xh fg = 504.7 + ( 0.987 )( 2201.9 ) = 2678.0 kJ kg
For the outlet enthalpy
hsteam, out = h f = 504.7 kJ kg

msteam =
( 3.76 ×10 kW ) (1kJ 1kWs ) =17.3kg s
4

Answer
( 2678.0-504.7 ) kJ kg

13- 31
13-24 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is to be constructed with 0.75-in. outside diameter, 0.03-in. thick tubes.
Cold water inside the tubes has a flow rate of 500 lbm/min and is to be heated from 80 ºF to 110 ºF. Hot
water with a flow rate of 350 lbm/min enters the heat exchanger at 210 ºF. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the outside area is 300 Btu/hr·ft2·°F. For one shell pass, tube side water velocity of 1
ft/s, and a maximum tube length of 8 ft, determine:
a. the number of tubes per pass
b. the number of tube passes
c. the length of the tubes (in ft).

Approach:
The number of tubes, N, is obtained from application
of conservation of mass. For the number of tube
passes, assume one pass, and then analyze to see if the
heat exchanger is less than the maximum length of 8
ft. Sufficient information is given to evaluate the heat
transfer rate. Because we seek the tube length, which
is equivalent to area, this is a design problem. We use
the LMTD method for the analysis.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady with no work.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. Water is an ideal fluid with constant specific heat.

Solution:
a) The number of tubes is obtained from conservation of mass and the definition of mass flow rate:
m = N ρ VAx → N = m ρ VAx
For the cold water at Tavg = 95 ºF, the properties from Appendix B-6 are cp ≈ 1.00 Btu/hrftR and ρ = 62.0 lbm/ft3.
( 500 lbm min )(1min 60s )
Therefore, N= = 51.6
( 62.0 lbm ft 3 ) (1ft s )( π 4 )( 0.0575ft )2
So use N = 52. Answer
b, c) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U o Ao F ∆TLM ,cf with Ao = N π D0 L → L=
U o Nπ Do F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the cold water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
⎛ lbm ⎞ ⎛ Btu ⎞ ⎛ 60min ⎞ Btu
∆h = c p ∆T : Q = mw c p , w (TC , out − TC ,in ) = ⎜ 500 ⎟ ⎜ 1.00 ⎟ (110-80 ) R ⎜ ⎟ =900,000
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ hrftR ⎠ ⎝ 1hr ⎠ hr
For the LMTD we need TH,out. The hot water outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the
water using the same assumptions as used as before and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Therefore,
Qw = mw c p , w (TH ,out − TH ,in ) → TH ,out = TH ,in − Q mw c p , w
From water at an assumed average temperature of about 190 ºF, cp ≈ 1.00 Btu/hrftR
900,000 Btu hr
TH ,out = 210 o F- =167.1 o F
( 350 lbm min )(1.0 Btu lbmR )( 60min 1 hr )
The LMTD for counterflow is: ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 210 − 110 = 100 o F ∆T2 = TH , out − TC ,in = 167.1 − 80 = 87.1 o F
100 − 87.1
∆TLM ,cf = = 93.4 o F
ln (100 87.1)
The value of F depends on the heat exchanger configuration. We assume 1 shell pass, 1 tube pass in
counterflow, so F = 1. Finally,
900,000 Btu hr
L= = 3.15ft Answer
( 300 Btu hrft R ) ( 52 ) π ( 0.0625ft )(1) ( 93.4 o F)
2

Because this is less than 8 ft, the assumed configuration works, and the length is 3.15 ft.

13- 32
13-25 A crossflow heat exchanger is to be designed to heat hydrogen gas with hot water. The water is on the tube
side and enters at 150 ºC at a flow rate of 3 kg/s with a heat transfer coefficient of 1250 W/m2·K. The
hydrogen (cp = 14.4 kJ/kg·K) is on the shell side and enters at 30 ºC at a flow rate of 120 kg/min with a heat
transfer coefficient of 1800 W/m2·K. The required hydrogen outlet temperature is 60 ºC. The heat
exchanger has 100 1.5-cm inside diameter, 2.5-mm thick tubes made of 347 stainless steel. Determine:
a. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area (in W/m2·K)
b. the required tube length (in m).

Approach:
Because we are seeking the tube length, this is
equivalent to determining the area, which makes this a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. Sufficient information is given to evaluate
the heat transfer rate and overall heat transfer
coefficient.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Hydrogen and water are ideal fluids with constant
specific heats.

Solution:
a) We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL N .
The areas are: Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L . Substituting these expressions into the equation for the overall heat
transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠
From Appendix A-2 for 347 stainless steel, k = 14.2 W/mK.
1 1 ( 0.015 m ) ln ( 0.020 m 0.015 m ) 1 ⎛ 0.015 m ⎞
= + +
U i 1250 W m K2
2 (14.2 W mK ) (1800 W m K ) ⎜⎝ 0.020 m ⎟⎠
2

U i = 731W m 2 K Answer
b) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → L=
U i Nπ Di F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the hydrogen flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal gas with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T , with the hydrogen specific heat from Appendix A-7:
⎛ kg ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ 1min ⎞⎛ 1kW ⎞
Q = mc p ∆T = ⎜ 120 ⎟ ⎜14.4 ⎟ ( 60-30 ) K ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =864 kW
⎝ min ⎠ ⎝ kgK ⎠ ⎝ 60s ⎠⎝ 1kJ s ⎠
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
The water outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the water using the same assumptions as used
for the hydrogen and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Note that because we defined heat transfer in is
positive, Qhyd = −Qwater . Therefore,

13- 33
Qwater Qhyd
Qw = mw c p , w (TH ,out − TH ,in ) → TH , out = TH ,in + = TH ,in −
mw c p , w mw c p , w
From Appendix A-6 for water at an assumed average temperature of 120 ºC, cp ≈ 4.232 kJ/kgK
(864 kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TH ,out = 150 o C- =81.9 o C
( 3kg s )( 4.232 kJ kgK )
∆T1 = 150 − 60 = 90 o C ∆T2 = 81.9 − 30 = 51.9 o C
90 − 51.9
∆TLM ,cf = = 69.2 o C
ln ( 90 51.9 )
Using Figure 13-7 to determine F:
30 − 60 82.1 − 150
R= = 0.44 P= = 0.57
82.1 − 150 30 − 150
The tube side is unmixed; the shellside is mixed, so from Figure 13-7d, F ≈ 0.93
Finally,
(864kW )(1000 W kW )
L=
( 731W m K ) (100 ) π ( 0.015m )( 0.93)( 69.2K )
2

L = 3.90 m Answer

13- 34
13-26 A small oil refinery uses river water to cool some of the fluid streams in the refinery. Consider a two shell
pass, four tube pass heat exchanger that uses 25 kg/s of river water at 10 °C on the shell side to cool 20 kg/s
process fluid (cp = 2300 J/kg·K) from 80 °C to 25 °C. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 600
W/m2·K, determine:
a. the outlet temperature of the coolant (in °C)
b. the heat transfer area required (in m2).

Approach:
The water outlet temperature can be obtained from
conservation of energy. Sufficient information is
given to evaluate the heat transfer rate. We want to
determine area, so this is a design problem, and the
preferred approach is the LMTD method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Both fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
a) The outlet water temperature is obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mc p
The heat transfer rate is obtained by conservation of energy on the process fluid. With the same assumptions as
before:
Q = mc p ∆T = mc p (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = ( 20 kg s )( 2300 J kgK )( 80-25 ) K=2.53×106 W
For water from Appendix A-6 at an assumed average temperature of 25 ºC, cp = 4.178 kJ/kgK. Therefore,
TC ,out = 10 o C+ ( 2.53×106 W ) ⎡⎣( 25 kg s )( 4.178 kJ kgK )(1000 J kJ ) ⎤⎦ =34.2 o C Answer

b) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:


Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2 (80 − 34.2 ) − ( 25 − 10 )
∆TLM ,cf = = = 27.6 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ⎡⎣( 80 − 34.2 ) ( 25 − 10 ) ⎤⎦
Using Figure 13-7b to determine F for 2 shell passes and 4 tube passes:
10 − 34.2 25 − 80
R= = 0.44 P= = 0.79
25 − 80 10 − 80
Therefore, F ≈ 0.99.
Finally,
2.53×106 W
A= =154.3m 2 Answer
( 600W m2 K ) ( 0.99 ) ( 27.6 o C )

13- 35
13-27 Water is heated from 25 °C to 80 °C in a one shell pass, two tube pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The
hot fluid is oil (cp = 1750 J/kg·K) with a flow rate of 1 kg/s that enters the tubeside of the heat exchanger at
175 °C and exits at 145 °C. With an overall heat transfer coefficient of 350 W/m2·K, determine:
a. the heat transfer rate (in W)
b. the water flow rate (in kg/s)
c. the required heat transfer area (in m2).

Approach:
The heat transfer rate and the water flow rate can be
determined using conservation of energy. Because we
want to determine the area, this is a design problem,
and the preferred approach is the LMTD method.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. The fluids are an ideal fluid with constant specific
heats.

Solution:
a) The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the oil flow. Assuming steady,
no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal fluid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T
Q = mo c p ,o (TH ,in − TH ,out ) = (1.0 kg s )(1750 J kgK )(175-145 ) K=52,500W Answer
b) The water flow rate is obtained with an energy balance on the water using the same assumptions as used for
the oil and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Being careful with signs on the heat transfer rate
Qw
Qw = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → mw =
c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in )
From Appendix A-6 for water at the average temperature of (80+25)/2 = 52.5 ºC, cp ≈ 4.179 kJ/kgK
52500W
mw = =0.228 kg s Answer
( 4.179 kJ kgK )(80-25) K (1000 J kJ )
c) The governing equation for the LMTD method is:
Q
Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The LMTD is calculated with:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 175 − 80 = 95 o C ∆T2 = 145 − 25 = 120 o C
95 − 120
∆TLM ,cf = = 107 o C
ln ( 95 120 )
Using Figure 13-7a to determine F:
25 − 80 145 − 175
R= = 1.833 P= = 0.20
145 − 175 25 − 175
From Figure 13-7a, F ≈ 0.97.
52500W
A= =1.45m 2 Answer
( 350 W m2 K ) ( 0.97 )(107K )

13- 36
13-28 Car radiators are single-pass crossflow heat exchangers with both fluids unmixed. Water at 0.05 kg/s
enters the tubes at 125 °C and leaves at 55 °C. Air enters the heat exchanger at 35 m3/min, 25 °C, and 97
kPa. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 225 W/m2·K. Determine the required heat transfer area (in
m2).

Approach:
Because we want to determine the area, this is a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. We need to determine the heat transfer rate
using conservation of energy on the water flow.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. No work is done or by the control volume.
3. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
4. Air is an ideal gas.

Solution:
Q
The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf → A=
UF ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the water flow. Assuming
steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal fluid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T :
Q = mw c p , w (TH ,in − TH ,out )
From Appendix A-6 for water at an average temperature of (125+55)/2 = 90 ºC, cp,w ≈ 4.206 kJ/kgK:
Q = ( 0.05 kg s )( 4.206 kJ kgK )(125-55 ) K (1kW 1kJ s ) =14.72 kW
For the LMTD we need TC,out. The air outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the air
using the same assumptions as used for the water and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Therefore,
Q = ma c p , a (TC , out − TC ,in ) → TC , out = TC ,in + Q ma c p , a
From Appendix A-7 for air with an estimated Tout ≈ 45 ºC, Tavg = (25+45)/2 = 35 ºC, cp ≈ 1.006 kJ/kgK:
For the mass flow rate ma = V va . Assuming air is an ideal gas:
RT (8.314 kJ kmolK )( 25+273) K m3
v= = =0.882
PM ( 97 kN m 2 ) ( 28.97 kg kmol )(1kJ 1kNm ) kg

ma =
( 35 m 3
min ) (1min 60s )
=0.66
kg
0.882 m3 kg s
(14.7kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TC ,out = 25 o C+ =47.1 o C
( 0.66 kg s )(1.006 kJ kgK )
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC , out = 125 − 47.1 = 77.9 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 55 − 25 = 30 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 77.9 − 30
∆TLM ,cf = = = 50.2 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln ( 77.9 30 )
Using Figure 13-7c to determine F:
25 − 47.1 55 − 125
R= = 0.32 P= = 0.70
55 − 125 25 − 125
From Figure 13-7c for crossflow with both fluids unmixed, F ≈ 0.99
Finally,
(14.7kW )(1000 W kW )
A= = 1.32m 2 Answer
( 225 W m K ) ( 0.99 )( 50.2K )
2

13- 37
13-29 A small Rankine cycle power plant is used in a ship. The condenser is cooled by seawater. Consider a one
shell pass (steam side), four tube pass (seawater side) shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Steam enters the
condenser at 50 °C with a quality of 95% and a flow rate of 0.75 kg/s and exits as a saturated liquid; its
condensing heat transfer coefficient is approximately 7,500 W/m2·K. Seawater enters the condenser at 18
°C, and its temperature at the exit should be no higher than 40 °C. Assume seawater properties can be
approximated with fresh water properties. The heat exchanger has 20 brass tubes, 2.5-cm inside diameter,
2.8-cm outside diameter. Determine:
a. the water side heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2·K)
b. the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inside area (in W/m2·K)
c. the tube length required (in m)
d. the tube length required if after a long time in service both sides of the heat exchanger have been
fouled (in m).

Approach:
Because we are seeking the tube length, this is
equivalent to determining the area, which makes this a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. Sufficient information is given to evaluate
the heat transfer rate and the waterside flow rate using
an energy balance.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. Seawater is an ideal fluid with constant specific
heat.

Solution:
a) We need the water flow rate to calculate the water side heat transfer coefficient. So, applying conservation of
energy to the seawater, assuming steady, no work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid
with constant specific heat:
Q
Q = mw c p , w (TC , out − TC ,in ) → mw =
c p , w (TC , out − TC ,in )
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the steam flow. Assuming steady,
no work, and negligible potential and kinetic energy effects:
Q = msteam xh fg
From Appendix A-10 at 50 ºC, hfg = 2382.7 kJ/kg. Therefore,
Q = ( 0.75 kg s )( 0.95 )( 2382.7 kJ kg ) =1698kW
The water side heat transfer coefficient requires the Reynolds number for one tube with properties evaluated at the
average temperature. For water from Appendix A-6 at Tavg = (18 + 40 ) 2 = 29 o C : µ = 7.98 ×10-4 Ns/m2;
k = 0.617 W/mK; Pr = 5.40; cp = 4.176 kJ/kgK.
1,698kW kg
mw = =18.5
( 4.176 kJ kgK )( 40-18) K s
ρ VD m m 4m
Re = → V= = → Re =
µ N ρ Ai N ρ (π 4 ) D i
2
N πµ Di
4 (18.5 kg s )
Re = = 59, 000
( 20 ) π ( 7.98×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.025 m )
This is turbulent flow, so using the Dittus-Boelter equation:
Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr 0.4 = 0.023 ( 59, 000 ) ( 5.40 )
0.8 0.4
= 296
Nuk ( 296 )( 0.617 W mK ) W
hi = = =7300 2 Answer
Di 0.025m mK

13- 38
b) We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL N .
The areas are: Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L . Substituting these expressions into the equation for the overall heat
transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠
From Appendix A-2, for brass, k = 110 W/mK.
1 1 ( 0.025 m ) ln ( 0.028 m 0.025 m ) 1 ⎛ 0.025 m ⎞
= + +
U i 7300 W m 2 K 2 (110 W mK ) ( 7500 W m K ) ⎜⎝ 0.028 m ⎟⎠
2

U i = 3720 W m 2 K Answer
c) Combining the expression for A = N π Di L and the governing equation for the LMTD method:
Q
Q = U i Ai F ∆TLM ,cf → L=
U i Nπ Di F ∆TLM ,cf
Because of the condensing steam, F = 1. The LMTD is:
∆T1 − ∆T2
∆TLM ,cf = , ∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out , ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 )
∆T1 = 50 − 40 = 10 o C ∆T2 = 50 − 18 = 32 o C
10 − 32
∆TLM ,cf = = 18.9 o C
ln (10 32 )
Finally,
(1698kW )(1000 W kW )
L= = 15.4m Answer
( 3720 W m2 K ) ( 20 ) π ( 0.025m )(18.9K )
d) With fouling on both sides of the heat exchanger, we estimate the fouling factors from Table 13-1:
Seawater: Ri′′ ≈ 0.0003m 2 K W
Steam: Ro′′ ≈ 0.0003m 2 K W
1 1 ⎛D ⎞ 1 m2 K ⎛ m 2 K ⎞ ⎛ 0.025 ⎞
= + Ri′′+ Ro′′ ⎜ i ⎟ = 2
+0.0003 + ⎜ 0.0003 ⎟⎜ ⎟
U dirty U clean ⎝ Do ⎠ 3720 W m K W ⎝ W ⎠ ⎝ 0.028 ⎠
U dirty = 1200 W m 2 K
(1698kW )(1000 W kW )
L= = 47.9m Answer
(1200 W m2 K ) ( 20 ) π ( 0.025m )(18.9K )
Comments:
Because the clean overall heat transfer coefficient was very large, the additional of any fouling will have a large
effect.

13- 39
13-30 The oil cooler in a large Diesel engine is a one-shell pass, four-tube pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger
with 15 brass tubes 10-mm outside diameter, 1-mm wall thickness. Oil enters the tubes at 135 °C and 0.5
kg/s and leaves at 95 °C. Water enters the shell at 15 °C with a flow rate of 2 kg/s and a heat transfer
coefficient of 1100 W/m2·K. Determine the shell length (in m).

Approach:
Because we are seeking the tube length, this is
equivalent to determining the area, which makes this a
design problem. We use the LMTD method for the
analysis. Sufficient information is given to evaluate
the heat transfer rate and overall heat transfer
coefficient.

Assumptions:
1. The system is steady.
2. Potential and kinetic energy effects are negligible.
3. No work is done on or by the system.
4. The fluids are ideal with constant specific heats.

Solution:
a) The governing equation for the LMTD method is: Q = UAF ∆TLM ,cf . Using the inside area
Ai = Nπ Di LT = Nπ Di 4 Ls , where LT is the tube length and LS is the shell length. Combining this with the
governing equation, and solving for the shell length:
Ls = Q 4U i Nπ Di F ∆TLM ,cf
The heat transfer rate can be obtained from conservation of energy applied to the oil flow. Assuming steady, no
work, negligible potential and kinetic energy effects, and ideal liquid with constant specific heat so that
∆h = c p ∆T :
Q = mo c p ,o (TH ,in − TH ,out )
From Appendix A-6 for oil at an average temperature of (135+95)/2 = 115 ºC, cp ≈ 2.294 kJ/kgK, µ = 110×10-4
Ns/m2; k = 0.135 W/mK; Pr = 187:
Q = mc p ∆T = ( 0.5 kg s )( 2.294 kJ kgK )(135-95 ) K (1kW 1kJ s ) =45.9 kW
For the LMTD we need TC,out. The water outlet temperature is obtained with an energy balance on the water
using the same assumptions as used for the oil and using the heat transfer rate calculated above. Therefore,
Q = mw c p , w (TC ,out − TC ,in ) → TC ,out = TC ,in + Q mw c p , w
From Appendix A-6 for water at an assumed outlet temperature of 20 ºC, Tavg = (15+20)/2 = 17.5 ºC, cp ≈ 4.185
kJ/kgK:
( 45.9kW )(1kJ 1kWs )
TC ,out = 15 o C+ =20.5 o C
( 2 kg s )( 4.185 kJ kgK )
The LMTD is:
∆T1 = TH ,in − TC ,out = 135 − 20.5 = 114.5 o C ∆T2 = TH ,out − TC ,in = 95 − 15 = 80 o C
∆T1 − ∆T2 114.5 − 80
∆TLM ,cf = = = 96.2 o C
ln ( ∆T1 ∆T2 ) ln (114.5 80 )
Using Figure 13-7 to determine F:
15 − 20.5 95 − 135
R= = 0.138 P= = 0.333
95 − 135 15 − 135
From Figure 13-7a, F ≈ 1.0
We use Eq. 13-3 to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient:
1 1 R ′′ Ro′′ 1
= + i + Rwall + +
U i Ai ηo ,i hi Ai ηo,i Ai ηo ,o Ao ηo ,o ho Ao
There are no fins (ηo,i = ηo,o=1), no fouling ( Ri′′ = Ro′′ = 0 ), and the wall resistance is Rw = ln ( Do Di ) 2π kL N .

13- 40
For a single tube, the areas are: Ai = π Di L and Ao = π Do L . Substituting these expressions into the equation for
the overall heat transfer coefficient and simplifying, we obtain:
1 1 Di ln ( Do Di ) 1 ⎛ Di ⎞
= + + ⎜ ⎟
U i hi 2k ho ⎝ Do ⎠
From Appendix A-2, for brass, k = 110 W/mK.
To calculate the oil side heat transfer coefficient, we need the Reynolds number for one tube:
ρ VD m m 4m
Re = → V = = → Re =
µ N ρ Ai N ρ (π 4 ) Di2 Nπµ Di
4 ( 0.5 kg s )
Re = = 482
(15) π (110 ×10-4 Ns m 2 ) ( 0.008m )
This is laminar flow, so check the entrance length:
Lent ,t ≈ 0.037 RePrD = ( 0.037 )( 482 )(187 )( 0.008m ) =26.7m
We will assume that the tube length is shorter than this and that entrance effects must be taken into account.
Using the Seider-Tate equation, and assuming the wall temperature is approximately equal to the average water
temperature because the water side heat transfer coefficient is so large, for the oil µ w= 9990×10-4 Ns/m2. For a
first estimate of LT ≈ 10m = 4 Ls
Nu = 1.86 ( RePrD L ) ( µ µ w ) = 1.86 ⎡⎣( 482 )(187 )( 0.008 10 )⎤⎦ (110 ×10 9990 × 10−4 )
13 0.14 13 −4 0.14
= 4.12
Nuk ( 4.12 )( 0.135 W mK ) W
h= = =69.5
Di 0.008m m2 K
−1
⎡ 1 ( 0.008 m ) ln ( 0.010 m 0.008 m ) 1 ⎛ 0.008 m ⎞ ⎤
Ui = ⎢ + + ⎥ = 66.1W m 2 K
⎢⎣ 69.5 W m K
2
2 (110 W mK ) (1100 W m2 K ) ⎜⎝ 0.010 m ⎟⎠⎥⎦
Finally, the first estimates of the shell and tube lengths are:
( 45.9kW )(1000 W kW )
Ls = = 4.79m → LT = 4 Ls = 19.1m
4 ( 66.1W m 2 K ) (15 ) π ( 0.008m )(1)( 96.2K )
This is much longer than our assumed value. Using the calculated value in the Seider-Tate equation gives a value
of the Nu < 3.66, so using the fully developed (and minimum) value Nu = 3.66, h = 61.8 W/m2K, Ui = 59.1
W/m2K, Ls = 5.36 m, and LT = 21.4 m. Answer

Comments:
Note that the water side resistance is very small compared to the oil side resistance.

13- 41

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