‫سبْحَانَكَ الَ عِلْ َم َلنَآ إِالّ مَا عَّل ْم َتنَآ ِإنّكَ َأنْتَ‬

‫(قَالُواْ ُ‬
‫[البقرة ‪]32 -‬‬ ‫الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ)‬
“Dr. Eng. Mahmoud Nasef”
 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
MPE 312 )312‫(قوى‬
Exams Final Term Midterm Practical Total
Work
Marks 70 20 20 15 125

Prerequisites by course:
Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
 Course content
1- Simple, Mechanical Vapor Compression Systems
2- Compound, Mechanical Vapor Compression Systems
3- Absorption refrigeration system.
4- Steam jet refrigeration system.
5- Air refrigeration system.
6- Thermoelectric refrigeration system.
7- Calculation of refrigeration Capacity.
8- Refrigerants, classification of refrigerants.
9- Method of defrosting.
Objective of the course:
At the end of this course, students of Mech. power Eng.
Dept. will be:
1- Understand the all refrigeration methods.
2- Has the ability to study the various refrigeration
systems.
3- Analyze the refrigeration cycles
4- Estimate the power required and coefficient of
performance.
5- Identify the operating condition of a system
6- Calculate the cooling load and the cooling capacity
of the required evaporators.
7- Understand the classification of refrigerants and their
desirable properties.
8- Understand the meaning of air conditioning and its
application.
9- Understand the various air conditioning systems and
their psychometric processes.
10- Select the suitable air conditioning system for
application.
11- Analysis of the air conditioning cycles.
12- Calculate the cooling and heating loads for any
zone.
13- Calculate the duct system sizes and fan Power.
5- List of References
1- “Refrigeration and air conditioning” P. L. Ballaney.
2- “Refrigeration and air conditioning” W.F. Stoecker and J. W. Jones.
3- “Thermal Environmental Engineering” J. L. Threlkeld
4- “A course of refrigeration and air conditioning” Arrora
5- “Refrigeration systems” Mostafa A. Abdel-Baky.
6- “Refrigeration Systems and Applications” Ibrahim Dincer

Course coordinator: Assistance Prof Mahmoud Nasef

 Simple Vapor
Refrigeration Systems

Prepared by

“Dr. Eng. Mahmoud Nasef”

Simple Vapor Compression Systems

Condenser

Ex. Device Evaporator

Compressor
REFRIGERATORS
AND HEAT PUMPS

The transfer of heat from a

low-temperature region to a
high-temperature one
requires special devices
called refrigerators.
Refrigerators and heat
pumps are essentially the
same devices; they differ in
their objectives only.

10
 THE REVERSED CARNOT CYCLE

The reversed Carnot cycle is the most efficient refrigeration cycle

operating between TL and TH.

Schematic of a Carnot refrigerator and T-s diagram of the reversed Carnot cycle.
11
THE IDEAL VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is the ideal model for refrigeration
systems.

This is the most widely used cycle for refrigerators, A-C systems, and heat pumps.

12
The ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle involves an irreversible (throttling)
process to make it a more realistic model for the actual systems.
Replacing the expansion valve by a turbine is not practical since the added
benefits cannot justify the added cost and complexity.
Steady-flow
energy balance

An ordinary
household
refrigerator.
The P-h diagram of an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle.
13
 P
[bar] S = Const.

Liquid
T = Const.

= Const.
Wet vapor
Super
P = Const. heated
vapor

i = Const. i [kJ/kg]
Standard cycle:
The following assumptions are considered:
1- The vapor is considered as dry and
saturated at the evaporator exit.
2- The liquid leaves the condenser as
saturated.
3- The evaporation and condensation takes
place at constant pressure.
4- The compression is considered isentropic.
5- The pressure drop in each of suction and
delivery valves is neglected.
 P
[bar]

3 2
Pc

Pe
4 1

i [kJ/kg]
 Thermodynamic Analysis of the Cycle
.
1- Refrigerating Effect “ q e “
. P
qe = i - i bar
1 4
Pc 2s 2
2- Compression Work Done,
“W.D”
Pe
W.D = i2 - i1 1

i 2s  i 1
s  i [kJ/kg]
i 2  i1
 .
3- Heat rejected from condenser ( q c)
.
q c = i 3 - i4
4- Coefficient of performance (C.O.P)
.
qe i1  i4
C.O.P = 
W. D i 2  i1

5- Unit Refrigeration Capacity (R.C)

. . . .
Q ref  m R . q e  m R ( i 1  i 4 )
.
. Q ref
mR 
(i1  i 4 )
6- Compressor Power
.
Power = m R (W.D)
.
7- Condenser Heat Capacity ( Q c )
. .
Q c = m R (i2 - i3)

8- Relative Efficiency ( rel )

Te
C.O.PCar =
Tc  Te
C. O. PCycle
 rel 
C. O. PCar
 Compressor Volumetric Efficiency (v)
Vact V3  V2
v  
Vth Vst

Vc: Clearance volume, Vc = V1

Vst: stroke volume, Vst = V3 - V1,

C: Clearance factor,

Vc V1
C= 
Vst Vst
 Vact V3  V2 (V3  V1 )  (V1  V2 )
v   
Vth Vst Vst
Vst  V1  V2 V1 V1 V2
 =1+ - .
Vst Vst Vst V1
Vc Vc V2 V2
v = 1 + - . = 1 + C - C( )
Vst Vst V1 V1

1
Pd 
 v  1  C  C( )
Ps
1
Vs Pd
v  1  C  C ( ) v  1  C  C ( ) n

Vd Ps
Compressor Dimensions
.
Vst
mR = v v Z N
s

D d

Fig. (2. 6) Douple acting compressor

. 
mR  2 ( D 2  d 2 ) Ls  v Z N
4
Compressor Piston Displacement (P.D)
.
mR vs
P. D 
v
.
mR vs
 Vst Z N
v

P.D = Vst Z N
 Example (2. 2)
A simple, standard refrigeration system uses ammonia
as a refrigerant and has 20 T.R capacity. Saturated
ammonia vapor leaves the evaporator at -15 C while
saturated liquid leaves the condenser at 40 C. The
compressor consists of four single acting cylinders has
90% volumetric efficiency and runs at 600 r.p.m. Find:
a) Refrigerant mass flow rate.
b) The power required to drive the compressor.
c) Cylinder dimensions for (D = 0.8L).
d) C.O.P. and thermodynamic efficiency
Solution:
The flow diagram and the corresponding P-i chart of the
cycle are shown in Figure (2-8). From NH3 chart we get:
i1 = 1560, i2 = 1850, i3 = i4 = 480 kJ/kg, vs = 0.5 m3/kg.

2 P
3 NH3
Cond. bar
o
Pc 3 40 C 2
1
4 Evap.
o
Exp. Pe -15 C
valve Comp. 4 1

i [kJ/kg]
Calculations:
a) Refrigerant mass flow rate:
.
. R. C 20  3.516
mR    0.065 kg / sec
i 1  i 4 1560  480
.
b) power required: Power  m R ( i 2  i 1 )  18.88 kW

c) Cylinder dimensions:
. Vst Vst 600
mR  v Z N =  0.9  4   0.065
vs 0.5 60
4
Vst  9.03  10 m 3

L  0.122 m, D = 0.8 L = 0.0976 m

d) Coefficient of Performance and Relative efficiency:

R.C 20  3.516
C.O.P =   3.725
Power 18.88

Te 258
C.O.PCar    4.69
Te  Tc 55

C.O.P
 Re l   0.79
C.O.PCar
2. 9 ACTUAL REFRIGERATION CYCLE

In section (2. 4), the standard cycle is studied. In that case, the
following assumptions are considered:
1- Constant pressure in each of evaporator and condenser,

2- No pressure drop in the suction and delivery valves,

3- Isentropic compression takes place in the compressor,

4- Saturated liquid at condenser exit,

5- Saturated vapor at evaporator exit and compressor suction

valve,

6- No heat transfer in the suction or liquid lines.

 Condenser 3
4

2
7 1
5 Evaporator
6 Comp
 p
[bar]
2'
3
5 4
2

S=C

6 1
7
1' 1"
i [kJ/kg]

Fig. (2. 9) Actual cycle

 P

Pc 3 2a 2s 2b

Pe
4 1

Fig. (2. 10) actual compression process

p

2 2'

1 1'
i1'-2' i
i1-2
 3 2
Cond.

1
H.E.
4 6
Comp.

5 Evap.
E.V.

P
[bar]

4 3 a 2

5 b 6 1

i [kJ/kg]
2. 10 Effect of Operating Temperatures on the
Performance of Refrigeration Units:
2. 10. 1 Effect of Evaporation Temperature:

P
[bar]

Pc 3 Tc 2 2'

Pe1 4 Te1 1 v
Pe2
4' Te2 1'

i [kJ/kg]

Fig. (2. 13) Effect of evaporating temperature

 R.C

C.O.P
Ref. effect

Weight/min/T.R

Sp. power
o
Evap.Temp.[ C]

Fig. (2. 14) Effect of evaporating temperature

on the performance of refrigeration unit
2. 10. 2 Effect of Condensing Temperature:

P
[bar]

Pc2 3' Tc2 2'

Pc1 3 Tc1
2

v
Pe Te
4 4' 1

i [kJ/kg]

Fig. (2. 15) Effect of condensing temperature

 R.C

C.O.P
Ref. effect

Weight/min/T.R

Sp. power
o
Evap.Temp.[ C]

Fig. (2. 14) Effect of evaporating temperature

on the performance of refrigeration unit
Example (2. 6):
An ice making factory produces 12 Tons per day at -10 C from water at 20 C.
The latent heat of freezing for water is 335 kJ/kg. The specific heat of ice is 2.1
kJ/kg. K. The brine leaves the ice making tank at 5 C below the produced ice
temperature and decreases 8 C in the evaporator tank. The evaporation
temperature of ammonia is 5 C below the brine temperature at evaporator outlet.
The temperature raise of ammonia vapor in suction line is 4 C. The condenser is
cooled by water which enters at 20 C and leaves at 30 C. The condensing
temperature is 5 C higher than the water temperature at condenser outlet. The
compressor has 4 single acting cylinders of 4% clearance factor and 1.2 stroke to
bore ratio. It runs at 1200 r.p.m. The pressure drop in suction and delivery valves
are respectively 0.2 and 0.4 bar. The compression is polytropic with index 1.25.
Draw the flow diagram of the system and its representation on P-i Chart and
find:
a) Unit R.C, if 10 % of the load is gained from the surrounding.
b) The power required to derive the compressor for mech = 90 %.
c) Cylinder dimensions.
d) Mass flow rate of brine if its specific heat is Cpb = 2.88 kJ/kg.K.
e) The amount of water required for cooling the condenser.
Data:
.
m ice = 12 Tons/day = 500 kg/hr, Tice = -10 C, Tw = 20 C,
Cpice= 2.1 kJ/kg, L.H = 335 kJ/kg, Tb1 = -10 - 5 = -15 C,
Tb = 8 C, Tb2 = -15 -8 = -23 C, Te = -23 - 5 = -28 C,
TR1= T5 + 4 = -28 + 4 = -24 C, Tw1 = 20 C, Tw2 = 30 C,
Tc = 30 + 5 = 35 C, Z = 4, C = 0.04, L/D = 1.2,
N = 1200 r.p.m, Ps = 0.2, Pd = 0.4 bar, n =1.25,
mech= 0.90, Load factor = 1.1, Cpb= 2.88 kJ/kg.K.
.
Required: a) R.C, b) Power, c) L & D, d) mb
.
e) m cw
Tw1 Tw2

3
Cond. P
bar
2 o 2'
3 35 C
Evap. tank
1
2 0.4
4
Comp
o n =1.25
o -24 C 1
Brine -28 C
4 5 1'
0.2
Ice making
tank
i kJ/kg
Solution:
The flow diagram and the flow chart are shown in Figure (3. 8).
From the ammonia P-i chart we get:
i1= i1 = 1570, i3 = i4 = 500, i5 = 1550 kJ/kg, v1 = 1.0 m3/kg.
P1 = 1.6, P1 = P1 - 0.2 = 1.4, P2 = 14, P2 = 14.4 bar,
Process 1-2 polytropic, then:
P1 v1 = P2 v 2 , v2 = 0.155 m3/kg
n n

i2 = 2150 kJ/kg

Calculations:
a) Refrigeration Capacity: Referring to Figure (2. 18), the heat
liberated from water (T1 = 20 C) to be frozen and the ice is also
cooled to (T2 = -10 C) can be divided into three parts;

T1
T

Tf

T2

 T2  T1 S
1) Sensible heat liberated from water to be cooled to (0 C),
2) Latent heat which is liberated from water at (0 C) to freeze and
change to ice at the same temperature,
3) Sensible heat liberated from ice to be cooled after freezing.
Then, the heat liberated from water to be frozen and cooled after
freezing can be calculated as:
Adding the heat gained from the surrounding, we get:
R.C = 1.1 [ (CpwTw + L.H + Cpice Tice )] = 67.18 kW
=19.107 T.R.
b) Power required:
. .
R.C = mR ( i 5 - i4 )  m R = 0.064 kg/sec

n
W.D = ( P2 v2  P1 v1 ) = 416 kJ/kg
n 1
.
m R (W.D.)
Power = = 29.6 kW
 mech
1
Pd n
c) Cylinder Dimensions: v  1  C  C ( ) = 0.78
Ps
.
Vst
m R = v  v ZN Vst = 1.02610-3 m3
s

D = 0.103 m, L = 0.123 m.
d) Mass flow rate of brine: Heat balance of evaporator:
.
R.C = m b Cpb Tb
.
 m b = 2.916 kg/sec

e) Mass flow rate of condenser cooling water:

Heat balance of condenser:
. . .
Q c  m R (i2  i3 )  m cw Cp w Tcw
.
 m cw = 2.522 kg/sec.