Refrigeration

Definition
Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining temperature of the system
below that of the surrounding atmosphere.
Carnot Cycle
The reversed carnot cycle can be considered in refrigeration system.

T2
C.O.P = where T2 < T1
T2 − T1

Unit of Refrigeration
The common unit used in the field of refrigeration is known as Ton of
refrigeration.
A ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat required to be
removed to produce one ton (1000kg) of ice within 24 hours when the initial
condition of water is 0ºC
1000 x335
Ton of refrigeration = = 3.5 kJ/s
24 x3600
Consider a refrigerator of T tons capacity,
Refrigeration capacity = 3.5 kJ/s
Heat removed from
refrigerator = Refrigeration effect =R.E. kJ/s
Power of the compressor =work/kg of refrigerant x mass flow rate

Air Refrigeration system working on

Bell-coleman cycle

In air refrigeration system, air is used as the refrigerant which always remains in the
gaseous phase. The heat removed consists only of sensible heat and as a result, the
coefficient of performance (C.O.P) is low.
The various processes are:
Process 1-2:
The air leaving the evaporator enters a compressor. Where it is compressed
isentropically to higher pressure and temperature.
Process 2-3:
This high pressure, high temperature air, then enters a cooler where it is cooled at
constant pressure to a low temperature.
Process 3-4: This high pressure, low temperature air is then expanded in an expander to
lower pressure and temperature in a isentropic manner.At point 4, the temperature of the
air will be lowest.
Process 4-1: This low temperature air is then passed through the heater coils where it
absorbs heat from the space to be cooled namely the refrigerator and the air gets heated
back to the initial temperature, but in the process, it cools the refrigerator. And the cycle
repeats.
Air refrigeration system

Expression C.O.P when compression and expansion are Isentropic

Refrigeration Effect = Heat removed from the refrigerator
= C p (T1 − T4 )kJ / kg
 P V − PV   P V − P V 
Work input = WC − WE = γ  2 2 1 1  − γ  3 3 4 4 
 γ −1   γ −1 

 γ 
Work input = WC − WE =  [R(T2 − T1 ) − R(T3 − T4 )]
 γ −1 
 γR 
Wnet =  [(T2 − T1 ) − (T3 − T4 )]
 γ −1 
γR
But Cp =
γ −1
Wnet = C p [(T2 − T1 ) − (T3 − T4 )]
 Pr ocess 1 - 2 is isentropic
γ −1
T2  P2 γ
=  - - - -(2)
T1  P1 
Pr ocess 3 - 4 is isentropic
γ −1 γ −1
T3  P3 γ P γ
=   =  2  - - - -(3)
T4  P4   P1 
From (2) and (3)
T2 T3
=
T1 T4

RE C p (T1 − T4 )
C.O.P = =
Work C p [(T2 − T1 ) − (T3 − T4 )]

C.O.P =
(T1 − T4 ) =
1
− −(1)
[(T2 − T1 ) − (T3 − T4 )] T2 − T3 − 1
T1 − T4
T2 T1
=
T3 T4
T2 T
−1 = 1 −1
T3 T4
T2 − T3 T1 − T4
=
T3 T4
T2 − T3 T3
= - - - - - (4)
T1 − T4 T4

From (1) and (4)

1
C.O.P =
T3
−1
T4
T4
C.O.P =
T3 - T4
For Polytropic process
Net work
 n  γ − 1 
Wnet =   C p [(T2 − T1 ) − (T3 − T4 )]
 n − 1  γ 
T4
COP =
(T3 − T4 ) n  γ − 1 
 n − 1  γ 

Advantages of air refrigeration system

1. Air is cheap, easily available.
2. It is not flammable.
3. For a given capacity, weight of air refrigeration system is less compared to other
system and hence it is widely used for aircraft cooling.
Disadvantages
1. Since heat removed by air consists only of sensible heat, weight of air required is
high.
2. C.O.P of the system is low compared to other systems.
Problem 1
A cold storage is to be maintained at -5°C (268k) while the surroundings are at 35°C. the
heat leakage from the surroundings into the cold storage is estimated to be 29kW. The
actual C.O.P of the refrigeration plant is one third of an ideal plant working between the
same temperatures. Find the power required to drive the plant. (VTU Jan
2007)

Solution : -
T1 = 35°C = 308k T2 = 5°C = 268k
C.O.P of the ideal plant is nothing but
C.O.P based on carnot cycle.
T2
∴ C.O.P ideal =
T1 − T2
268
= = 6.7
308 − 268
 1
Actual C.O.P = idealC.O.P
3
1
= x6.7 = 2.233
3

Q2 = The heat removed from low temperature reservoir (cold storage) must be equal to
heat leakage from surroundings to the cold storage(which is 29kw)

Q2 = 29kW
Q2
Actual C.O.P =
W
Q2 29
W= =
Actual C.O.P 2.233
Power required = 12.98 kW

Problem 2
A refrigeration machine of 6 tones capacity working on Bell coleman cycle has an upper
limit pressure of 5.2 bar. The pressure and temperature at the start of the compression are
I bar and 18°C respectively. The cooled compressed air enters the expander at 41°C.
assuming both expansion and compression to be adiabatic with an index of 1.4.
Calculate:-
(i) Co-efficient of performance.
(ii) Quantity of air circulated per minute.
(iii) Piston displacement of compressor and expander
(iv) Bore of compression and expansion cylinder when the unit runs at 240 rpm and is
double acting with stroke length =200 mm
(v) Power required to drive the unit

Solution : -
T1 = 18°C P1 = 1bar
T3 = 41°C P2 = 5.2bar
Work input = C p [(T2 − T1 ) − (T3 − T4 )]
= 1.005[(466 − 291) − (314 − 196 )] = 57 kJ / kg

Re griferation effect
C.O.P =
Work input
95.42
= = 1.67
57
Re frigeration capacity = 6 tons = 6x3.5 = 21kJ/s

Re griferation capacity
Mass of air/sec =
R.E
21
= = 0.22kg / s
95.42
Power required = workdone/kg of air x Mass of air/sec
= 57 x 0.22 = 12.54kW
Mass of air/min = 0.22x60 = 13.2kg/min

mRT1 13.2 x0.287 x 291

V1 = = 2
= 11m3 / min
P1 1x10
Piston displacement of compressor V1 = 11m3 / min
mRT4 13.2 x0.287 x196
V4 = = 2
= 7.42m3 / min
P4 1x10
Piston displacement of expander V4 = 7.42m3 / min
π
But V1 = 2 d12 LN
4
π
11 = 2 d12 x0.2 x 240
4
d1 = diameter of compressor cylinder = 0.38m = 38cm
π
V4 = 2 d 22 LN
4
π
7.42 = 2 d12 x0.2 x 240
4
d1 = diameter of expander cylinder = 0.313m = 31.3cm
 Problem3 An air refrigerator system operating on Bell Coleman cycle, takes in air from
cold room at 268 K and compresses it from 1 bar to 5.5 bar the index of compression
being 1.25. the compressed air is cooled to 300 K. the ambient temperature is 20ºC. Air
expands in expander where the index of expansion is 1.35.
Calculate:
i) C.O.P of the system
ii) Quantity of air circulated per minute for production of 1500 kg of ice per day at
0°C from water at 20ºC.
iii) Capacity of the plant.

Solution
γ −1
P  γ 1.25−1
T2 = T1  2  = 268(5.5) 1.25
 P1 
= 376.8K

γ −1 1.35−1
P γ  1  1.35
T4 = T3  4  = 300  = 192.83K
 P3   5.5 

 n  γ − 1 
WC =   C p (T2 − T1 )
 n − 1  γ 
 1.25  1.4 − 1 
=  1.005(376.8 − 268) = 156.2kJ / kg
 1.25 − 1  1.4 

 n  γ − 1 
WE =   C p (T3 − T4 )
 n − 1  γ 
 1.35  1.4 − 1 
=  1.005(300 − 192.83) = 118.69kJ / kg
 1.35 − 1  1.4 

Network = WC − WE = 156.2 − 118.69 = 37.5kJ / kg

R.E = C p (T1 − T4 ) = 1.005(268 − 192.83) = 75.54kJ / s
RE 75.54
C.O.P = = =2
work 37.5
Heat extracted/kg of ice = C pw (20 − 0) + L
= 4.187(20) + 335 = 418.74kJ/kg
1500
Mass of ice produced/sec = = 0.0173kg / s
24x3600

Actual heat extracted/sec = 418.74x0.0173

7.26
or Refrigeration capacity = 7.26kJ/s = = 2.02tons
3.5
Refrigeration Capacity 7.26
Mass flow rate = =
Refrigeration efect 75.54
= 0.096kg / s

Problem 4
An air refrigeration system is to be designed according to the following specifications
Pressure of air at compressor inlet=101kPa
Pressure of work at compressor outlet=404kPa
Pressure loss in the inter cooler=12kPa
Pressure loss in the cold chamber=3kPa
Temperature of air at compressor inlet=7°
Temperature of air at turbine inlet=27°

Isentropic efficiency of compressor =85%

Isentropic efficiency of turbine =85%
Determine
i) C.O.P of cycle
ii) Power required to produce 1 ton of refrigeration
iii) Mass flow rate of air required for 1 ton of refrigeration

Solution : -
T1 = −7°C P1 = 101kPa
T3 = 27°C ηT = 0.85;ηC = 0.85

γ −1
P  γ
Pr ocess 1 - 2 is isentropic, HenceT '2 = T1  2 
 P1 
1.4 −1
 404  1.4
= 266  = 395.4K
 101 
 T2 − T1 395.4 − 266
ηC = orT '2 −T1 =
T '2 −T1 0.88
T '2 = 418.2k
P4 − P1 = 0.03P1 ∴ P4 = 1.03P1 = 1.03 x101 = 104kPa
P2 − P3 = 0.03P2 ∴ P3 = 0.97 P2 = 0.97 x 404 = 392kPa
γ −1
P  γ
Pr ocess 3 - 4 is isentropic, ∴T4 = T3  4 
 P3 
1.4 −1
 104  1.4
= 300  = 202.3K
 392 

T3 − T '4
ηE = ∴T '4 = T3 − ηT (T3 − T4 )
T3 − T4
T '4 = 300 − 0.85 x[300 − 205.3] = 216.53k
Re frigeration effect/kg of air = C p (T1 − T4 )
= 1.005x[266 - 216.53] = 50.47 kJ/kg
Compressor work/kg of air = C p (T '2 −T1 )
= 1.005x[418.2 - 266] = 152.96kJ/kg

Turbine work/kg of air WT = C p (T3 − T4 ')

= 1.005x[300 - 216.53] = 84.9kJ/kg
Net work Input/kg of air Wnet = WC − WT
= 152.96 − 80.9 = 72.06kJ / kg

RE 46.73
C.O.P = = = 0.73
Work 72.06

Power required per tons of refergeration

Refrigeration capacity
=
C.O.P
Refrigeration capacity = 1 ton = 3.5kJ/s
Refrigeration capacity
Mass of air =
RE
3.5
= = 0.075kg / s
50.47
Power = Wnet xmassofair / sec = 72.06 x0.075 = 5.42kW
 Pscychrometrics and Air-conditioning Systems

Problem 1
Moist air at 30°C,1.01325 bar has a relative humidity of 80%. Determine without
using the psychrometry chart
1) Partial pressures of water vapour and air
2) Specific humidity
3) Specific Volume and
4) Dew point temperature (V.T.U. July2004)

Solution : At 30°C from table pυs = 4.2461kPa

pυ
φ=
pυs
pυ = 0.8 x 4.2461 = 3.397 kPa
0.622 pυ 3.397
ω= = 0.622 x
p − pυ 101.325 − 3.397
= 0.213 kg/kg of dry air.
Corresponding to Pv =3.397 kPa from tables, we get dew point temperature = 28.9°C

Problem 2:
Atmospheric air at 101.325 kPa ha 30°C DBT and 15°C DPT. Without using the
pschrometric chart, using the property values from the table, Calculate
1. Partial pressure of air and water vapour
2. Specific humidity
3. Relative humidity
4. Vapour density and
5. Enthalpy of moist air
Solution :
p = 101.325kpa = 1.01325bar
DBT = 30°C ,
DPT = 15°C
From table
Corresponding to DBT = 30°C, we have pυs = 0.042461bar
Corresponding to DPT = 15°C, we have pυ = 0.017051bar
Partial pressure of air = p - pυ = 1.01325 − 0.017051
= 0.984274 bar
 pυ 0.622 x0.017051
Specific humidity = 0.622 =
pa 0.984274
= 0.01077kJ/kg of dry air
p 0.017051
Re lative humidity = υ = = 0.4015
pυs 0.042461
= 40.15%
Enthalphy = 1.005t db + ω (2500 + 1088t db )
= 1.005x30 + 0.010775(2500 + 1.88x30)
= 57.69kj/kg of dry air

RT
Specific volume of dry air, υa =
P
0.2872x303
= = 0.874m3 / kg
0.98425 x100
ω 0.010775
Vapour density ρ w = = = 0.12kg / m 3
υa 0.847

Problem 3:
Air at 30°C DBT and 25°C WBT is heated to 40°C. if the air is 300 m3/min, find
the amount of heat added/min and RH and WBT of air. Take air pressure to be 1 bar
Solution:
At 25°C WBT from tables pwswbt=0.03166 bar

( p − pυswbt )(tdb − twb )

∴ pυ = ( PVS ) wbt −
1547 − 1.44twb
(1 - 0.03166)(30 - 25)
= 0.03166 -
1547 − 1.44 x 25
= 0.0284 bar
p
ω1 = 0.622 υ
p − pυ
 0.0284 
= 0.622 
 1 − 0.0284 
= 0.0179kJ / kg of dry air
At 40°C DBT
PVS = 0.07375bar
During sensible heating ω and pυ remain constant
pυ = 0.0284bar
pυ 0.0284
RH = φ = =
pυs 0.07375
= 0.385 = 38.5%
H 2 = 1.005 x 40 + 0.0179(2500 + 1.88 x 40)
= 86.29kJ/kg of dry air
( p − pυ )V
Weight of 300m 3 / min ofair =
RT
2
(1 - 0.0284)x300x10
= = 335.18kg / min
0.287 x303
∴ Heat added/min = 335.18(86.29 - 76) = 3449kJ/min
From chart WBT = 27.2°C

Problem 4:
One stream of air at 5.5m3/min at 15°C and 60% RH flows into another stream of
air at 35m3/min at 25°C and 70%RH, calculate for the mixture
1) Dry bulb temperature, 2) Wet bulb temperature 3) Specific Humidity and 4)
Enthalpy
Solution:
For air at 15°C and 60%RH, V=5.5m3/min

∴ pυs = 0.017051bar
pυ
RH = φ =
pυs
∴ pυ = 0.6 x0.017051 = 0.01023bar
(p - pυ )V (1.01325 − 0.01023) x10 2 x5.5
Mass of air = =
RT 0.287 x 288
m1 = 6.672kg / min
0.622 pυ 0.622 x0.01023
ω1 = =
(p - pυ ) (1.01325 − 0.01023)
= 0.006343kg / kg of dry air
 H1 = 1.005t db + ω1 (2500 + 1.88t db )
= 1.008x18 + 0.006343(2500 + 1.88x15)
= 34.12J/kg of dry air
For air at 25°C and 70% RH, V = 35m 3 / min
Pυs = 0.03169bar
pυ
φ = RH =
pυs
pυ = 0.03169 x0.7 = 0.02218bar

H1 = 1.005t db + ω1 (2500 + 1.88t db )

= 1.008x18 + 0.006343(2500 + 1.88x15)
= 34.12J/kg of dry air
For air at 25°C and 70% RH, V = 35m 3 / min
Pυs = 0.03169bar
pυ
φ = RH =
pυs
pυ = 0.03169 x0.7 = 0.02218bar

(1.01325 - 0.02218x10 2 x35)

Mass of air =
0.287 x 298
m 2 = 40.55kg. min
0.622 x0.02218
ω2 = = 0.01392kg / kg of dry air
(1.01325 − 0.02218)
H 2 = (1.005 x 25) + 0.01392(2500 + 1.88 x 25)
H 2 = 60.59kJ / kg of dry air
Mass of dry air/Unit mass of moist air
m1 6.672
m a1 = = = 6.6299
1 + ω1 1 + 0.006343

m2 40.55
Since m a2 = = = 39.993
1 + ω2 1 + 0.01392
Then enthalpy of the mixed air,
m ( H ) + ma 2 ( H 2 )
H mix = a1 1
m1 + m2
6.6299(34.12) + 39.993(60.56)
=
6.672 + 40.55)
= 55.96 kJ/kg of dry air
Specific Humidity of the mixed air,
m (ω ) + ma 2 (ω2 )
ωmix = a1 1
m1 + m2
(6.6299x0.006343) + (39.993x0.01932)
=
6.672 + 40.55
= 0.01268kg/kg of dry air
But H mix = 1.005t db + ωmix (2500 + 1.88t db )
55.96 = 1.005 xtdb + 0.01234(2500 + 1.88t db )
t db = 24.42°C

DBT of the mixture = 24.42°C

From chart WBT = 19°C
RH = 67%

Problem 5:
An air conditioning system is designed under the following conditions
Outdoor conditions: 30°CDBT, 75% RH
Required indoor conditions: 22°CDBT,70% RH
Amount of Free air circulated 3.33 m3/s
Coil dew point temperature DPT=14°
The required condition is achieved first by cooling and dehumidification and then
by heating. Estimate

1) The capacity of the cooling coil in tons of refrigeration

2) Capacity of the heating coil in kW
3) The amount of water vapour removed in kg/hr
Solution:

Locate point ' a' 30°C DBT, 75%RH out door condition
Locate point ' d' 22°C DBT, 70%RH required condition
Locate point ' b' 14°C DPT, coil surface temperature
Join ab
at d, draw a horizontal line to cut the
line ab at point c.
ac → cooling and dehumidification
cd → heating
 From chart
H a = 83kJ / kg of air
H b = 40kJ / kg of air
H d = 53kJ / kg of air
H c = 48kJ / kg of air
Wa = 0.0202kg / kg of dry air
Wc = Wd = 0.0118kg / kg of dry air
Vsa = 0.88m3 / kg
V 3.33
Mass of air = = = 3.78kg / s
Va 0.88
ma (H a − H c )
Capacity of cooling coil =
3.5
3.78(83 − 48)
= = 37.84tons of refrigeration
3.5
Capacity of heating coil = m a ( H d − H c )
= 3.78(53 - 48) = 18.92kW
Amount of water vapour removed = m a (ωa − ωd )3600
= 3.78(0.0202 - 0.0118)3600
= 114.3kg/hr

Problem 6:
A summer air conditioning system for hot and humid weather (DBT=32°Cand
70% RH)
Consists in passing the atmosphere air over a cooling coil where the air is cooled
and dehumidified. The air leaving the cooling coil is saturated at the coil temperature. It
is then sensibly heated to the required comfort condition of 24°C and 50%RH by passing
it over an electric heater then delivered to the room.
Sketch the flow diagram of the arrangement and represent the process undergone
by the air on a skeleton psychometric chart and determine
1) The temperature of the cooling coil
2) The amount of moisture removed per kg of dry air in the cooling coil.
3) The heat removed per kg of dry air in the cooling coil and
4) The heat added per kg of dry air in the heating coil

From chart
H a = 86kJ / kg of air
H b = 38kJ / kg of air
H c = 48.5kJ / kg of air
ωa = 0.021kg / kg of dry air
ωb = 0.0092kg / kg of dry air
 The temperature of the cooling
coil = Tb = 13°C
Amount of moisture removed = ωa − ωb
= 0.021 - 0.0092 = 0.0108kg/kg of dry air
Heat removed = H a − H b = 86 − 38
= 48 kJ/kg of dry air
Heat added = H c − H b = 48.5 − 38
= 10.5 kJ/kg of dry air

Locate point ' a' 32°C , 70%RH out door condition

Locate point ' c' 24°C DBT, 50%RH required condition
At c draw a horizontal line to cut the saturation
line at point ' b'
Join ab
ab → cooling and dehumidification
bc → heating

Problem 7

It is required to design an air conditioning plant for an office room with the following
conditions.
Outdoor conditions: 14°CDBT, 10°CWBT
Required conditions: 20°CDBT,60% RH
Amount of air circulated 0.3m3/min/person
Starting capacity of the office= 60

The required condition is achieved first by heating and then by adiabatic humidifying.
Determine the following.
Heating capacity of the coil in kW and the surface temperature required, if the by pass
factor of the coil is 0.4
Capacity of the humidifier.

Locate point ' a' 14°C , and 10°CWBT (out door condition)
Locate point ' c' 20°C DBT, 60%RH required condition
At a draw a horizontal line
At ' c' draw a constant enthalpy line to cut the
horozontal line at point ' b'
Join ab
ab → heating
bc → adiabatic humidification
 From chart
H a = 30kJ / kg of air
H b = H c = 43kJ / kg of air
ωa = ωb = 0.006kg / kg of dry air
ωc = 0.00875 kg/kg of dry air
Specific volome Vsa = 0.8175m3 / kg
0.3x60
Volume of air supplied = V = = 0.3m3 / sec
60
V 0.3
Weight of air supplied m a = =
Va 0.8175
= 0.3669kg/sec
Capacity of the heating coil = m a ( H b − H a )
= 0.3669(43 - 30) = 4.77kW
From chart Tb = 26.5°C
Let coil surface temperature be Td

Td − Tb
By passing factor = = 0.4Td − 5.6 = Td − 26kJ
Td − Ta
Td − 26.5
0.4 =
Td − 1.4
Td = 34.8°C
Capacity of the humidifier = m a (ωc − ωb ) x3600
= 0.3669(0.00875 - 0.006)3600
= 3.63kg/hour

Problem 8

An air conditioned system is to be designed for a hall of 200 seating capacity when the
following conditions are given:
Atmospheric condition = 300C DBT and 50% RH
Indoor condition = 220C DBT and 60% RH
Volume of air required = 0.4m3/min/person
The required condition is achieved first by chemical dehumidification and after
that by sensible cooling.
Find the following .
a) DBT of the air leaving the dehumidifier.
b) The quantity of water vapour removed in the duhumidifier per hour.
c) The capacity of cooling coil in tons of refrigeration.
d) Surface temperature of the coil if the by pass factor of the coil is 0.25.
Solution:

a
ω
c
d b

220C 300C

DBT

Locate point ‘a’, 300C DBT, 50% RH, the atmospheric condition.
Locate point ‘c’, 220C DBT, 60% RH, the required indoor condition.
“Since chemical dehumidification process follows constant enthalpy line”
at a draw a line parallel to constant enthalpy line.
At ‘c’ draw a constant ω line to cut the previous line at point b.
a) DBT of air leaving the dehumidifier Tb = 40.50C
From chart
Hb = Ha = 65kJ/kg, ωa = 0.013 kg/kg of dry air
Hc = 45 kJ/kg, ωb = 0.009 kg/kg of dry air
Vsa = 0.875 m3/min
Volume of air = 200 X 0.4 = 80 m3/min
Wa = Weight of air = V/Vsa = 80/0.875 = 91.42 kg/min

b) Quantity of water vapour removed/hour = Wa(ωa-ωb)60

= 91.42(0.13-0.009)60 = 21.94 kg/hr
c) Capacity of cooling coil = Wa(Ha-Hb)/ (60 X 3.5) = 91.42(65-45)/(60 X 3.5)
= 8.7 tons

d) By pass factor = (Tc-Td)/( Tb-Td) = 0.25

Td = Temperature of cooling coil = 15.830C

Problem 9

An air conditioned system is to be designed for a cinema hall of 1000 seating capacity
when the following conditions are given:
Outdoor condition = 110C DBT and 70% RH
Required indoor condition = 200C DBT and 60% RH
Amount of air required = 0.3m3/min/person
The required condition is achieved first by heating, then by humidifuing and finaly by
heating. The condition of air coming out of the humidifier is 75% RH.
Find the following .
a) Heating capacity of the first heater in kW and condition of the air coming out of
the first heater in kW and condition of the air

Solution:

a
ω
c
d b

220C 300C

DBT

Locate point ‘a’, 300C DBT, 50% RH, the atmospheric condition.
Locate point ‘c’, 220C DBT, 60% RH, the required indoor condition.
“Since chemical dehumidification process follows constant enthalpy line”
at a draw a line parallel to constant enthalpy line.
At ‘c’ draw a constant ω line to cut the previous line at point b.
e) DBT of air leaving the dehumidifier Tb = 40.50C
From chart
Hb = Ha = 65kJ/kg, ωa = 0.013 kg/kg of dry air
Hc = 45 kJ/kg, ωb = 0.009 kg/kg of dry air
Vsa = 0.875 m3/min
Volume of air = 200 X 0.4 = 80 m3/min
Wa = Weight of air = V/Vsa = 80/0.875 = 91.42 kg/min

f) Quantity of water vapour removed/hour = Wa(ωa-ωb)60

= 91.42(0.13-0.009)60 = 21.94 kg/hr
g) Capacity of cooling coil = Wa(Ha-Hb)/ (60 X 3.5) = 91.42(65-45)/(60 X 3.5)
= 8.7 tons

h) By pass factor = (Tc-Td)/( Tb-Td) = 0.25

Td = Temperature of cooling coil = 15.830C