chapter S - Re frig era tio n

~ REFR IGER ATIO N

·i 1 erado n is a branch of science that deals with the process of cooling of a

Jtei• ~e or substance below the environmental temperature ·
5pac
namel y the
ac£rige ration Sy5tem is an _assembly of four major components,
a very low
compressor condenser, expan~1on valve, the evaporator through which
s heat from the immed iate
boiling point substance flow .1n a cycle and absorb
surroundings, thereb y producing the cooling effect ..
by heat is
ae£rigeration Cycle is a sequence of thermodynamic processes where
withdrawn from a cold body and expelled to a hot body.

METHODS OF REFRI G ERATI ON :

o Ice Refrigeration O Air Cycle Refrigeration
@ Mechanical Refrigeration 0 Steam Jet Refrigeration
© Absorption Refrigeration

PROD UCT LOAD

CALCULATING COOL ING LOAD FROM PRODUCTS:
The total Refrigeration load is equal to the sum of the cooling load from
products and the heat gain from external sources.
r:::;< . , . =·· -~, ,,.,.,. ":'h'''""''/r,_,,.,..,,.,..,,.,..,,. rr1 ,.,7;_,111:!"i!"'!lllttff~tr•f.".'f('.j
'i,I

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 tl
j,,J

wh ere :
Q total refrige ration load
Q1 = heat to cool from initial to freezin g temper atures
Q~ = heat t o freeze
Qi = heat to cool from freezin g to final temper atures

and I r.:,, rm,.!'<- ,. .. ,,,,,, ,, , , h,,,.,, ... h,,, ,

11, '""""'t1f!"'i
, "fl

I Q, = mC,C t 1 - tr) ~ I Q, = mlp IJ

Where:
m -· mas s of the produc t
LP -- late nt heat of the produc t
C, ::c:c spedfic heat above freezin g
C2 :c: specific heat below freezin g
t1 ~ initial' tempe rature
b -' = fina l. temper ature
tr :-ca freez ing temper ature
 tc (, Malldftc
,-,ta l ,.._ lllti Nffl lll llnicwer lty C•Po V-3
f! ,.....-___
~ System:
,ocir components of Vapor Compression
ICE REFRIGERATION coM PllE SSO R
r compression system. The three
al compressor is the hea rt _o f th~ vapo
com pressors are the reciprocating,
,nost common ~pe s of refnge~ation
atin~ compressor consists of a piston
rotal'Y, and centrifugal. "!"he rec1~roc on and discharge valves
1110ving
back and forth 1~ a cylinder with sucti
Amount of cooling provided by the ice: place . The Rotary and Centrifugal
arranged to allo w pu~ ping to take
t~~~:m rcr1
l-- - -
;._-t1 ) + L, + C2 c t2 _ t'f )
1 compressors have ~otating members
. The rotary compressor is a positive
centrifugal compressor operates by
displacement machine, whereas the
centrifugal forrce.
where :
m = mass of ice
C, = specific heat of ice @CONDENSER
refrigerant from the compressor,
= 2.093 kJ / kg Condenser receives superheated
= 0.50 Cal / gm fy the refrigerant. It is the ultimate
remove the superheat and then lique
= 0.50 Btu / lb eration system. Some abundant fluid
Lr = latent heat of fus ion point of heat rejection from the refrig
the heat; this fluid characterizes the
= 335 kl / kg such as air or wate r carries away
led.
= BO Cal /gm condenser as air-cooled or water-coo
= 144 Btu / lb
tr = freezing temperature
@ EXP ANS ION VAL VE
is twofold: (1) it must reduce the
The purpose of the expansion device
•~/BffMiRiiiliMMilirM~• n - pressure of the liquid refrigerant, and
(2) it must regulate the flow of the
val of heat b
Mechanical Refrigeration is the remo s and :r:p :~zy\~gg aa refrhigeran,t refrigerant to the evaporator.
odynamic
subjected to cycles of refrigerating therm mec anica
compressor.
© EVAPORATOR system is a heat e~_change~ which
The eva pora tor in a refrigeration
VAPOR COMPRESSION SYSTEM being cooled to a bo1hng refngera~t.
transfers hea t from the substance
system is to remove heat fror:n air,
The purpose of the refrigeration
This removal is performed by the
water, or some other substance.
evaporator.

:
EXPANSION ❖ THE VAP OR COMPRESSION CYCLE
VALVE geration cycle
· n cycle is the most important refri
acceptance. It is one in wh_ich a fl~id
f The vapor compr:5~~ocommercial one of the intervening
nd condense s; with
ram the standpom
vapor.
COMPRESSOR alternately evaporates a . n of the
processe s bein g a compressio
 ... I ,t•llt llltiaccrl-, lnlcwcr by Capete 6'
_..1
111tr•• Mllldn,e V-5

~neJ·ected in the Condenser, QR

3. Heat". ,
QR ::: rn ~ ~ 2 - h3 ) kW

where:
h "" enthalpy leaving the condenser, kJ / kg
UJ 3
a:
::,
V'l ,EnthalPY Leaving the Expansion valve, h1
~ 4
a:
~

h◄::: (ht+Xhrg)4

where :
quality or weight of flash gas per unit weight of refrigerant
X
ENTROPY (S)
ENTHALPY (h)
s.Refrigerating Capacity,~ :
~ == m ( h1, - h,d ~W
PROCESSES OF STANDARD VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE :

➔ : reversible and adiabatic compression from saturated vapor to the

Note:
1 ton of Refrigeration (TOR) = 3.516 kW
0 6
condenser pressure. thus ;
➔ e : reversible rejection of heat at constant pressure desuperheating
6
and condensation. ~ == rn (h1 - h4) TOR
e ➔ e : irreversible expansion at constant enthalpy from saturated liquid 3.516
to the evaporator pressure.
e ➔ o: reversible addition of heat at constant pressure in evaporation 6. coefficient of Performance, COP :
The coefficient of performance is the ratio of the refrigerating effect to the
to saturated vapor. compressor work.
ANALYSIS OF THE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE
or
1. Compressor Work; We

7. Power per Ton of Refrigeration, Pctonl

CompressorPowe
P(tonl = __ ...!.-_ _ __ r
where :
Tons of Re~ration_
m = mass flow rate, kg / s
h1 = enthalpy entering the compressor, kJ / kg
h2 = enthalpy leaving the compres sor, kJ / kg

2. Volume Flow Rate at Suction; v1•

8. Power per kW of Refrigeration, P(kW)

. -·w·
P(~W)c QC
. A
where :
v1 = specific volume of vapor, m3/ kg
 vv~-•:__- ---- -:::;
;, :~-0orn·V
of Refrigerat1
9. Volume Flow per Ton
,
-- -- -- -.....
ton
c...-01-lcfrlter...._
~
tri•I P1a11t 189iHtri119 Reviewer by C.,ote" ~ - -
~ , .c1~s:,:: ..---- ----- .;..,.::,:::,::_:··-=~:____ ___!~-7
:,,,,-----
ression Efficiency , ec :
13 . corn~ornpress1on efficiency is the ratio of th . .
The
actuaI compressor work. e isentrop1c compressor work to the
l m3
V
V(tonl == TOR
1 -s-
ton We
ec == Wa
1o. Piston Displacement ; Vo volume swept through by the pistons in their echanical Efficiency , em :_
Piston displacement is_the
suction strokes per unit time. 14. 1Mhe mechanical efficiency 1f the ratio of the indicated
power to the brakepower.
em==~

where :
p = indicated power
where: · d p~ = brakepower
D= bore or diameter of cyhn er
L = length of stroke
❖ REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH UQUID SUBCOOUNG
N = speed
n = no . of cyli nder
Note: For Double Acting Compressor

Vo= 1tD2)
(4 LNnx2
l 1 . Actual Volumetric Efficiency, eva
.
The actual volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume flow rate at suction to
the piston displacement.

ENTHALPY (h)

l 2. Clearance Volumetric Efficiency, €vc

The clearance volumetric efficiency is given by : FORMULAS FOR THE SUBCOO LED CYCLE

1. Refrigeratin g Effect, RE :
p )1Jk
evc=1+ c-c ( ~ or RE = h1 - h4, kJ/kg

2. Mass Flow Rate per Ton; m' :

Note: C = Vi
V2
m' 211 kg
where : =
hi - h4, min - ton
c = clearance
V, = specific volume at suction
V2 = specific volume at discharge i11 kg
m' =
RE min - ton
 :!. -----------~~:===~=~-----.-.
Chapter 05 - Rdriser .
11
...........
!V-1 where · fl w rate per ton for t
he subcool ed cycl e at,o 211 kg
~ • = mass 0 m' = RE min - ton
'" . V'.
I Rate at suction, .
3. Volume F ow
y 1' = m'u1 where :
m' = mas_s flow rate per ton for the superheated cycle w ith usefu l
cooling.
where .
u1 = specific vo lume
Volume Flow Rate at Suction, V' :
4. Coefficient of Performance, COP :
3
. v{.,. ·ni•u1'. j
h1 - h4•
COP= hr h1 where :
u 1, = specific volume for the superheated cycle
s. Compressor Work, We :
4. coefficient of Performance, COP :
We = m' ( h2 - h1 )

6. Heat Rejected in the Condenser, QR:

~ = m' ( h2 - h3· ) s. Compressor Work, We :

❖ REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH SUPERHEATING THE SUCTION VAPOR: We = m' ( h2, - hl' )

6. Heat Rejected in the Condenser, QR:

~
L&J
c:r:
:::>
V\
V\
L&J I. If Supcrhcatin9 OCClln witlloat UNfwl Cooli119:
c:r:
Cl.
1. Refrigerating Effect, RE :

RE= h 1 - n... iuiicg

2. Mass Flow Rate per Ton; m" :
ENTHALPY (h) 211 kg
m" = h1 - h4 min-ton
FOllMUI.As FOR THE SuPEIUfEATING CYCLE
A. If Supcrheating Produces Useful Cooling :
211 kg
1. Refrigerating Effect, RE :
m" =
RE min - ton
RE = h I' - h-i kJ/ kg
where :
2. Mass Flow Rate per Ton; m' : m ' = mass flow rate per ton for superheated cycle without usefu l
cooling .
m' _ 211 ~
- h1• - h4 min - ton
 Chapter OS - ~-..i.. ~,,.... .......,.....,.,c,...,....._ V-11

!Y·:!1!0.,_- - -------~-------..:..--......_ ~ 1 urne Flow Rate at Suction v , .

], ' I •

Volume Flow Rate at suction, V" : V1' : m'o1 '

3.
Vi"= m"ur where
ui· = specific volume
where
ui · = specific volume coefficient of Performance, COP :
4.
fficient of Performance, COP :
4. Coe
h1 - h4
COP== -=--
h2' - h1•
. compressor Work, We :
5
s. Compressor Work, W, :
We = m' ( hr - h1•)
We = m" ( he hi· )
6. Heat Rejected in the Condenser, Q; :
6. Heat Rejected in the Condenser, Qp :
QR ::: m' ( h2• - hy )

tflii!i!i/·i:i/ijj;fj
❖ REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH SUBCOOLING & SUPERHEATING : Refrigeration systems use a liquid-liquid-to-suction heat exchanger to ensure
I O'\d,no liquid enters the compressor and to prevent bubbles of vapor from
i1ped1ng the flow of refrigerant through the expansion valve.

6r

0
Heat
&changer
ENTHALPY (h)
Compressor
ro I
s~::r~~GERATION CYCLE WITH SUBCOOLING AHD

1. Refrigerating Effect, RE :

RE = hr - h4, k.J/kg

2. Mass Flow Rate per Ton; m" :

n,' = ~ kg
hr - h1• ~
-, ENTHALPY (h)
m' = 211 kg
RE ~ .
111
with Heat Exchanger
Pressure-Enthalpy oiagra
 I ,. .... 11111nccrin9 Reviewer by CIPolt II V-13
_,. trl• M•lldawc
115

; ~

·ng between two stages of compression red

t exchanger : 1ntercool1 rTl of vapor. It can be accomplished with auce~ the work of compression
1. Heat Balance of the hea h h, r2r Kilogra liquid refrigerant. wa er-cooled heat exchanger
Heat ~~ bY usin9
Exchanger
1N1ERCOOLING WITH A WATER-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER
h4 h6

2. Refrigerating Effect, RE :

~ water in water out

_Jlli•~~~ or
3. coefficient of Performance, COP :

IMirkifWi:ififiMI
A multipressure system is a refrigeration system that has t_wo or more low-side
pressures. The low-side pressure is the pressure of the refng_ erant between the
expansion valve and the intake of the compr~ssor. A mult1pressur_e system is
distinguished from the single pressure system, which ~as ~ut one low-side pressure.
A multipressure system may be found, for example, in dairy where one evaporator
operates at -35°C to harden the ice cream while another evaporator operates at 2'C
1; High - stage
compressor
Low-stage
co mpress or

to cool the milk. INTERCOOLI NG WITH A LIQUID REFRIGERANT

Removal of Flash Gas:
A saving in the power requirement of a refrigeration system results if the flash gas to conden ser
that develops in the throttling process between the condenser and evaporator is
removed and recompressed before complete expansion. When saturated liquid
~xpands through an expansion valve, the fraction of vapor or flash gas progressively
increases.
. - - - - - . _ to compressor
High - stage
compressor

from condense

Liquid from
-..r.. - - - - to evaporator condenser evaporator
INTERCOOLER Low- stage
expansi on
valve
compressor

Flash Tank for Removing Flash Gas Dunng

. Expansion Process
 • I Pl••• ~l-•riR9 llcwicwcr by Capote I' Mad._ V-15
CllapNrOI- . . . . . -._ % ..
~; 1
.,d 11 strt• : ; : . : . - - - - - - - - - - - -....,;,;,::::__ _ _ _ _ __::.::,
,,.__,,,,,,,,,,,-
~ .... e ·. h7 == h J
wher
v-1• NE coMPRESSOR -.......;. h s == h 9 at evaporator low temperatu re
RS ANDO
• TWO EVA PORATO rves two evaporators having d'iff
•·· ssor se h. h er..._
. tions one compre is an industry w 1c neects -11t
In many s1tequauirements. An exampled which must also provide air conditi law.
temperature r . . for a process an on1ng
temperature refr1gerat1on
for some offices.

CONDENSER

I 4. Hea
t Balance at junction :

m1h1 === m6h6 + mshs

-~-· ~ 5.
compressor Power
•. . .
w == ·m1 (.h~ .:. h1)

Expansion
valve
L-~IQ---0--,
---L
-OW--~----:J
TEMP ERATURE
EVAPORATOR
comp,e,so, ❖ TWO COMPRESSORS AND ONE EVAPORATOR
Two-stage compression with intercooling and removal of flash gas is often the
ideal way t o serve one low temperature evaporator. This _system requ_
i r~ le_
ss
power than with a single compressor, and often the saving power will Justify
the cost of the extra equipment.

condenser

Hig h - st age
co mpress or

ENTHALPY (h)

1. Mass flow rate, through high temperature evaporator, m :

4

·m,,_• !!fi_P!!!,tt.o,ci ,;thigh temperatuie evaporator Low - st age

• . .· • i fls,,-,.h-4 comp ress o r
where : h. = h3 = hr at co d .
n ensing temperat ure
hs = h5 = hg at evaporator high temperature Evaporator
2.
Mass flow rate, through low temperature evaporator, m7 :

rn,_,~-~4!~1.Qad ?flow temperatuie evaporator

- . . '"\' . .. ha -h7 .
 Cllaptcr 05 - R..t.:..- .-tri•• ,._ llltiaccrill9 . . . . . , by c.,-" ....... V-17
-·• ~~
!v-~1•~--- --- --- --- ----:.::~ ~stage Power :
LOW -
5.
Wi.u,t S1Jt9I! = m1( h2- h1 )
wh ere :
hi = h at P2 and S2 equal to 51

High _ stage Power :

6,

where :
h3 = h9 at P2
ENTHALP Y (h) h4 = h at P 4 and S4 equal to S3

1. Intermediate pressure for minimum work : _ Total Power :

7
wttKZI, = w,_ ~ + w h/(j:> 5tage

where · TWO COMPRESSORS AND TWO EVAPORATORS

p, = satu ration pre ssure at evaporator temperatu re The system which has two evaporators operating at different temperatures is
p1 = satu ration pres sure at conden sing tem perature common in industrial refrigeration . A frozen-food plant may require two
evaporators at different temperatures, one at - 40°C to quick-freeze the food
2. Mass fl ow rate through evaporator, m, : and the other at -25°( to hold the food after it is frozen . Process and chemical
industries often require temperatures of refrigerantion in various sections of
Refrigeralng Load the plant. Evaporators at two-stage system which employs intercooling and
m, =
h1 -hs removal of flash gas.
whe re:
condenser
h, = h9 at evaporator temperatu re
h1 = h, = ht at P2
Note:
m, = m2 = m,

3. Mass Balance in Intercoole r : 0

High- stage
High - temp compresso r
Evaporator

4. Heat Balance in Intercooler :

Low- stage
compressor
0
Low- temp
Evaporator
 ...,i•• Pl•lli 11191accrt-, ltatcwtr by Capote " Manclawc v-1•
~
fotal power :
7· w~, = w't<PN <ftjJ.ge + whigh stage
ffjcient of Performance :
_ coe
8
TotalRefrigerating Load
COP== TotalPower

sCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

❖ ~ cascade system combines two vapor-compression units, with the condenser
of the 10w temperature sy~em discharging its heat to the evaporator of the
high temperature systel'!1. Figure below shows the schematic arrangement of
the cascade system . Sm~e the low and high temperature portions of the
ENTHALPY (h) system are separate, a different refrigerant may be used in the two systems.
eascade system can normally furnish refrigeration down to about -100°C.
1. Mass flow rate through Low-stage Compressor :
0 condenser
Refrigerating Load of Low - temp evaporator
m1 = h1 - ha HIGH TEMPERATURE
SYSTEM
where : £,cpans1on
h, = h9 at evaporator low temperature Valve
hs = h1 = h1at evaporator high temperature
0
Note : m, = mi = m1 = ms 0 Hig h- stage
2. Mass flow rate through High-temp evaporator, m6 : om.,pressor
..=.IL--------c_

f)
_ Refrigerating Load r:i Higi - temp evapc<atcr
m6- _......::..._......::...---==---"----'- -- LOW TEMPERATURE
h3 - ~ SYSTEM
Expansion
where : Valve 0
hi = h9 at evaporator high temperature m m2 0 Low- tern
Evaporator

{3
2
hG = hs = ht at condensing temperature
compressor
3. Heat Balance in Intercooler:
6
m
mh6 + m2h2 = mh 3 + m7h7
7

4. m1
Mass flow rate through high stage compressor; m 3 :

m3= m+IJl6

5. Low - stage Power:

ENTHALPY (h)
Wt.a,,-srage = m 1 ( h2 - h1 ) where : h2 = h at P2 and 52 equal to S, ENTHALPY (h) PRESSURE-ENTHALPY DIAGRAM
6. High-stage Power : Of THE HIGH-TEMP SYSTEM
p ESSURE-ENTHALPY DIAGRAM
w~ = m3 ( 11,i - h3 ) OF THE LOW-TEMP SYSTEM
where : h4 = h at P4 and $4 equal to S,
 ,iant 1119inccrin9 Reviewer by Capote ,, M __,_
Cllaptcr 05 - Rcfrittr.._ t ,.c1 11strl• 1 •--•• V-11
y=
- ~
!:!!,... ~~~ ~-.. ..... .
Mass flow rate of refrigerant in t
. he 10w temperature unit, m1 :

1.
- --9A-
m1 - h1 - h4

2.
where: .
a,. = refrigerating loa

mshs + m1h3 = mshs + m1h2

m1 (h 2 -h3)
.

=
d of low pressure evaporator

m~ m s
s
m, m1
.
. th high temp. unit, ms .
Mass flow cate of cefdgecaot m e

hi h2
0
6

ms= hs - hs ENTHALPY (h)

3. Power of the low pressure compressor : Intermediate Pressure for minimum work :
1.
P2=JriJ\
t cascade condenser :
4. Power of the high pressure compressor : 2. Heat bal ance in the direct-contac
mshs + m3h3 =
m2h2 + m 8h 8
W2 = ms ( ~ - hs ) m 5h 5 + m1h3 = m1h2 + m 5h 8
m1 (h 2 -h3)
5. Total Compressor power : ms=
hs -hs
Note :
m1 = m2 = m3 = m. ➔ for low temperature system
,1~%~WIUl'M#;M•c■j~fifl•#~•'t'i•i=• •jj;j#5•3'j~•M,it-\i:O•jj ms = m6 = m 1 = m s ➔ for high temperature system
AIR-CYCLE REFRIGERATION
0 conden ser An air-cycle refrigeration unit uses air as the refrigerant. The air in turn is
compressed, cooled in a heat exchanger, and expanded through a turbine to a low
0 temperature where it is capable of performing · cooling . Especially in the last
HIGH TEMPERATURE SYSTEM
Expan sion
decade has the air cycle found commercially acceptance. In many respects air-
0
Valve cycle equipment is ideally suited for use in aircra~ because it is light in weight
and requires less space than the vapor compression cycle.
0
COO LER
6

Expans ion LOW TEMPERATURE SYSTEM

Valve
AUX . DRIVE
0
Low- temp
Evaporator r---- -.,..0 __ ___.

Low- stage
compressor REFRIGERATOR
 ,. ~ __111
·· _•,....
.::. __
_....
_.,. ..__
ws__ ~dr:""~ ----...!:~
~....
. _ .,_..,..:.,:''P:::o": "
~ V-13
b. If Polytropic Expansion:

e
@

P=C c Net Work, Wr,a: :

o- Wra = We-We
\/OLUME
ENTROPy
0, Coefficient of Performance, COP :
ANALYSIS OF AIR·REFIUGERATION CYCLE
1. Refrigeration Effect, RE . COP: - -
IE
W,.

wh ere STEAM • lET REFRIGERATION

m = mass flow rate of 2 r

4 = spec,fic hEat o· 21 at consl:2rJ press.._r-e s.eam-Jet refrigeration cycle is a refrigeraoon cyde in whd1 ...., ..lBi is l!sed ~
2
C; = !.0062 \lj , ,;g-'C :--= •e'-lgerant: high velocity steam jets provide a hign vo0.1ul'I in me ='loporcror,
::.:s..,g the water to boil at low temperature and zt ~ 52me timE ~~
2. Heat rejeaeo in th€ cooler ; Q;:: : :_--;: "l2shed vapor up to the condense, pressure level.
~= fT4 {T:; - T2 }
3. Compressor Worx, v;c:
a. If I.senrrop,c Compress1011:

b. if Polytropic Compression:
Q,

ll-! C- e Wa;e·

.lJIAi.YSIS OF STEAM JET REFRIGERATION CYCLE

4. Expander Work, WE :
l. HecJt Balance tn tne \\ note svs:cm:
a. If Isentropic Expansion
 CIN!ptcr OS - ~
V-U 51,ial Pla•t ln9i11Hri111 levi-.e b
~ ~: 1,clll
~

• a1~YSIS OF ABSORPTION llEFJu

r YC•Pote f,, ..._ ~
._.,.,
V-15
where :
n = vapor removed from the evapo rator carried by nozzle ~- CEJlA.110
The Rate of heat transfer at each N CTcu:
steam 1
· a. Heat Balance in the genera:/~e components :
h4 = hr at make- up water tempe rature
hi = hgat evaporator temperatu re QG + m1h1 = %h3 + rn h
"·: . 2 2
Q. = plant ca pacity
b. Heat Balance in the Condenser :
2. Volume of vapor removed, V :
Q~ + m4h4 = m3h3
V = n u3 .. Qc = m3h3 - m4h4
Q
· c :: %(h3 - h4)
where : Note: mi = m4 = ms
u3 = u9 at evaporator temperature c. He~t Balance in the Evaporator :
. _Qe + m4h4 = m5h5
3. Heat Balance in the cooled area :
.• . QE = mshs - m4h4
Qe :::: m3 ( hs - h4 )
Note : mi = m4 = ms
d. Heat Balance in the absorber :
where:
m = mass flow ra te of ch illed water
~= m2hi +.mshs ...: m1h1
h1 = hr at evaporator tempe rature
h2 = hr at water re turn temperature 2. Mass Balance in the Generator :

ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM m1 = m2 + m3

Absorption Refrigeration system is a refrigeration system in which the 3. Coefficient of Performance, COP :
refngera~t gas evolved in the evaporator is taken up in an absorber and
released 1n a generator upon the application of heat. COP= -~
soiuiion
Qt,

hlbMHti·i¼iif-lL...________________
Q,
Generator Expansion device - is one of the basic element of the vapor-compression cycle
Qc
whose purpose is twofold : it must reduce the pressure of the liquid refrigerant, and
it must regulate the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator.
6
0
Ex pan si on Types of Expansion Devices
Valve
Low Pressure Vapor 0 1, Capillary Tube serves almost all small refrigeration systems and its
application extends up to refrigerating capacities of the order 10 kW. A
0 capil lary tube is 1 m to 6 m long with an inside diameter generally from
a.so mm to 2 mm .

pump
 plalli 1119111CCri119 llnicwer by c....._., ..___,_
~ ;:_.---- -~..::.:.:-::::·----..~- - - -V!:;•1~7
. valve which maintains the liquid
V-16 f expansion A float switch wh· h at a Jf\'PaOCAIUION .............t : many h d
is a type o evaporator. . IC OJ)e ., f •gerants, especially for service in the Y rocarbons are suitable as
:z. Float Valve . a vessel or an the control point and closes cornp1 11s
constant level inthe level drops below twill give the same performance eteIy
re n hemical industry.
petrOC J)etroleum and
completely when hes the control po1n as a
th level reac I
when _ e e of float contra • Examples of HYDROCARBON Refrigerants .
modulating typ maintains a constant pressure a. R-50 Methane CH~ ·
b. R-170 Ethane CH
P essure•Expansion Valv; senses the evaporator Pressure at its
3.
Constant r
ti t the entrance to e
th evaporator. h alve ope
the control point, t e v
. , and
ns Wider. When
c. R-270 Propane c2H6 3 8
o~e~ 'that pressure drops below above the control point, the valve Partial!
w evapora tor pressure rises
the y
closes. . JNOR~ANIC REFRIGERANTi many of the early refrigerants were
nd
. Valve Is the most popular tyPe f J• inorganic compou s and some have maintained their prominence to this
S -rheat controlled Expansa_oedn refrigeration systems usually call~ day.
4. Ur- . f oderate·SIZ fl f r . . ~"
expansion device _or m e It regulates the rate of ow o 1quId refrigerant
thermostatic expansion vat . poration in the evaporator. Example of Inorganic Refrigerants:
in proportion to the rate o eva a. R-717 , Ammonia NH
b. R-718 Water H o3
•;!ia;!Mili?ii❖ld·iitMi&I c. R-729 Air 2

d. R-744 Carbon dioxide CO

. vessel or arrangement of pipe or tubing in Which e. R-764 Sulfur dioxide 2
Refrigerant Conde_n ser IS a removal of heat. S0
vaporized refrigerant is liquefied by the 2

• Refrigeration System: 4• Azeatrope• i an azeotrpic mixture of two substances is one which cannot
Types of Condensers Us eel an
be separated into its components by distillation. An azeotrope
1. Air-Cooled Condensers evaporates an condenses as a single substance with properties that are
a. Bare tube different from those either constituent. The most popular azeotrope is
b. Finned tube refrigerant 502, which is a mixture of 48.8% refrigerant 22 and 51.2%
refrigerant 115.
2. Water-Cooled Condensers
a. shell and tube UHUrlii•1i;Jia;JMi¥Mi
b. shell and coil
A. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
UfoiidUMfi 1.
2.
low freezing point
low condensing pressure
Refrigerant is a su bstance which produces a refrigerating effect by its 3. low evaporating pressure
absorption of heat while expanding or evaporating. 4. low power per ton
5. low volume flow per ton
•· HALOCARBON Refrigerant includes refrigerants which contain one or 6. high coefficient of performance (COP)
more of the three halogens; chlorine, fluorine, and brom ine.
B. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Examples of HALOCARBON Refrigerants : 1. non-toxic
a. R-11 Trichloromonofluoromethane 2. non-flammable
CCl3F
b. R-12 Dichlorodifluoromethane 3. non-corrosive
CCl2F2
c. R-13 Monochlorotrifluoromethane 4. non-destructive to refrigerated products
CCIF3
d. R-22 Monchlorodiflouromethan e
e. R-40 Methyl Chloride CHCIF2
f. R-1 13 Trichlorotrifluoroethane CH 3CI
g. R-114 Dichlorotetrafluoroethane CCl 2FCCIF2
CCIF 2CCIF2
 _v_
- -----
. ,_. __ _ _ _ L PROPERTI ES
PHYSICA "ty
- -- -----~
Chapter 05 - hfriter-..._

~~
osLEMS In IN D U ~ PLANT ENG
INEERING
c. low viscosi .
nductiv1tv 0P ar t 5: Re frig era tio n
1. . therin aI co ,o:a c,ar clPr oble m
2. high k detection
3. easy_lea with oil ,.,, . ation system using R-22 has a
4 iniscible t capacity of 320 kW of refrigeration. The
•· A refnge;.ng temperature is -10°C and the condensing
s.. reaso nable cos
I
, temperature is 40~C.
evaPo ra the fraction of vapor in the· mixture
calculate before the evaporator. Properties
-- ---------- 22
of R- 0:0 c . h9 = 401.60 kJ/kg, hr= 188.4
At - l ' 3 kJ/kg
using Halocarbon Refri gerant At 400 C ,. ht = 249.69 kJ/kg
For R-12 and other systeins .
0.28 7 C. 0.245
1. . . Loss of cooling capacity A: 0.31 5
Detection • 8 D. 0.227
Location:
a. soap sud r alcohol torch
b. prestol1te o d tector
c. electronic leak e (P)
for th rottling process:
2. For Ammonia systems h3 = h4
Detection : toxic odor h3 = (ht + xht9 )4
Location : d = 188.43 + X (410.60 - 188.43)
a soap su 249,69
b: sulfur cand le -t---!----
x = 0.287
{h)
thUS ; h3 ; h4

~ (A) 0.287
~:_ __ _______ .,,,. _ __ _ _ _ _ __
"'I'
Boa rd Prob lem
i. Past ME
A carnot eng1
·ne requires 35 kJ/s from the_h:
h
kW of power and ~ : temperature of the sin is
_so~~:~·
.
The engine produces 15
What is the temperature

of the hot source in C 7· c. 250.18

A. 245 .57 D. 260.68
B. 210.10

Wnet - T1 - T2
e =
~- T1

15 Ti - (26 + 273)
35 T1
523.25 K = 250.25 ac
thus;
... (C) t2 = 2S0.25°C
 ___ .._.......-- V-J1

y.JO .
· PJ'Obleffl ·deal vapor compression using R
Past ME &oa
rd operates on an 0 ~ and a condenser exit temPeratu - 12
3•
A refrigeration syst~;rnperature of .30 to drive the compressor. What Of i;e hJ == ( ht + x htg )4
with an evaporator es 74 6 kW rnotorf refrigeration? Enthalpy at cond the

capacity of the re r exit ::: 248.15

0
49 _30°c and requirf igerat~r in tons kJ/kg at evaporator entrance ::::: 2
, -15
:~ser 303
_6 == 190.4 + X (1255.2)
entrance === 382 kJ/ kg, X :::: 9 .02 %
kJ/kg, exit::: 338.14 kJ/kg. C. 21.3
A. 43 .1 D. 18.2 thus;
B. 34.5 ., (A) x == 9 .02 %
- - - - - - - - - - - -!;. - - - - - - -- - - - - -

~ ::: m ( h 1 - h4)
1~==:l\
-~~R f,
,....
... ME Board Problem
A freon 12 waste water system operating at s0 c suction temperature and a
m ( 338.l4 - 248.15) 40
cc condensing temperature has an evaporator load of s tons . If the
EXPANSION
• VALVE condenser is selected for a 7°C water temperature rise, how many gpm must be
Solving for m : ·rculated through the condenser? The following enthalpies have been found :
W = m ( h2 - h1 ) COMPRESSOR
c~ndenser entrance = 377 kJ/kg, exit = 238.5 kJ/kg; evaporator entrance =
W = 74 .6kW ~385 kJ/kg, exit = 353.6 kJ/kg.
74 .6 = m ( 382 - 338.14) A. 11.46 C. 10.46
m = 1.70 kg/s B. 12.46 D. 13.46
then;
~ = 1.70 ( 338.14 - 248.15)
~ = 153 kW ~
1 kg/Ii.
thus;
,, ~ = 43.52 ton of refrigeration By: heat balance in condenser:

- - - - - - - -- - - - -1:.----------- -- m ( h2 - h3 ) mwCpw ~tw H, O in H, O out

4. Past ME Board Problem m ( 377 - 238.5 ) mw( 4.187) ( 7) J t

f>
Liquid ammonia at a temperature of 26°C is available at the expansion valve. Solving for m:
f)

The temperature of the vaporizing ammonia in the evaporator is 2°C. Find the

f
percentage of liquid vaporized while flowing through the expansion valve. ~ = m ( h 1 - h4 )
Temperature c 0
Ab s. Pressure , kPa Enthalpy, kJ/kg 5 ( 3.516) = m ( 353.6 - 238.5 )
hr h19 hg
m = 0 .153 kg/s
2 462.49 190.4 1255 .2 1445 .6 then;
26 1033.97 303 .6 1162 .0 1465.6
A. 9.02 0.153(377- 238.5) = mw ( 4.187 ) ( 7 )
C. 91.08
B. 90.98 D. 8.92 mw = 0.723 kg/s
thus;

Vw = 0.723kg/s = 0.723 li./s

1 kg/Ii.
 Cllaptcr 05 - lcfrlt-, . ~ •.."--~IICCrill! lnlcwcr by C.potc '° '-d.,iwc V-JJ
~
v~ -- --------•- •t1011

, */
~
• Vw== 11.46 gal.fmin . Refrigerating Load = m CP tit

« (A) Vw::: 11.46 gpm

where:

V == ( 120 g~I )( 3.7851i x l min j

6, pa.tME-- . cycle requires 2.5 kW t o power th e compresso
- --- J'r'Oblelll mm 1 gal 60 s
An ideal vapor comP!'eS:51on data for the cycle: the enthalpy at the con;· You
have found the followin~ _ kJ/kg ; evaporator entrance = 55 kJ/kg enser V == 7.57 li./s
entrance = 203 k.J/kg, exi~;w rate of the refriger~nt is 0.10 kg/s, the~xit ~
55
m Vp = ( 7.57 li./s ) ( 1 kg/Ii. )
!78 k.J/kg. If the mass f this refrigeration cycle 1s most nearly: the
coefficient of performance o C. 5.92 m == 7.57 kg/s
A. 592 D. 4.92 Cp = 4.187 kJ/kg-K
8 . 59.2
tit = 15.6 - 10 = 5.6

thus;
Refrigerating CapacitY Refrigerating Load = 7._
57 ( 4.187) ( 5. 6 )
COP = compressorPower Alternate Solution : 177.51 kW

h1 - h4 rr (A) Refrigerating Load 50.5 tons of refrigeration

COP= QA COP=
We h2 - h1

where: 178 - 55
= a. Put ME Board Problem
~ = m ( h1 - h4 ) 203 - 178
An air conditioning plant with a capacity of 400 kW of refrigeration has an
0.10 ( 178 - 55 ) thus; evaporating and condensi ng temperature of 3°C and 37°C respectively. If it uses
= 12.30 kW Refrigerant 12, what volumetric rate of flow under suction condition?
COP = 4.92 % 3
A. 0.172 m3 /s C. 0.164 m /s
thus; 3 3
B. 0.281 m /s D. 0.274 m /s
12.30
COP
2.5
a- (D) COP = 4.92 From R-12 tables :
At 3°C:
7, Put ME Board Problem h1 = h 9 at 3°C
' - A San Miguel Corporation processing plant that requires cooling of 120 gpm of h1 = 352 .755 kJ/kg 0
wa ter from lS.6°C to l0°C, assume that the cooler heat transfer surface area
w111 enable a 5·5°C different'131 betw een the chilled water leaving the cooler and V1 = 50.47 li./ kg (P)
th R
tr:nsf - 12 ~vaporating temperature. Also assume that the condenser heat h3 = h 4 = 235.503 kJ/kg
wate/~i~ a~c: :_~; ~~nenab!e a 5.5°C differential between the condenser
condensing medium at l
en! ing . temperature. Water be ava ilable for_~
subcooling or suction gas su9 .4r C i~let and 35cc outlet. Assume no liquid ~
hr = 202.780 kJ/ kg
= m (h 1 - h4 )
A 50.49 pe heating. Find the tons of refrigerat ion .
400 = m (352 .755 - 235.503)
B. 40.49 C. 60.49
D. 55.49 m = 3.411 kg/s (h)
 . .
.,.he total Refrigeration Capacity w ith 10a,10 ref ngerat1on
, losses:
Qr=l.lOQ
thus; = 1.10 mC~t
,, (A) V1 == 0.172 m3/s
where:
m = V p
•· PastMEaoardProblelll ust cool 4000 gallons of fresh milk rec.
. oducts plant m f sooF t t e1ved = [20,ooou. ] ( 1.o 5 kg )
"' Magnolia Dairy pr initial temperature o o a emperatur
from the farm per day from .; of milk is 8.6 lb/gal, specific gravity is l. 03 endof 5 (3600) s Li.
3s0f in 5 hours. If the densi t be the capacity of the refrigerating machi a
specific heat is 0.935, what mus ne in = 1.17 kg/s
tons? c. 32.515 then;
A.12.515 D 16.515
B.22.515 . Q,- = 1.10 [ 1.17 (3.9)( 29 - 2)]
= 135.52 kW
thus;
Refrigerating Capacity = mC~ t
= 38.54 TOR
,, (A) Q,-
where:
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -tr- - - - - - - - -- - - - - -
m = ( 4000 gal )
5 hrs
(s. 6~ )
gal u. Past ME ...... Problem
How many tons of refrigeration are required to produce 10 metric tons of ice
m = 6880 lb/hr
per day at -10°C from raw water at 22°C if miscellaneous losses are 15% of the
Cµ = 0.935 Btu/lb0R chilling and freezing load?
then; A.17 TOR C. 15 TOR
B.20 TOR D. 24 TOR
Refrigerating capacity = 6880 ( 0.935 )( 80 - 38 )

= 270,177.60 Btu ( 1 TOR )

hr 12,000 Btu/hr
Phase change of water transformed into ice :
thus;
"'" (B)Refrigerating capacity = 22.515 TOR
~ - - - - - - - - - - - .",~4'
•~ Put ME Board Problem
" A creamery must cool 20 000 r .
- -- - - - -- - - - - -

.
•0

-is►
22°c

-~ 1
..
0°C 0°C

•M!,. .. ~ .. ~ ..~- 1
-10°C

!C! ;i
temperature of 290c to a fl iters of milk received each day from initial Q,- = Q1 + Q 2 + Q3
I
losses ~mount to 10 perceni;a f ~~mpera~ure of 2°C in 5 hours. If refrig eration
0
e cooling load, what must be the capacity of where:
the refrigerating machine?
Note: Specific heat of "lk . 3 9
A. 38.S TOR mi if - kJ/kg-K and S.G. = 1 05
Q1 = mwCpwL'.t.tw
B. 36.S TOR C. 37.5 TOR . .
D. 39.S TOR Q1 = ( rn,oookg )(4 .187~) (22 - o)' c
24(3600)5 kg°C
 ~~
~~
-- ..........
I pt•li lftti1ctrl119 lavtcwu by C•iaot. a, 11 _
V-37

Qi ::: 10.66 kJ/S 500 kg ][ 246 kJ]

Q2 ::: [ 15(3600) s kg
Q2== m;l.i
10,000kg )(335 kJ
Q2== ( 24(3600)5 kg,
j Qi::: 2.28 kW

500 kg
Q3== [ 15(3600)s
][i .55 kg'kJC](- 5+lB), c
Qi::: 38.773 kW

Q3 ::: 0.19 kW
Q3::: m;Cp;t.t;
thus;
10,000kg )[2.098~](0 +10)° C rr (B) Qr == 2.85 kW
Q3 = ( 24(3600)5 kg C

Q3 ::: 2.428 kW
- - - - - -- - oJt, - - - - - - - - - -
QL= 0.15 ( lQ.659 t 38.773 t 2.428 ) pad ME Board Problem
1J.
QL = 7.779 kW compute the heat !o ~ removed _fro~ HO
kg of lean beef if it were to be
cooled from W°C to 4 C_, after ~h1ch 1t 1s frozen and cooled to -18°C. Specific
Qr= 10.66 + 38.773 + 2.428 + 7.779 heat of beef ~bove ~re~zmg 1s given as 3.23 kJ/kg°C and below freezing is 1.68
kJ/kg°C, freezing point IS -2.2°C, and latent heat of fusion is 233 kJ/kg.
thus;
A. 40,319 kJ C. 36,438 kJ
,.,(A) Qr = 59.64 kW = 16.962 TOR B. 37,438 kJ D. 42,329 kJ

- - - - - - - - - tr, - - - - - - - -- -
n. Supplementary Problem:
~- Five hundred kilograms of poultry enter a chiller at 8°C and are frozen and Qr = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
chilled to a final temperature of -18°C for storage in 15 hours. The specific heat where:
above and below freezing are 3.18 kJ/kg°C and 1.55 kJ/kg°C respectively. The
latent heat is 246 ~J/kg and the freezing temperature is ·5°C. Compute the Q1 = ( 110 kg ) ( 3.23 kJ/kg°C ) ( 20 + 2.2 ) °C
product load.
Q1 = 7,887.66 kJ
A. 2.75 kW C. 2.95 kW
B. 2.85 kW D. 3.15 kW Q2 = ( 110 kg )( 233 kJ/kg )
Q2 = 25,630 kJ
Q3 = ( 110 kg ) ( 1.68 kJ/kg°C) ( ·2.2 + 18 )°C
Q,- = Q1 + Oz + Q3 Q3 = 2919.84 kJ
where: thus;

Q1 _ [ 500 kg ]( 118 kJ
- 15(3600) s kifel
(8+5)' C
~ (C) Qr = 36,437.50 kJ

Q1== 0.38 kW
~~-- - - - - - - - - - - - - --.;.::-.! .'-- ~
a. .-1 1- ... ...

14- P ut ME Board J'l'Oblelll

x--~ An ice plant produces 20 :~~;! tfice per day at - 15°C from wat
~f the freezing. and ~hilling load
er at 2.
50
' V-l t
miscellaneous los~s are , calcul t. lf
In tons of refrigeration
refrigeration capacity of the Pa~
I ate ~
3 50
1,
A. 28.13
8. 38.13 0·. 41.50 v,1here:
- fll,OOOkg l kCaij
01 - L11C36oo)s 1 ° ·7 kife (20+3)' c
Qr = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + QLoss
Qi = 4.47 kCal/s
where:
_f 11,000kg l kCa ~
f
Q = 20(907)kgl4.187~ \2s
o2 - l 11(36oo)s 1ss.skg J
1 -o) °c
L24(3600)s kg·c J Q2 = 15.42 kCal/s
Q1 = 21.98 kW _f 11,000kg l kCa l\,
Qi = \ 20(907)kgl335 k) I
Q, - l11(3600)5 1 ° ·3kgcc f- 3+lO)' C
l24(3600)5 kgj Q, = 0.58 kCal/s
ttien;
Q2 = 70.33 kW Qr = 20.47 k(al/s = 85.71 kW
thus;
3
f
Q = 20(907)kgl . ~ l(o+
2 09 is)° c ~ (D) Qr = 24.38 TOR
L24(3600)s kg°C J
-----------t~
Q3 = 6.58 kW ----------
QLoss = 0.12 ( 21.98 + 70.33 + 6.58 lb, Past ME Boa rd Pro ble m
)
·,. Mass of ice at -4°C is needed
QLoss = 11.87 kW to cool 115 kg of vegetables in a
hours. The initial temperature bunker for 24
of vegetables is assumed to be 30°C
thus; assumed that the average tem . It is also
perature inside the bunker is 7°C
period. If the heat gained per hou within 24 hour
., (C) QLoss = 110.76 kW = 31.5 r in the bunker is 30% of the heat
0 TOR cool the vegetable from 30°C to removed to
7°C, what wou ld be the required mas
Note : Specific heat of ice = 1.93 s of ice ?
----------- 5 kJ/kg-K
~i' - - - - - - - - - - Specific heat of vegetables = 3.35
1S, Pu t ME Board Pro blem - kJ/kg-K
Specific heat of water= 4.186 kJ/k
~, Fish weighing 11,000 kg with g-K
a temperature of 20°c is brough Heat of fusion of ice = 335 kJ/kg
and which shall be cooled to t to a cold storage A. 23.82 kg C. 29.54 kg
-10°c in 11 hours. Find the
refrigerating capacity in tons of required plant B. 26.57 kg D. 37.48 kg
refrigeration if the specific hea
kcal/kg°C above freezing and 0.30 t of fish os 0.7
kCal/kg°C below freezing poin
The latent heat of freezing is 55.5 t which is -3°C.
kCal/kg.
A. 25.26 C. 14.38
B. 15.26 D. 24.38
 .... , -
*
~·
~-.. "
_. 111t1accrl~ lntcwcr by c....._ ._

50Ivin9 for m:
Qr == m ( h , - h4 )
--...
••II V-41

- - water at 7°C :
where: . frorn _40C to
eeded to rnelt ice 7. 74 m where:
Heat n [ kJ ] 4)° C _ _ _ Qr == Q1 + Q2 + Q3
~ ] 1.935--:Z (0 + - 86400
Q1 [ 24(3600)5 kg
10(907)kg ][ kJ ]
kJ 335 rn Qi == [ 24(3600)s 4.187 kg• c (30 - o)" c
335rn _ = B6400
24{3600)] kg.s
Q1
r Q, == 13.19 kW

Q3 = [ 24(3600)5
rn ][4186~] (7 - 0l C
. kg' C Qi == [ 10(907)kg ]( 335 kJ
24(3600)5 kg
J
29.30rn kJ = ~ Qi == 35.17 kW
Q3 = 24(3600) kg.s 86400
10(907)kg ]( kJ )
372.04m kW Q3 [ 24(3600)s 2.098 kg-K (0+12) . C
Qr = 86400 kg
Heat gained by vegetables: Q 3 = 2.637 kW

Qv
= [ 115 kg
24(3600)5
J[3.3s~]
kg' C
(30- 7)° C QLoss = 0 .18 ( 13.19 + 35.17 + 2.637)
QLoss = 9.18 kW
Qv = 0.1026, kW
Solving for QT :
Heat loss of ice = Heat gained by vegetable:
~ = 13.19 + 35.17 + 2.637 + 9.18
372 .04m = 0.1026 kW
~ = 60.18 kW
86400
m = 23.82 kg Solving for m:
thus; 60.18 = m ( 1437 - 366)
., (A) m = 23.82 kg
m = 0.06 kg/s
- - - - - - - - - - - ~~ - - - -- - - - -- --
.,. PutMEBoardProblem Solving for Compressor Power (We) :
A 10 tons ice plant using ammonia refrigerant operates between evaporator and
We = 0.06 ( 1736 - 1437)
condenser temperature of -20°C and 35°C respectively. The ice plant is to
produce ice at -12°C from water at 30°C in 24 hrs. Assuming losses to be 18% thus;
of the heat absorbed from the water, determine the power required by the - (A) We= 17.94 kW
compressor. Note: Properties of Ammonia : h = 1437 kJ/kg h = 1736 kJ/kg
h3 =h◄ =366 kJ/kg. I , 2 I - - - - - - - - - - - -- 1;. - - - - -- -- - - - - -
A. 17.94 kW
B. 16.94 kW C. 18.94 kW 18, Supplementary Problem1
D. 19.94 kW Calculate the tons of refrigeration required to freeze in 4 hrs. _3 m'.,11 of 10°C
water on a skating rink 61 m x 30 m if the ground temperature .1s 10 C and th~
air temperature above the rink is 16°C. The heat transfer coefficient from the air
Let : We = compressor power to 0°c ice is 6 .8 W/m 2oc, and the heat transfer coefficient from the ground to -
We = m ( h2 - h1 ) 6°C ice is 0.3402 W/m 20C.
A. 101.69 C. 140.62
B. 151.68 D. 201.96
 V-' l

RE
coP ===
We
where : where:
rn.,::: V., Pw 3 RE :::: 95 tons === 334.02 kW
rnw== [ (61)(30)(0.003)rn3](1000 kg/m )
We :::: 90 Hp= 67.14 kW
rn., ::: 5,490 kg
_ r~ r 4.1 87 ~J(10 - 0)° C 334 .02
Qi - 4(3600) s kg C coP = -
67 .14
Qi ::: 15.96 kW ,, (B) COP = 4.97

Qi
== [
4(3600) s
1
5,490kg 335 kJ )
kg Sf,,_,. .. .. Pro••--
Q2 A refri geration system operates on the rev 5
maximum
::: 127.72 kW temperatures are -25°c and ed
the condenser is 6000 kJ/min find 720~ Car~ ot cycle. The minimum and
the ' respectiv ely. If the heat rejected at
GJ = [ 5,49ok 9 ]( 2.09s_E_Jco + 6r c A 1 666.38 kJ/min
4(3600) s · ' C l 6r6wer mp~t requ ired.
kg°C kJ/ . · .83 kJ/m1n
B. 1 888. 38 mm D. 1 866.83 kJ/min
QJ = 4.80 kW
Refrigeration required to handle heat by
convection:
from air to 0°c ice, Q4 = u A t,t
Q4 = (6.8)[61(30))( 16 - 0 ]
Q4 = 199,104 W = 199.104 kW
W = ( T2 - T 1 ) t.S
from ground to -6°C, Q = (0.3402)(61(3
5 0)](10+6)
where: T
Qs = 9,961 W = 9.961 kW
T2 = 72 + 273 = 345 K
then ; the total capacity (Q,-) is:
Q,- = 15.96 + 127.72 + 4.80 + 199.
T1 = -25 + 273 = 248 K o--- -- -6
345 K

104 + 9.961
Solving for t.S:
Q,- = 357.545 kW
thus ; t,S = QR = 6000
T2 345
.,,. (A) Q,- = 101.69 TOR
- - - - -- - -- -- t.S = 17.39 kJ/m in-K s
.."i',,. - - - - - - - - - -- -
.... .... .... ...tary Problem: thus;
A 95 ~ns refrigeration system ha W = ( 345 - 248 ) ( 17 .39 )
coeffiaent of performance COP s a compressor power of 90 Hp. Find the
A. 3.85 " (C) W = 1 686 .83 kJ/ min
I
8 . 4.97 3 77 '

C. .
D. 1.99
 al,......,....,.., llnicwc, ~Capote'° Men-.,. V-45

V-" ..
.- f .
*~
,. tt,en; m ( 335 )
•- · iarY p.-obleJD 'fie enthalpy of the re ngerant as it
1 ,14896 =
5
l~aves the evaporator it is 320 kJ eaves
1
21. supptesnea _ rating plant, the ~ 0
nd 1
kg/min, calculate the refrigeratin/kg. if m :::: 4.4466 x 10-4 kg/s
In a CO2 refngfs 135 kJ/kg a a_s
the condenser of the refrigerant is 5 effect . melted per hour is :
the mass flow t,us; ice

rs:
r hour.
55 SOD kJ/hr
c. 65 500 kJ/hr
D. 45 500 kJ/hr
t
., (A)
m :::: 1.60 kg/hr
35 500 kJ/hr
--- ------- ~~ -------- -----
~
.......tarY Probleam
sJ- '":"power r~uirement o~ a Carnot refrigerator in maintaining a low
KE = m ( h1 - h4 )
Th erature region at 300 K Is 1.5 kW per ton. Find the heat rejected.
where: ~mp4.02 kW C. 5.02 kW
m = 5 kg/min = 300 kg/hr : 7.02 kW D. 6.02 kW
6
hi = 320 kJ/kg
h2 = 135 kJ/kg
QR= T2 ~s
thus;
where:
RE = 300 ( 320 - 135 )
_ _IL+ T
w (A) RE = 55 500 kJ/hr T2- COP t

- - -- - - - - - - - - .;,~ - - -- - - - - - -- -- Solving for COP :

:az. Supplementary Problem 3.516kW
A refrigerator is 2 m high, 1.2 m wide and 1 m deep. The over-all heat transfer COP= QA
2 We 1.SkW
coefficient is 0.532 W/m 0 c. How many kilograms of 0°C ice w ill melt per hour
if the inside temperature is maintained at 10°C while the surrounding air COP= 2.34
temperature is at 35°C ?
A. 1.60 kg C. 2.60 kg then;
B. 1.80 kg D. 2.80 kg 300
T2 - - + 300
2.34 ·
T2 427.99 K
Q= ml,
1.5
Solving for Q : t.S = ~ =
T2 - Ti 427 .99 - 300
Q = UA Lit
where : t.S 0 012 kW
. K
A= 2 [ 2 (1.2) + 1.2 (1) + 2 (l)] thus;
A =ll.2 m2 QR = ( 427 .99) ( 0 .012)
,.. (C) QR = 5 .02 kW
Q = ( o.532 rn~c J (11 .2m2)(35 - 10f c

Q = 148.96 W = 0.14896 kW
 ,..,... . _...,..__...._ ·,
________
,_.._ ____..
-----------~- 11•..-i
for R- 12 system operates
· ·- - ~ '' ~at;on eye~ a c0ndenslng temperatur~ or <lt rlri
.
-.......... t
,......: -
v
/

t ere:
11
.__.ui .. pt.-C ~ - -: ~

RE -= 150 ( 3 .516)
-~~~ t, 111N•1,.h111■1ae
- - ---....._.._ ------.- ~ Y--47

·u . .·mpie saturated of .5cC an frigerant capacity of 1 kW. 10-c. RE ::.: 527.4 kW

A si . t.,.,.,,.....eature te 1.,,,., a re
.. """""ti-nQ
e\'<li,,- •- • "'",,,_,. =w
V'Olurne ,iv ra '"'
oeterrnlne tl1C! . ,
Pre;:tt~ •t.i of R- l • ~ 349 ,3 l<J / k9 RE
,.r h , "' hv /"9 c OP ::: We
At - 5 '- · 06 496 m1 "
,, , - ' 'i r. o. 527.4
"' 2 38.5 icJ / k9 J
At -4 Qe( . n, .~ '11 C. Q,05865 m /s 3 5,86 == ~
A. o.Q005866 ~ \ s o. o.QOOOS866 m s
6 . 0.005666 m /S We :::. 90 kW

then:
Qp == 527.4 + 90 = 617.4
V: ::c m ,·1
617.4 ::::: mwCpwL\t.,,
So!vlng foe m:
617.4 :::. mw (4 .187)(10)

m " ~ - h-4~- thus;

lkJ/s ,,. (A) mw = 14.75 kg/s
m "" (349.3 - 238.S)kJ/kg - - -- - - - - - -----!;.
m =- o.00903 kg/s
P• past ME Board Prob1-
tn~s-;
An air conditioning system of a high nse ouHding has a capacity of 350 kW of
V: == ( 0.00903X0 ,06496)
refrigeration, uses R-12 . The evaporating and condensing temperatures are
., (A) v1 =- 0.0005866 m3/s ooc and 35°C respectively. Determine the mass of refriger ant 12 circulated per
second.
- -- - - - - - - - - - ' } . ( ------------- Properties of R-12 :
At 0 °C : At 35 -C
1f.. Pa.tNE ...... Pr ■ •II•
V9 = 0.055 39 m 3 / kg h, = 23 3. 5 kJ kg
A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a capacity of 150
tr...ns of refrigeration. It produces chilled water from hr = 200 kJ / kg & h 9 = 3 5 1 .48 kJ i kg
22""C t.o 2°C. Its actual coefficient of performance is 5.86 and 35% of the power
~red to the compressor is lost in the form of friction and cylinder cooling A. 2.97 kg/s C. 4.57 kg/s
losses. Detemine the condenser cooling water required for a temperature rise B. 3.57 kg/s D. 1.97 k.g/s
of 10-"C.
A. 14 .75 kg/s {P
C. 18.65 kg/s
8 . 1.5.65 kg/s
D. 13.75 kg/s

~ = m ( h1 - h 4)
~, Energy Balance :
m= ~
h1 - h 4
V-41

where:
_ 350 kW
(1. - cc== 351.48 k.)/kg tt,LJSi.,. (A) 37,59 kg/s
h1 =hg at O oc =233.5 kJ/kg
h· at 35
h4 = h, -_ r
-------*----------
thus;

rn ==
35
350 _
1,48- 233.5 JI,
,... ................
. pie
51111 vapor compression cycle develops 13 tons of refrigeration . Using
.
A nia as refrigerant and operating at a condensing temperature of 24°C
..,. (A) rn = 2.97 kg/s amrno._,aporatlng temperature of - l8°C; and assuming that the compressions
and 1~ntfOPIC and that the gas leaving the condenser is saturated. Find the
are requirement.
r~\w
: s.79 kW
C. 12 kW
D. 9.79 kW
Problem: · a pack.ing plant to Chill
sed in 0
27 , supplementarY . .. m ature of o~c is u
Cold salt brine at an initial te per Determine the mass flow rate in kg Per ~ of R - 12 :
tO 5cc ,n 18 hours.
0 t t s (P)
beef from 40 C beeves of 250 kg each, if the fina 1 emper~ ure of brineis At24-C:
required to cool 1000 . . 3 76 k.J/kg◊c and s.G. = 1.05. Specific heat of beef
30c. Specific he~t of bnne ,s . ht = 312.87 kJ/kg
0
is 3.14 k.J/kg C. C. 38. 79 kg/ S h @ 974 kPa ( P at 24°C )
A. 37.59 kg/s D. 35.67 kg/s
B. 39.67 kg/s and 52 = 51 = 1657 kJ/kg
At ·18°C:
"9 = 1439.94 kJ/kg (h)
Volume of brine circulated : v9 = 0.5729 m3/kg
mbrine
vbrine = - - ~
Pbrine
We= m ( h2 - h1 )
where:
where:
Pbnne = (1:g)(l .05) = 1.05 kg/L h2 = h @ 947 kPa & 52 = S1
= 1657 kJ/kg
Solving for the mb,ine :
h1 = hg at -l8°C
Q = [ (lOOOX2SO)kg1 3.14~)(40 - 5f C = 1439.94 kJ/kg
T 18(3600)5 kg"C
from :
~ = m ( h1 - h4)

QT = 424 kW 13 tons ( 3.516 kW/ton) = m ( 1439 ·94 - 312 ·87 ) k.J/kg

then; m = 0.0415 kg/s
Qb,ine = Refrigeration Load = Qr thus·
, We= 0.0405 ( 1657 - 1439.94)
rnbCbMb = 424
r1 (B) We = 8.79 kW