CHAPTER NO.

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1. General:
A large number of reinforced concrete buildings have been constructed in postindependence India and the construction is going on at a much larger scale in the growing towns and developed mega cities. These building are considered to be engineered buildings, as a structural engineer is usually engaged in design and construction of these buildings. However, the market forces tend to ignore the seismic safety of buildings, being constructed even now after four decades of Indian Code of Practice on Earthquake Resistance Design in existence, and after witnessing a number of damaging earthquakes. Not only the buildings constructed in sixties. Lack in earthquake resistance measures, even the most modern buildings being constructed by private builders today, are seriously lacking in earthquake safety and pose a serious seismic risk to the occupants. This has been well exposed by the Bhuj earthquake of January 2001.

This large inventory of existing buildings needs systematic retrofitting to make it safe for the occupants. This deals with the techniques available for retrofitting of existing RC buildings.

The term "retro" generally refers to things of the past, so combined with the term "fitting" we can establish that it refers to fitting things in with items from the past. When it comes to building improvement, it essentially means adding new equipment or technology to previously built structures.

The strengthening and enhancement of the performance of deficient structural elements in a structure as a whole is referred to as retrofitting. Retrofitting of a building is not same as repair or rehabilitation. Repair refers to partial improvement of the degraded strength of a building after an earthquake. In effect, it is only a cosmetic enhancement. Rehabilitation is a functional improvement, where in this to achieve the original strength of a building to a predefined performance level, whether or not an earthquake has occurred. The seismic performance level of a retrofitted building is aimed higher than that of the original building.
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A survey of existing residential building reveals that many buildings are not adequately designed to resist earthquakes. The post Gujarat Earthquake scenario has led to increase in Zone factor for many places in India. In addition the seismic design procedures have become far more stringent in IS 1893:2002 as compared to its earlier version. As a result many buildings designed prior to the revision of code may fail to perform adequately as per the new code. This has resulted in technical deliberations being carried out at various levels on the repair, rehabilitation and retrofit strategies that are needed to protect the existing structures. Also, due to deterioration and aging of the structures ,the capacity of the building to resist earthquakes reduces greatly It is therefore needed that the existing building be retrofitted to improve their performance in the event of the earthquake and to avoid large scale damage to life and property.

1.2. Goals of Retrofitting:

The goals of retrofitting are as follows: Giving unity to the structure. Enhancing the redundancy of the lateral load resisting systems, thereby eliminating the possibility of progressive collapse. Eliminating sources of weakness or features that produce concentration of stresses in members. Increasing the lateral strength and stiffness of the building. Increasing the ductility (energy absorption) and damping (energy dissipation). Avoiding the possibility of brittle modes of failures.

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CHAPTER NO.2 TERMINOLOGY USED IN RETROFITTING

2.1. General:
Retrofitting of existing structures with insufficient seismic resistance accounts for a major portion of the total cost of hazard mitigation. Thus, it is of critical importance that the structures that need seismic retrofitting are identified correctly, and an optimal retrofitting is conducted in a cost effective fashion. Once the decision is made, seismic retrofitting can be performed through several methods with various objectives such as increasing the load, deformation, and/or energy dissipation capacity of the structure. Conventional as well as emerging methods are briefly presented in the following subsections.

2.2. Flow of retrofitting process

Retrofitting of structures shall proceed as follows: (1) Identify the performance requirements for the existing Structure to be retrofitted and draft an overall plan from inspection through selection of retrofitting method, design of retrofitting structure and implementation of retrofitting work. (2) Inspect the existing structure to be retrofitted. (3) Based on the results of the inspection, evaluate the performance of the structure and verify that it fulfils performance requirements. (4) If the structure does not fulfil performance requirements, and if continued use of the structure through retrofitting is desired, proceed with design of the retrofitting structure. (5) Select an appropriate retrofitting method and establish the materials to be used, structural specifications and construction method.

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(6) Evaluate the performance of the structure after retrofitting and verify that it will fulfill performance requirements. (7) If it is determined that the retrofitting structure will be capable of fulfilling performance requirements with the selected retrofitting and construction methods, implement the retrofitting work.

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CHAPTER NO.3 METHODOLOGY OR TECHNIQUES OF RETROFITTING

3.1. General:
There are many seismic retrofit techniques available, depending upon the various types and conditions of structures. Therefore, the selection of the type of intervention is a complex process, and is governed by technical as well as financial and sociological considerations. The following are some factors affecting the choice of various intervention techniques Cost versus importance of the structure Available workmanship Duration of work/disruption of use Fulfilment of the performance goals of the owner Functionally and aesthetically compatible and complementary to the existing building Reversibility of the intervention Level of quality control Political and/or historical significance Structural compatibility with the existing structural system Irregularity of stiffness, strength and ductility Adequacy of local stiffness, strength and ductility Controlled damage to non-structural components Sufficient capacity of foundation system Repair materials and technology available

3.2 Methods of Retrofitting: 3.2.1. Traditional Methods of Seismic Retrofitting:

Traditional methods of seismic retrofitting fall essentially into two categories, one based on the classical principles of structural design which requires an increase of strength and stiffness, and the other based on mass reduction. Thus the first one tends to satisfy the design inequality by an increase of the capacity while the second one achieves the same result

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by a reduction of the demand. Mass Reduction can be obtained by removal of one or more storeys.

3.2.2. Conventional Strengthening Methods:

Conventional retrofitting methods include addition of new structural elements to the system and enlarging the existing members. Addition of shear wall and bracings is the most popular strengthening method due to its effectiveness, relative ease, and lower overall project cost compared to column and beam jacketing. The post-cast shear walls and steel braced frames are the most effective strengthening techniques. Although the latter is more effective due to its much higher ductility, post-cast concrete shear walls are the most commonly applied method due to their lower cost and familiarity of the construction industry with the method. Design of additional shear walls is performed to resist a major fraction of the lateral loads likely to act on the structure. This reduces the demand on the beams and columns, hence increasing their safety. Those still likely to be overstressed are strengthened through concrete or steel jacketing, which are relatively more laborious applications.

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CHAPTER NO.4 STRATEGIS OF RETROFITTING

4.1. General:
Generally, there are two ways to enhance the seismic capacity of existing structures. The first approach is a structure-level retrofit, which involves global modifications to the structural system (see Figure 4.1). Common global modifications include the addition of structural walls, steel braces, or base isolators. The second approach is a member-level retrofit (see Figure 4.2). In this approach, the ductility of components with inadequate capacities is increased to satisfy their specific limit states. The member-level retrofit includes methods such as the addition of concrete, steel, or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets to columns for confinement.

Fig. 4.1. Global Modification of the Structural System

Fig. 4.2 Local modification of structural components

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4.2. Structure - Level Retrofit:

Structure-level retrofits are commonly used to enhance the lateral resistance of existing structures. Such retrofits for RC buildings include steel braces, post-tensioned cables, infill walls, shear walls, masonry infills, and base isolators. The methods described below are commonly used when implementing a structure-level retrofit technique.

4.2.1. Completion of Load Path:

The general seismic load path in a building is as follows - the inertial forces originating throughout the building are first transferred to horizontal floor diaphragms, the diaphragms transfer these forces to vertical framing system resisting lateral loads; the vertical framing system consisting of beam-column frames and shear walls, transfers the seismic force to foundation and supporting soil. If there is a discontinuity in load path, the building is incapable of transferring the load to ground and it is unable to resist the lateral load during earthquake, irrespective of strength of existing members.

The common examples of such building are those in which shear walls or columns are not started from ground but started at first floor (or at a higher level). Such columns are commonly known as floating columns. This is done to increase the floor area at first floor

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Fig. 4.3 Adding a new column below a floating column

level or to have large open spaces at ground floor for commercial purposes. In such buildings, the first floor beams are subjected to very high forces as the forces from floating columns/shear walls are transferred to other columns and walls through these beams.

The remedy to this deficiency is to complete the load path by providing the missing part of the column/shear wall. In case of a floating column, a new column is to be erected below the floating column (Fig. 3). This column should have footing connected with the foundation of the existing building and the reinforcement of the new column should be welded with the reinforcement of existing column. Shrinkage compensating agents should be used in the new concrete to avoid shortening of the new column resulting in separation between new and old concrete.

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Fig. 4.4. Adding a new shear wall at ground Floor

Similarly, a shear wall panel (Fig. 4.4) is to be provided below the existing shear wall. This panel should have rigid shear connections with adjacent columns, beam/slab above it, and foundation. For this purpose either epoxy grouted shear keys (Fig. 4.5) can be used or the new reinforcement can be welded with the reinforcement of the adjacent columns and slab (Fig. 4.6).Other precautions necessary for a proper bond between old and new concrete should also be taken

Fig.4.5. Connection of shear wall panel with existing building components Using epoxy grouted shear keys

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Fig.4.6. Connection of shear wall panel with existing building components by welding of Reinforcement

4.2.2. Shear Walls:

Shear walls can be provided internally or externally in existing buildings. Sometimes, if space is available and there is a requirement, the existing building can be extended by a bay on sides. The extended portion can have shear walls and it will support the existing building, laterally during an earthquake.

Addition of shear walls is the most commonly used method of strengthening of existing buildings. This is also generally the most economical solution and can be provided in almost all types of buildings. However, there are some points, which need careful consideration. A tall shear wall results in considerable overturning moment at the foundation. This overturning moment is to be balanced by the counterweight of the existing building. This requires a properly designed connection between the foundation of the added shear wall and the foundation of existing building. Addition of shear walls also results in high shear force in floor diaphragms. The existing diaphragm strength needs to be evaluated and strengthening of diaphragm is to be done, if required. Another disadvantage of shear walls is that the stiffness of the building is also increased significantly and this may reduce the time period of vibration and may result in increased seismic demand. Shear walls also result in significant impact on architectural characteristics of building, resulting in loss of windows and loss of large barrier free floor areas.
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Providing Shear Walls at ground storey

The stiffness of the ground storey can be increased by providing shear walls between some of the columns at ground storey. The shear walls should be located symmetrically (Fig. 4.7) and as far from the centre of the building as possible. Further, these should not cause hindrance to the normal usage of the ground storey as parking space. This option poses less difficulty in reinforcement detailing than the jacketing. However, a perfect bond between the shear wall and adjacent columns and beam/floor is to be ensured. This can be achieved either by providing epoxy grouted shear keys or by welding the shear wall reinforcement to the longitudinal reinforcement of the columns and beams. Similar arrangement is to be provided at the foundation level. If the columns have isolated footing, additional foundation to the shear wall is to be provided and properly connected to the column footings.

Fig.4.7. Adding shear walls at ground storey

Vertical Element Irregularity

Figure 6 shows out of plane irregularity in lateral load resisting vertical elements. The shear walls above and below first floor are in different planes. This will cause very high seismic demand in the columns below the shear wall resulting from overturning of the shear wall, and in the first floor diaphragm due to transfer of cumulative lateral shear from the exterior shear wall to interior shear wall through the floor diaphragm.
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Figure 4.8 shows in plane irregularity in vertical element, where the shear walls above and below the first floor are in the same plane but displaced in-plane. This also results in very high seismic demand on columns and floor slab of first storey, as explained above.

Fig. 4.8 Out-of-plane shear wall irregularity

Fig. 4.9 In-plane shear wall irregularity

4.2.3. Braced Frames:

Similar to shear walls, vertical trusses or braced frames can be provided externally (Fig. 4.10) or internally (Fig. 4.11) in a building. Braced frames provide lesser strength and stiffness as compared to shear walls, but they also add less mass to building and hence result in lesser increase in the seismic demand. These also result in lesser disruption of the normal usage of
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building and lesser loss of window openings.

Fig.4.10. Strengthening a RC building by external steel bracing

Fig.4.11. Strengthening by internal bracing

Connection of braced steel frames with existing RC building is difficult and needs attention as a large force is to be transferred between braced frames and the building. Long steel elements are used to connect the braced frame with building, providing larger number of bolts/anchors to transfer the load. These elements are termed as "drag elements" or "collector elements". These collectors and their connection with building need to be properly designed

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to avoid "unzipping" type of failure in which the connectors along the length of the drag element fail in sequence

Providing Steel Braces at Ground Storey

Steel braces are an easy and quick alternative to shear walls (Fig.10). The braces also need to transfer forces to beams, columns and foundation. This requires proper anchoring/bolting of the braces with existing building. The same constraints on location as for shear walls also apply for braces, however, braces result in lesser obstruction in ventilation.

Fig. 4.12. Adding steel braces at Ground storey

4.2.4. Seismic Isolation:

Recently, many researchers have studied seismic isolation as a possible retrofit method. The objective of this type of retrofit is to isolate the structure from the ground motion during earthquake events. The bearings are installed between the superstructure and its foundations. Because most bearings have excellent energy dissipation characteristics, this technique is most effective for relatively stiff buildings with low-rises and heavy loads.

4.2.5. Supplemental Energy Dissipation:

Another approach for controlling seismic damage in buildings and improving their seismic performance is by installing seismic dampers in place of structural elements, such as diagonal braces. These dampers act like the hydraulic shock absorbers in cars much of the sudden jerks are absorbed in the hydraulic fluids and only little is transmitted above to the chassis of the car. When seismic energy is transmitted through them, dampers absorb part of it, and thus damp the motion of the building.

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Commonly used types of seismic dampers include viscous dampers (energy is absorbed by silicone-based fluid passing between piston-cylinder arrangement), friction dampers (energy is absorbed by surfaces with friction between them rubbing against each other), and yielding dampers (energy is absorbed by metallic components that yield)

4.3. MEMBER-LEVEL RETROFIT:

The member-level retrofit approach can provide a more cost-effective strategy than structure-level retrofit because only those components needed to enhance the seismic performance of the existing structure are selected and upgraded. The memberlevel retrofit approaches include the addition of concrete, steel, or fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) jackets for use in confining RC columns and joints. In particular, in flatslab structures, punching shear failures are likely to occur if the slab is not designed for the combined effects of lateral and gravity loads. Therefore, local retrofits are mainly performed on slab-column connections.

4.3.1. Strengthening of Slabs:

Usually in RC buildings, the slabs are strong enough to transfer load between different lateral load resisting vertical elements. However, if the building has irregularity in the form of opening in slab, the slab diaphragm may not be adequate to transfer forces between different elements and strengthening is needed. In case of additional shear walls also the adequacy of the diaphragm needs to be evaluated and strengthening is to be done, if required. RC slabs can be strengthened either by over-laying or by under-laying. In over-laying (Fig.4.13), thickness of slab is increased by cast in place concrete on the upper side. In underlaying (Fig.4.14), additional reinforcement is placed below the slab and thickness is increased using shotcrete. Here, it is important to emphasize the need of ensuring bond between old and new concrete. Four alternatives are available for this purpose. The bond between old and new concrete can be enhanced by a layer of epoxy and coarse sand (Fig.4.13). The bond can also be enhanced by providing mechanical anchors in the form of bolts (Fig. 4.13), dowels (Fig. 4.13) and angle Sections (Fig.4.13).

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In case of hollow slabs, the voids can also be used as shear keys (Fig.4.14). Here, it is important to emphasize the need of ensuring bond between old and new concrete.

Fig. 4.13 Strengthening a slab by Overlaying

Fig. 4.14 Strengthening a slab by underplaying

Fig.4.15 Enhancing bond between old and new concrete

Fig. 4.16 Shear keys in a hollow slab

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In addition to these techniques, the slabs can also be strengthened by glueing steel or FRP plates (Fig.4.16) on the bottom of the slab. This technique is effective in enhancing the flexural strength of slab and not effective in shear strength enhancement.

4.3.2 Strengthening of Beams:

Beams can be strengthened either by RC jacketing or by gluing steel/FRP plates. In RC jackets, reinforcement and concrete can be added either on three sides (Fig. 4.17) or on all the four sides (Fig. 4.18). In case of jacketing on three sides, the stirrups are either to be grout-anchored into slab (Fig. 4.18) or nailed into beam web using a strand (Fig. 4.19) (Fig. 4.18) shows the details of RC jacketing on four sides of a beam. The longitudinal reinforcement of the jacket is to be welded with the existing longitudinal reinforcement through z shaped links. Alternatively, the longitudinal reinforcement is to be anchored through a collar as shown in (Fig. 4.19).

Fig 4.17

Fig. 4.18

Fig. 4.19 Stirrups anchored through strand

Fig.4.20 Jacketing on four sides of beams and columns

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Fig. 4.21 Anchoring of longitudinal reinforcement using collar

The stirrups in the jacket are to be placed in two pieces as shown in Fig. 4.22. For placing the stirrups, closely spaced holes are to be made through slab. These holes may also be used for pouring concrete from the top. In case of jacketing on three sides, pouring of the concrete from top is not possible and shotcrete is to be used.

Fig. 4.22 Strengthening of beams by Underlying

Fig. 4.23 Strengthening of beams by plate bonding at bottom

Beams can also be strengthened by providing RC underlay on the lower face of the beam (Fig.4.21). However, these overlays can increase only flexural capacity of the beams. Jackets on three sides can increase the flexural and shear capacity of beams under vertical loads only. These are not much effective under lateral loads, as the strengthening near joints is not effective. Jacketing on four sides of all the beams are columns meeting at a joints is the most effective solution, as it provides scope for strengthening of joint also. Another alternative to strengthen beams is by bonding of steel plates or FRP sheets. Steel plates or FRP sheets can be glued at bottom (Fig. 4.22), on three sides (Fig. 4.23) or on four sides

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(Fig. 4.24) of a beam. For effective action under earthquake loading, the joint is also to be strengthened.

Fig. 4.24 Strengthening of beams by plate bonding on three sides

4.3.3. Strengthening of Columns:

Similar to beams, in case of columns also, strengthening is possible by RC jacketing or by encasement using steel plates or FRP sheets. RC jackets are most effective if applied on all the four sides, but sometimes these may also applied on only one or more sides of column (Fig. 4.25). Two points are to be kept in mind in jacketing of columns (i) bond between the old and new material and transfer of forces to new reinforcement, and (ii) confining of concrete through proper placing and anchoring of transverse reinforcement.

Fig. 4.25 Strengthening of beams by plate bonding on four sides

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Fig. 4.25 (a) Jacketing on one side of column (Alternative-1)

Fig. 4.25 (b) Jacketing on one side of column (Alternative-2)

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Fig. 4.26 Jacketing on four sides of column Figure 4.26 shows two alternative arrangements of reinforcement for jacketing of columns on four sides. These jackets are very effective in increasing axial and shear strength. If the jackets are limited to the storey height, these are not much effective against bending moment. Jackets should protrude through the slab (Fig. 4.27) to be effective in flexure. Steel jackets have a problem that these tend to separate out due to Poisson's effect during loading. FRP encasement can be applied (i) by wrapping the columns using FRP straps (27(a)), (ii) by complete encasement by FRP sheets (27(b)), or (iii) by partial wrapping by FRP straps/ sheets (27(c)). Wrapping by FRP straps provides the possibility of prestressing the strap and hence is more effective.

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Fig. 4.27 Reinforcement detailing for column jacketing

Fig. 4.28 FRP Strengthening of columns

4.3.4. Strengthening of Walls:

Existing masonry and RC walls can also be strengthened by providing RC jackets on one or both sides of the walls. It is customary to have half brick thick partitions in the interior of buildings. These partitions are unsafe under out of plane action during earthquake. Out of plane strengthening of partitions can be clubbed together with lateral strengthening of building by providing RC jackets to the partitions (Fig. 4.29).

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Fig. 4.29 Strengthening of masonry infills

Fig. 4.30 Connection of wall jacket with floors and columns Some basic rules have been suggested for strengthening of walls by RC jacketing: The strength of new concrete must be at least 5 MPa greater than that of existing concrete The minimum thickness of jacket should be 50 mm on each side. The minimum horizontal and vertical reinforcement should be 0.25% of the jacket section. The minimum reinforcement with which the ends of the wall are strengthened should be 0.25% of jacket section. The diameter of the ties at the well ends should not be less than 8 mm with a maximum spacing of 150 mm. The jacket must be anchored to the old concrete with dowels spaced at no more than 600 mm in both directions. It is also important that the jacket should be able to transfer forces to slab diaphragms. This can be achieved by providing epoxy grouted anchors and diagonal connecting bars through holes made in slabs, as shown in Figure. 29.
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Fig. 4.31 Strengthening of joint by collar pre-stressing

4.3.5. Strengthening of Joints:

Strengthening of beam-column joints in RC building is perhaps the most difficult task in retrofitting of existing buildings. The joints are expected to behave rigidly during earthquake and their failure is to be avoided. In a planar joint (where two beams are meeting in plane) X-shaped collars may be provided (Fig. 4.31). These collars have arrangement for prestressing. After providing collars the joint is covered by welded wire mesh and gunnite. Glued steel plates (Fig. 4.32) or FRP sheets can also be used to strengthen a joint. This method does not alter the dimensions of the joints. There is a problem with steel plates that due to Poisson's effect, the jacket tends to separate from the concrete and confinement is not effective. To avoid this, crimpled steel jackets are suggested. These jackets develop smaller longitudinal strains and hence smaller transverse strain and result in more effective confinement. RC jacketing is a very effective method of joint strengthening. However, placement of new reinforcement with proper confinement at joints is quite difficult. Several holes are to be punched through existing columns and beams for placing confining reinforcement. Pouring of concrete and getting a good bond between old and new concrete is also quite difficult.

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Fig. 4.32 Strengthening of joint by plate/FRP bonding

4.3.6. Strengthening of Foundation:

Strengthening of foundations has two aspects: (i) increasing the bearing area with or without strengthening of column, and (ii) anchoring of column jacket reinforcement into foundation with or without strengthening of footing. The column moments are maximum at base and this requires proper anchorage of jacket reinforcement in to the footing. This can be accomplished by drilling holes into existing concrete of footing and epoxy grouting (Fig. 4.33) the longitudinal reinforcement of jacket. Another possibility is to provide full anchorage length for longitudinal reinforcement by extending the column jacket at the top of footing as shown in Fig. 4.34.

Fig. 4.33 Anchoring of column reinforcement without foundation strengthening

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Fig. 4.34 Anchoring of column reinforcement with foundation strengthening

If the bearing area under a footing is not sufficient, it is to be increased by increasing the size of the footing. If the column is also being jacketed, it is easier to transfer the forces from the extended footing area to column jacket as shown in Fig. 4.35. As can be seen from the force flow diagram in the fig, there is a component of force, which tends to split the new concrete from old concrete. To avoid this splitting, sufficient number of closed rings with sufficient overlap or welded connection are to be provided around the footing. If the bearing area is to be increased without strengthening of the column, soil pressure on the extended area is to be transferred to the existing footing as shown in Fig.4.35.This is difficult as excavation is required below the existing footing. The building is to be properly supported and settlement is to be avoided. As can be seen from the force flow diagram, in this case also, there is a tendency of the new concrete to split from the old concrete. To avoid this, as in previous case, sufficient numbers of well anchored/welded hoops are required.

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Fig. 4.35 Increasing foundation area with column jacketing

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CHAPTER NO.5 STRUCTURAL RETROFITTING: CASE STUDY

5.1. General:

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) is a popular material for building construction in India because it is cheaper than structural steel. Also, construction in RCC is considered to be labor intensive and supposedly requires fewer high-tech tools, infrastructure, and skills than does structural steel. Over the past 10 years, we have seen a boom in the number of low- and medium-rise RC frame buildings with masonry infills. However, the real estate boom over the past decade has resulted in a large, privately constructed building that has not been adequately designed. Nominal mixes (with predetermined proportions of cement, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates) are used to make concrete without a formal mix design. Volume batching is primarily employed instead of weigh batching; resulting into difficulty of not accounting for moisture in the aggregates, which could at times be large. Also, the placement of concrete is manual. Water available at site is used for concreting without always verifying its suitability; some salts detrimental to the durability and strength of concrete do enter into the concrete. Moreover, the quantity of water is adjusted to ensure good workability, often resulting in higher water content than necessary and in porous hardened concrete. This paper describes the intensive retrofitting of an existing RCC framed structure. The building of is a multi-storied Ground + 12 upper floor RCC framed building owned by a nationalized bank.

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5.2. Detail of the Structure:

The subject building is Ground + 12 upper floors RCC framed residential building structure with masonry infills and is more than 30years old. The building belongs to Syndicate Bank namely Panchratna CHS Ltd., 4-E, Damodar Park, Ghatkopar (W), Mumbai 400086. The building was identified as dilapidated structure by Municipal Corporation (MCGM) for immediate demolition within 30 days through their notice no. B&F/B119/304/354 dated 0109-2007 of M.M.C/ACT 2007-08 under section 354 0f MMC Act.

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The building has symmetrical layout. Two lift shafts are eccentrically placed opposite to staircase. The building was examined for its current structural condition and to suggest the remedial measures. Following was the specific scope of the study: i) Needful investigation of building to precede proposed RepairRehabilitation-Strengthening. ii) Assessment of building structure for decay, deterioration. iii) Setting the priority of work. The strategy adopted was aiming to recover the original performance, for which the damaged or deteriorated portion of structure was to be repaired or replace with new elements or new material. Detailed investigation for upgrading original structural performance was not included in the scope of examination.

5.3. APPROACH TO PROBLEM:

Basic approach to the problem of retrofitting of the structure of was considered in the following manner. 1. It was important to understand the damage occurred in the structure due workmanship, lack of codal provisions followed at the time of construction and poor maintenance. 2. To save the building from the immediate threat of collapse due to dilapidated columns at the ground floor. 3. To identify the repair measures to the damage, which are not very significant and to make the same good. 4. To identify the repair measures to the damage, which are structurally very significant and to evaluate the possibility of replacing the same. 5. To evaluate the different strengthening measures against the possibility of redevelopment from the techno-commercial viewpoint.

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5.4. IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS

1. GENERAL CONDITION: Stability check was not carried out as the scope was to recover the original performance and detailed investigation for upgrading original structural performance was not included in the scope of examination. The major type of distress observed in RCC elements were of moderate damage level. Age related distress and fatigue were identified in all RCC members. Distress were in the form of cover failure to reinforcing bars, spalling of concrete due to corrosion born internal stresses, Open cracks etc. Overhead water tank was showing major sign of distress and stored water was continuously leaking from the cracks. The columns supporting the over head tank were showing the cracks running above the line of reinforcement and were uniform in width (see Photograph 1). Foundation was inspected up to pile cap then further digging was stopped as concrete found was sound.

2. LOCALISED EXTREMELY DAMAGE TO RCC: There were 8 columns at ground floor, which severely damaged (see Photograph 2, 3 & 4). The loss of main reinforcement was more than 70% and concrete has eroded in the core portion. The sizes of these columns were reduced 10% of original. In column no C1 and C2 the cross section was nil as concrete was fully disintegrated. This resulted the tilt of about 25mm of the building. These columns had become a potential threat to stability of the building.
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3. SCATTERED DAMAGES:
Minor cracks coupled with swelling on plaster were an indication of continuing corrosion activities in the embedded metal. Swellings of concrete were observed at majority of locations. Corrosion of negative reinforcing bars due to moisture and inadequate cover were noticed in the form of upheaval of slabs / floor at the beam supports.

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5.4. DIAGNOSIS:
FRAME OF DIGNOSIS Diagnosis for the distressed structure was done by eliminating possibilities until some conclusion appeared. A frame of such stepbystep procedure was prepared for the structure under investigation. Step 1: Categorisation into one of the three manifestation of concrete damage cracking, spalling or disintegration. Step 2 : Error in design (not available) Step 3: Relate basic symptoms to potential causes. Step 4: Eliminate the possibilities which are readily identified like corrosion of Reinforcement, Reinforcing bars rust and cover spall, Parallel cracks along reinforcing bars and Rust stain Step 5: Analysis of available clues like Disintegration of surface, Unsound material, Weathering conditions, Abrasion action, Swelling of Concrete, Chemical reactions, Moisture absorption, Crack penetration / depth of crack and Cold or construction joints Based on above frame the causes of damage were identified as under: 1: Workmanship No design / drawing pertaining to structural details were available, nothing much could be diagnosed on this part. Building was old and at the time of design the Indian Standard Code followed for was IS 456:1964. The code did not have any say on durability aspect of the RCC. Thus the durability parameters like water/cement ratio, minimum cement context, maximum size and particle size distribution, crack width calculations, minimum grade of concrete, expected environmental exposure condition, minimum concrete cover to reinforcing bars, etc. were not given much importance. These resulted into a fast propagation of damage to the structure. Also growing pollution has severely affecting the RCC
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building. 2: Corrosion of Embedded Metal: Corrosion is an electrochemical process requiring an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte. A moist concrete matrix forms an acceptable electrolyte, and steel reinforcement provides the anode and cathode. Electrical current flows between cathode and anode and the reaction results in an increase in metal volume as the Fe (Iron) is oxidized into Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 and precipitates as FeOOH (rust colour). Water and oxygen must be present for the reaction to take place. In good concrete the corrosion rate will be very low. 3: Carbonation: In good quality concrete, the carbonation process is very slow. An estimate rate of carbonation penetration is 1 mm. per year. As stated earlier, the Indian Standard Code followed at the time of design of building, ignored the thickness and quality of concrete cover to reinforcing steel bars. Also, the carbonation process requires constant change in moisture level dry to damp to dry. 4: Moisture Vapour: Water vapour travels through concrete when a structural / nonstructural members surface are subjected to different level of relative humidity (RH). Moisture vapour travels from high RH to low RH. The amount of moisture vapour transmission is a function of RH gradient between faces and permeability of the cementitious product. One of main causes to severe damage to ground floor columns could be attributed to the same. 5: Height and Unprotected Surface: The high energy released upon hitting the building faade surface, especially near the sharp edges of corners and parapet causes abrasion of surface by rubbing and friction. Generally surface is uniformly worn away, including cement matrix and aggregates. If plaster has high level of porosity, the abrasion rate would be high.

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5.5. REMEDIAL MEASURES:

1: IMMEDIATE:

Propping: Immediate threat to the building stability was due to dilapidated columns at the
ground floor and same could not be left unattended. It was recommended to provide the load release system. Such system was proposed based on the load on the columns. These columns are shown in the figure 2. The props were planned in such a manner that each prop should temporally relieve the loads of slabs contributing to the dilapidated columns. The estimated load on each props were 120KN. To achieve the proper contact of slab to slabs / beams the adjustable bolts were used (Photograph 5).

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Restoration of severely damaged RCC columns: It was mandatory to see that these columns do not jeopardise the stability of structure during restoration. It was recommended to build up the original profile of columns and pardis using non-shrink super fluid micro-concrete. New rebars were to be put in position. Three columns were taken in one sequence and balance five was taken in next two sequences. The Column C1 and C2 were taken up to 2nd floor. Two more columns were treated in the similar manner. These columns were near staircase but these were taken only up to mid landing level. The form work should be in steel plates duly coated with anticorrosive chemical from in side. These plates were to be left permanently to act as casing and hoop confining materials. (Photograph: 6). To fill the cavities of disintegrated column concrete, high pressure grouting of very low viscosity epoxy was done. For this purpose the holes were left in the steel plates, which were plugged after grouting. (Photograph: 7 & 8).

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C. Restoration of mildly damaged RCC elements: While recommending following parameters were considered besides compatible properties of general RCC repair materials. 1. Low shrinkage properties 2. Requisite setting / hardening properties 3. Workability
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4. Good bond strength with existing substrata 5. Compatible coefficient of thermal expansion 6. Compatible mechanical properties 7. Minimum curing 8. Alkaline character 9. Low water permeability 10. Cost 11. Durable, nondegradable or nonbiodegradable due to various forms of energy like ultra violet rays, heat, etc. 12. Nonhazardous / nonpolluting 1. Latex Modified Cementitions Mortar: The most suitable material for RCC repair is Latex Modified Cementitious Mortar. The advantages of such mortar are underlying in its properties of control strength gain, set time and reduce shrinkage. These contain Polymers to improve low permeability and to enhance the adhesion. 2. Micro-concrete: Properties of micro-concrete are similar to above. It has the added advantage of its flowability which enables it to encapsulate the steel bars where access is not possible. Due to Rheoplastic nature it can be utilized as grout to fill the large cavities. The added advantage of this material is its ability to eliminate honey combing in areas of high steel congestion. In addition the material is free flowing, self compacting, shrinkage compensated and early strength gain. Early stripping time of formwork and very low permeability are another good feature. 3. Replacing Concrete : Areas of concrete which have been cut away were made good depending on situation, scope of work and type / importance of member under repair. Recasting of broken chajjas (sun sheds), coping, etc. were done using ordinary concrete.
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4. Grouting: There were certain locations where honeycomb or rock pockets existed. Such locations required the packing by nonshrink low viscosity material. The existing cracks in RCC were sealed by low viscosity and very low viscosity. 5. Polymer Fibre Reinforced Mortar: To reduce the risk of cracks resurfacing due to shrinkage and to ensure full contact with host concrete, the proprietary ready to use structural repair mortar is recommended. This material possessed a good bond characteristics to steel reinforcement and concrete, reinforced with Polymer Fibre, shrinkage compensate, high strength and extremely low permeability ensured the success and longevity of repair. 6. FRP Jackets: Ground floor of the building had soft storey as there are minimal infill walls. It was proposed to wrap the concrete with a continuous FRP jacket at Ground floor and 1st floor to resist the transverse expansion of the concrete. This resistance provided a confining pressure to the concrete. The improvement to the behaviour of concrete was quantified based on the fact that concrete wrapped with FRP jacket exhibits a bilinear stress-strain response. Initially the stress strain behaviour is unchanged from that of unconfined concrete. However, beyond the peak stress for unconfined concrete, the stress level in confined concrete continues to increase with increasing strain. The rate of increase is roughly proportional to the stiffness of the confining jacket. Moreover the acceleration is not increased due to no increased stiffness, thus attracting much less lateral forces. FRP, in turn, will extremely light weight and thus will not increase the mass of the structure and also it will not add significantly towards the stiffness of the structure and basic behaviour of the structure will be unaffected.

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5.6. CONCLUSION:
The final completion certificate was issued to Municipal Corporation vide Ref. AK/ST/SYNDIACATE/RETRO03-2009 Dated: 26-03-2009 to certify that the building was restored to the original required strength and the building was stable against the intended forces / loads for which it had been originally designed. The post retrofitting maintenance guidelines were issued to the Bank, the owner of the structure. The next structural audit of the building is due in 2012 and maintenance related work will be due in 2014, which will involve painting the building as during the painting work RCC damage / distress treatment, crack filling, etc. the workers will have close access to the surface of the building on scaffolding.

5.7. CREDIT:
The project could be safely and successfully completed with a delay of 50 days. The cost escalation was 28%. Following were the persons / firms involved in completing the project. 1. Dr. R. S. Jangid, IIT-Bombay, 2. Er. Chahal, Manager (Maintenance, Syndicate Bank), 3. Mr. Himanshu Shah, Managing Director, MRIPL (Contractor), 4. Dr. Gopal L. Rai, S&P India (P) Ltd., 5. Er. Kulvinder Singh, Manager (Tech), R&M International

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CHAPTER NO.6 CONCLUSION

It was observed that in most of the cases of failures of structure, principles of earthquake resistant planning and designing was not adopted. Retrofitting of structures can be done so as to enable sustainance of maximum probable earthquake without collapse. The retrofitting of buildings and other structures for seismic forces has special challenges as compared to the design and construction of new buildings. The following are a few questions that are raised during the selection of retrofit strategies. What should be the design base shear for retrofitting a building? How to analyse a building when the available information is limited? How to analyse a building which does not have a conventional lateral load resisting system? What is a cost effective and practical retrofit strategy? How to implement and ensure the effectiveness of a retrofit strategy? Besides these they are confronted with non-technical issues such as consent from the owner, disruption, relocation of the tenants, losses in production, finance, profitability, availability of skilled work force. In most of the cases buildings can be strengthened to the required level with only 2 to 10% cost of reconstruction. So strengthening must be done to avoid future loss of life and property. Ductile structure behaves in better manner, so ductile detailing must be done

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REFERENCIES
IS 13920-1993, Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected seismic forces code of practice. IS 4326: 1993, Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings Code of Practice, Bureau of Indian Standards.

IS 1893: 2002 (previously IS 1893: 1984), Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings, Bureau of Indian Standards

Jong-Wha Bai August 2003 Seismic Retrofit for Reinforced Concrete Building Structures Consequence-Based Engineering (CBE) Institute Final Report Moehle, J.P. (2000), State of Research on Seismic Retrofit of Concrete Building Structures in the US, US-Japan Symposium and Workshop on Seismic Retrofit of Concrete Structures

Handbook On Repair And Rehabilitation Of Rcc Building Published By Director (Works) CPWD ,GOV. OF INDIA , Nirman Bhavan FEMA 308, 1999, Repair of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Building Seismic Safety Council, Washington, D.C.

Earthquake Tips: Learning Seismic Design And Construction By Iitk-Bmtpc

Teng, J.G, Chen, J.F., Smith, S.T., and Lam, L., 2002, FRP Strengthened RC Structures, John Wley & Sons, Ltd.

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