EXPERIMENT-1

SINGLE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER. 1.1 OBJECTIVE:

To study single phase fully controlled bridge converter a) Observation of Bridge Converter output wave form using Resistive load b) Observation of Bridge Converter output wave forms using Resistive & Inductive load c) Observation of Bridge Converter full wave using freewheeling diode & Inductive load d) Observation of Bridge Converter full wave using DC motor

1.2 PRE EXPERIMENT QUIZ: 1. Single phase converters are avoided in high performance applications. Why?
2. The ratio between the field and armature time constants is of the order of 10 to 1000 in the separately-excited dc machines. Will it be of the same order in series field dc machines? 3. Three phase converters are faster in response than single phase converter. Compare their speed of response. . .

1.3 APPARATUS:
1. Demonstration Board with following facilities: Single phase fully controlled bridge Firing pulse generator Resistive load(lamp) Inductive load(choke) Voltmeter 0-300V Ammeter 0-5A 1: 10 Attenuator for CRO Isolated 220V AC for CRO 2. DC motor 3. Connecting leads 4. Lamp holder 5. Lamp 250 volts

1.4 THEORY:
Single phase fully controlled bridge converters are widely used in many industrial applications. They can supply unidirectional current with both positive and negative voltage polarity. Thus they can operate either as a controlled rectifier or an inverter. The use of Single Phase Fully Control Bridge Converter in industries for speed control of DC motor, temperature control of electric furnace, light dimmer, generator AVRs, battery charger etc. In all these applications the fire angle is controlled and feedback circuit is made depending upon the necessity. The used firing circuit is tried to make simple, friendly and easily understandable. Single phase fully controlled converters have other disadvantages as well such as relatively poor output voltage (and current for lightly inductive load) form factor and input power factor.

1.5 PROCEDURE:
a.) Observation Of Bridge Converter Output Wave Form Using Resistive Load i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. Keep MCB OFF. Firing angle pot should be minimum. Connect the field of Motor or lamp at field point. Connect the wiring diagram as given in fig-3. Connect the CRO through isolated point of demo board. Switch ON the MCB. Increase the speed control slowly. Observe the wave shape between +ve and ve points as given in fig-4. b.) Observation Of Bridge Converter Output Wave Forms Using Resistive & Inductive Load i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. Keep MCB OFF. Firing angle pot should be minimum. Connect the field of Motor or lamp at field point. Connect the wiring diagram as given in fig-5. Connect the CRO main at isolated point of demo board. Switch ON the MCB. Increase the speed control slowly. Observe the wave shape between +ve and ve points as given in fig-6. Observe the wave form across the lamp load as given in fig-6. Observe the wave form across the inductor as given in fig-6. c.) Observation Of Bridge Converter Full Wave Using Free Wheeling Diode & Inductive Load i. ii. iii. Keep MCB OFF. Firing angle pot should be minimum. Connect the field of Motor or lamp at field point.

iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

Connect the wiring diagram as given in fig-7. Connect the CRO main at isolated point of demo board. Switch ON the MCB. Increase the speed control slowly. Observe the wave shape between +ve and ve points as given in fig-6. Observe the wave form across the lamp load as given in fig-6. Observe the wave form across the inductor as given in fig-6. d.) Observation of Bridge Converter full wave using DC motor

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

Keep MCB OFF. Firing angle pot should be minimum. Connect the field of Motor or lamp at field point. Connect the armature and Motor at +ve and ve points. Connect the wiring diagram as given in fig-8. Switch ON the MCB. Increase the speed control slowly. Observe the motor speed is increasing as increasing the armature voltage.

1.6 RESULT:
The single phase full wave bridge converter has been studied.

1.7POST EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. Three phase converters are better than single phase converters. Compare their speed of response. 2. The converters require a filter to tackle the harmonics. Which one of the following is preferable: A filter on the input side or one at the output side? ... 3. A freewheeling diode reduces the harmonics in the output current. This is true for triggering angles above a certain value. What is that limiting triggering angle? .. ..

4. Freewheeling can be accomplished without using a diode across the load by using the
thyristors in the phase legs. Such a technique requires a modification of the triggering signals. Discuss the conceptual aspects of the modification.

1.8 LAB TUTORIALS: 1.9 REFERENCE BOOKS:

Power Electronics - Dr P S Bimhra, Khanna Publishers Fundamentals of Electrical Drives - G K Dubey, Narosa Publishing House, and New Delhi Fourth reprint 2004.

1.10 URLs:
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT%20Kharagpur/Power %20Electronics/PDF/L-11(DK)(PE)%20((EE)NPTEL).pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc http://www google.com http://www.bbdit.in

EXPERIMENT-2 SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. MOTOR USING MICROCONTROLLER

2.1 OBJECTIVE:
To perform speed control of dc motor using microcontroller (below & above base speed).

2.2 PRE EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. What are the methods of speed control? .. .. 2. Explain frequency control method. .. ..

2.3 APPARATUS:
Microcontroller Kit with firing circuit. DC Motor Patch cord Instruction manual

2.4 THEORY: FCR-100(8051) is a microcontroller based SCR bridge controller. Following applications can be easily accomplished through FCR-100: Full wave controlled rectifier Half wave controlled rectifier Single phase AC motor speed controller DC motor speed controller BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FCR-100 Liquid crystal display User switches Connection terminals Phase detector

2.5 PROCEDURE:
1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the bridge and load with the FCR-100 controller. Power on the device. Press the RESET button, a firing angle of 160 degree will appear on the LCD screen. Switches marked INC (increment) & DEC (decrement) is used to alter the firing angle of the SCR. 5. Observe the affect of changing firing angle on the CRO/power scope.
USING CRO WITH FCR-100:

1. Connect the power scope terminals across the load. 2. Adjust the Time/Div knob for 20-50 ms setting. 3. Adjust the power section for appropriate attenuation (preferably x100 for 220V operated bridge). 4. Adjust input coupling to be DC. 5. Adjust Volts/Div knob for 1V/Div settings. 6. Alter the firing angle from FCR-100 and observe the response of bridge.

2.6 RESULT:
Speed control of dc motor has been studied.

2.7 POST EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. Why the ratio of v & f is constant above base speed?

.. 2.8 LAB TUTORIALS:

2.9 REFERENCE BOOKS: Power Electronics - Dr P S Bimhra, Khanna Publishers Fundamentals of Electrical Drives - G K Dubey, Narosa Publishing House, and New Delhi Fourth reprint 2004.

2.10 URLs:
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT%20Kharagpur/Power %20Electronics/PDF/L-11(DK)(PE)%20((EE)NPTEL).pdf http://www.scribd.com/doc

http://www google.com http://www.bbdit.in

EXPERIMENT-3 MOSFET BASED CHOPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER 3.1 OBJECTIVE:

a) b) c) d) Study of Triangular Wave Generator Study of ON-OFF Circuit Observation of Load Supply Chopping Observation of Motor Speed Control Using Chopping the DC supply

3.2 PRE EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. Why is the duty cycle usually changed by varying the on time rather than the chopping frequency? . . 2. A duty cycle of one is not feasible in the chopper .what is the reason? .. .. 3. The chopper can be switched at very high frequencies. What are the factors that limit high frequency operation? .. ..

3.3 APPARATUS:
1. Demonstration Board with following facilities: 110V DC Supply DC Voltmeter 0-300V DC Ammeter 1 : 10 Attenuator for CRO Different testing points 2. Lamp 60 watt 250V 3. Connecting leads

3.4 THEORY:
There are several ways to speed control of the DC motor using DC source. The chopper based DC motor speed control is one of them. In this method we makes ON and OFF the DC supply to the motor with frequency as required. If higher speed of motor required, the ON portion of wave will increase accordingly. At full sped the ON portion is 100% and at zero speed the OFF portion is 100%. Consider the circuit diagram as given. Here a triangular pulse generator is used by IC-1, IC-2 and associate components R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, VR1, C1 etc.IC-1 is an integrator and IC-2 is a comparator. The output of comparator is fed to the input of integrator through resistance R5, VR1 and R1.the output of integrator is fed to the oscillation forms, a triangular and square wave generates at TP1 and TP2. The triangular wave is our requirement and fed to another comparator using IC-3 through capacitor C2.the reference voltage is variable i.e. .-12 V to +12V .as the triangular wave voltage increases ,the reference voltage ,the output appears at pin no.6 and as the triangular wave voltage decreases the reference voltage, the output at pin no.6 disappear. If the total triangular wave is more than the reference voltage, the output voltage at pin no.6 will permanently disappear. The output of pin bo.6 is fed to an amplifier using transistor T1 and the output of T1 is fed to the gate of IGBT which is in series of the load and DC supply.

3.5 PROCEDURE:
a) Study of Triangular Wave Generator 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Keep the freq adj at minimum. Connect the CRO ground point. Switch ON the MCB. Observe the wave shape at TP1 as given in fig-2. Observe the wave shape at TP2 as given in fig-2. Move the freq adj at center. Observe the wave shape at TP1 freq is increasing

b) Study of ON-OFF Circuit 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Keep the freq adj at minimum. Keep the Speed adj at minimum. Connect the CRO ground point. Switch ON the MCB. Observe the wave shape at TP3 as given in fig-3. Move the Speed adj at center. Observe the wave shape at TP3 as given in fig-3. Move the Speed adj at maximum. Observe the wave shape at TP3 as given in fig-3.

c) Observation of Load Supply Chopping 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Keep the freq adj at minimum. Keep the Speed adj at minimum. Connect the CRO to load using attenuator. Connect the lead as give in fig-4. Switch ON the MCB. Observe the wave shape across the load. Move the Speed adj and observe the wave shape across the load. Move the freq adj and observe the wave shape across the load.

d) Observation of Motor Speed Control Using Chopping the DC supply 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Keep the freq adj at minimum. Keep the Speed adj at minimum. Connect the lead as give in fig-5. Connect the Motor as given in fig-5. Switch ON the MCB. Observe the wave shape across the load. Increase the Speed adj and motor speed increasing accordingly. Observe that the voltage across the motor is also increasing accordingly.

3.6 POST EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. Is a sine wave output current possible from a chopper circuit? 2. Is a sine wave voltage output possible from a chopper circuit? 3. Discuss the control circuit design for a two quadrant chopper circuit.

3.7 LAB TUTORIALS: 3.8 REFERENCE BOOKS:

Power Electronics - Dr P S Bimhra, Khanna Publishers Fundamentals of Electrical Drives - G K Dubey, Narosa Publishing House, and New Delhi Fourth reprint 2004.

3.9 URLs:
http://www.scribd.com/doc http://www google.com http://www.bbdit.in

EXPERIMENT NO.5
SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE SLIPRING MOTOR USING STATIC ROTOR RESISTANCE CONTROL THROUGH RECTIFIER & CHOPPER (MOSFET) 5.1 OBJECTIVE:
To study the speed control of 3 phase slip ring motor

5.2 PRE EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. What are the uses of phase controlled rectifiers in DC drives? 2. Write the expression for the average output voltage of a single phase and three phase full converter fed DC drive? 3. What is meant by critical speed in phase controlled DC drives? 4. What causes poor input power factor in phase controlled DC drives? 5. Three phase converters are better than single phase converters when harmonics are considered? Will this advantage be of any use in motor drives?

5.3 APPARATUS:
This unit consists of 2 parts a. Power circuit: 3 phase bridge rectifier-16A/600V to convert rotor AC voltage to DC output Rotor Inductance to smoothen the rectifier DC. MOSFET

b. Control circuit: Power ON/OFF switch Potentiometer to vary the frequency and duty cycle from 0% to 90%

5.4 THEORY:
The speed control by means of slip variation can be activated by employing a variable resistance in the rotor circuit. The maximum torque does not depend upon the value of rotor rsistance. The rotor resistance slip at which maximum torque occurs. The rotor speed of a 3 phase slip ring motor can be controlling the power flow can be controlled by the following method By inserting adjustment external resistance in the motor By varying stator voltage By injecting a voltage of slip frequency in the rotor circuit By the recovery of slip power

Speed control of an induction motor by an adjustable resistance in the rotor circuits is fairly similar to that of a DC shunt motor by a resistance in the armature circuit. This method of speed control is useful where a large starting torque is required. Disadvantage: The efficiency is low due to large ohmic loss in the rotor resistance. The speed control range is below the synchronous speed.

It is suitable for intermittent load and where rapid acceleration or deceleration is required such as in cranes, hoists etc. The external resistance can be varied by using tapped resistance and rotary switches. But the sped control is not continuous and slow response. Smooth contactless control can be achieved by using phase controlled rectifier and a chopper in the rotor to control the efficiency in the rotor circuit. The phase controlled rectifier is not very suitable because the firing circuit to be synchronized in the rotor frequency which is variable and the magnitude of the rotor voltage varies considerably with the variation of speed, being lowest at synchronous speed and highest at standstill. The chopper controlled resistance scheme is more advantageous because it does not require synchronization with rotor frequency. The resistance connected across the output terminals of a chopper can be varied from 0 to R by varying the duty cycle. When the chopper is OFF, the

supply is always connected to the resistance R. similarly when the chopper is ON the resistance is short circuited. Hence by varying the time ratio from 0to 1 the value of resistance can be varied from R to the slip power of the rotor is rectified by a diode rectifier and is fed to the chopper controlled resistance. The rotor current is sinusoidal .the harmonics of the rotor current produces torque pulsation.

5.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Always connect a load approx 400W in between the rotor circuit of slip ring motor. 2. Keep the switch for MOSFET source in OFF position. 3. Keep the POT for ON time control in OFF position 4. Switch ON the 3-phase MCB. 5. Push the green push button 6. The lamp connected will glow and become dim and motor will run at some speed 7. Now at this point when the bulb glowing is minimum 8. Switch ON the MOSFET. 9. Now gradually vary the pot for ON time control and measure the speed of slip ring motor.

5.6 RESULT:

5.7 POST EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. When is an induction motor said to be working in a field weakening mode? . . 2. List the demerits of the rotor resistance control using SCR switching with external resistance . .

3. Give the expression for torque of a static rotor resistance controlled three phase induction motor. 4. What are the disadvantages of static rotor resistance control? .................................................................................................................... 5. What is meant by slip power? . 6. Name the different types of slip power recovery schemes. ................................................................................................................ .. 7. Why the power factor of the slip power recovery scheme of speed control induction motor is low? .. 8. Can slip energy controlled induction motor be reversed in speed? How is it done? . .

5.8 REFERENCE BOOKS:

Power Electronics - Dr P S Bimhra, Khanna Publishers Fundamentals of Electrical Drives - G K Dubey, Narosa Publishing House, and New Delhi Fourth reprint 2004.

5.9 LAB TUTORIALS: 5.9URLs:

http://www.scribd.com/doc http://www google.com http://www.bbdit.in

EXPERIMENT NO.6
MICROCONTROLLER BASED THREE PHASE FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CONVERTER 6.1OBJECTIVE:
To study the performance of three phase fully controlled bridge converter

6.2 PRE EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. What are the uses of phase controlled rectifiers in DC drives? 2. Write the expression for the average output voltage of a single phase and three phase full converter fed DC drive? 3. What is meant by critical speed in phase controlled DC drives? 4. What causes poor input power factor in phase controlled DC drives? 5. Three phase converters are better than single phase converters when harmonics are considered? Will this advantage be of any use in motor drives? 6. What is discontinuous conduction mode? Mention its merits and demerits

6.2 APPARATUS:
1. Power circuit consisting of six SCRs connected in bridge configuration 2. Micro controlled based firing circuit MCB 3. Voltmeter 4. Ammeter 5. Lamp load (100 W each) 6. Patch cords 7. Instruction manual 8. 2KVA 3 phase star delta 1:1 isolation transformer

9. Inductor 70mH, 2A 10. DC motor, separately excited,0.5 HP,220V

6.3 THEORY:
The operation of a 3-phase fully-controlled bridge rectifier circuit is described in this page. A three-phase fully-controlled bridge rectifier can be constructed using six SCRs as shown below.

The three-phase bridge rectifier circuit has three-legs, each phase connected to one of the three phase voltages. Alternatively, it can be seen that the bridge circuit has two halves, the positive half consisting of the SCRs S1, S3 and S5 and the negative half consisting of the SCRs S2, S4 and S6. At any time, one SCR from each half conducts when there is current flow. If the phase sequence of the source be RYB, the SCRs are triggered in the sequence S 1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6 and S1 and so on. Or 90o in the next cycle, and that B-phase voltage is the lowest when is in the range from 90o to 210o. If SCRs are used, their conduction can be delayed by choosing the desired firing angle. When the SCRs are fired at 0o firing angle, the output of the bridge rectifier would be the same as that of the circuit with diodes. For instance, it is seen that D1 starts conducting only after = 30o. In fact, it can start conducting only after = 30o, since it is reverse-biased before = 30o. The bias

across D1 becomes zero when = 30o and diode D1 starts getting forward-biased only after =30o. When vR () = E*Sin (), diode D1 is reverse-biased before = 30o and it is forwardbiased when > 30o. When firing angle to SCRs is zero degree, S1 is triggered when = 30o. This means that if a synchronizing signal is needed for triggering S1, that signal voltage would lag vR() by 30o and if the firing angle is , SCR S1 is triggered when = + 30o. Given that the conduction is continuous.

6.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig 2. Connect the load as resistive load 3. Switch on supply to power circuit and control circuit 4. Starting from 180 degree as firing angle, decrease to degree in steps. 5. Observe the output voltage waveform and record the readings of voltmeter and ammeter for different values of firing angle. 6. Repeat step 4 R-l connecting inductor in series with lamp load. Repeat step 4 again for RLE load by connecting DC motor as load.

6.4 RESULT: 6.5 PRECAUTIONS:

Voltage applied across DC motor should not increase beyond 220V .one bulbs of 200W can be connected in series with motor.

6.6 POST EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. When is discontinuous conduction mode expected with the operation of converter fed DC drives? . . 2. What is continuous conduction mode? Mention its merits and demerits 3. What is meant by duty cycle? .. . 4. A three phase 400 V, 15 KW, 1440 RPM, 50 Hz star connected induction motor has rotor leakage impedance of (0.4 +j1.6) . The stator leakage impedance and rotational losses are assumed negligible. If the motor is energized from a 120 Hz, 400 V, 3 phase source, the calculate i. Motor speed at rated load ii. The slip at maximum torque occurs iii. The maximum torque .. ..

6.7 REFERENCE BOOKS:

Power Electronics- Converter Applications and Design - Mohan Underland Robbins, John Wiley and Sons, New York 2nd Edition.

Fundamentals of Electrical Drives - G K Dubey, Narosa Publishing House, and New Delhi Fourth reprint 2004. Power Electronics - Dr P S Bimhra, Khanna Publishers

6.8 LAB TUTORIALS: 6.9 URLs:

http://www.brightbulb.com
http://www google.com www.ee.iitkgp.ernet.in

EXPERIMENT NO.7
MICROCONTROLLER BASED SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL
7.1 OBJECTIVE:
To perform speed control of 3-phase induction motor by stator voltage control using microcontroller.

7.2 PRE EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. Explain the mechanical characteristics of a three phase induction motor with stator current control. 2. Discuss how the speed of a three phase induction motor can be controlled by varying the frequency of the applied voltage 3. With necessary diagram, explain the theoretical principles of stator voltage control 4. Bring out the limitations of Stator voltage control scheme

7.3 APPARATUS:
This unit consists of two parts: 1. Power circuit: 6 thyristors connected in anti parallel 2. Control circuit: FCR-100(8051) microcontroller based SCR bridge controller is used for controlling the firing circuit. 3. Soft push buttons 4. 3-phase MCB 5. LCD display 6. 10:1 attenuator with isolation transformer for observation of wave form on CRO.

7.4 THEORY:
Induction motors are the preferred choice for industrial motors due to their rugged construction, absence of brushes (which are required in most DC motors) andthanks to modern power electronicsthe ability to control the speed of the motor. A 3-phase power supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor... The synchronous speed of a motor is determined by the following formula:

Where, ns is the (synchronous) speed of the rotor (in rpm), f is the frequency of the AC supply (in Hz) and p is the number of magnetic poles per phase. For example, a 6 pole motor operating on 50 Hz power would have a speed of:

Note: on the use of p - some texts refer to number of pole pairs per phase instead of number of poles per phase. For example a 6 pole motor, operating on 60 Hz power, would have 3 pole pairs. The equation of synchronous speed then becomes:

With P being the number of pole pairs per phase.

Typical torque curve as a function of slip The slip is a ratio relative to the synchronous speed and is calculated using:

Where s is the slip, usually between 0 and 1 nr = rotor rotation speed (rpm) ns = synchronous rotation speed (rpm) Equivalent circuit The equivalent circuit shows an electrically equivalent circuit to the motor's construction, where the two leftmost terminals would be connected to a power supply.

Equivalent circuit

On the left side of the circuit, the equivalent resistance of the stator, which consists of the copper resistance and core resistance in series, is shown as Rs. During asynchronous operation, the stator also induces some reactance, which is represented by the inductor Xs. The next inductor Xr

represents the effect of the rotor (commonly a squirrel-cage) passing through the stator's magnetic field. The effective resistance of the rotor (again with rotating in a magnetic field), Rr, is composed of:

the equivalent value of the machine's real power (which changes with the torque and the load on the machine) The ohmic resistance of the stator windings and the squirrel cage of shorted rotor windings.

At idle, the induction motor equivalent circuit is essentially just Rs and Xs, which is why this machine only takes up mostly reactive power. The idle current draw is often near the rated current, due to the copper and core losses which exist even at no load. In these conditions, this is usually more than half the power loss at rated load. If the torque against the motor spindle is increased, the active current increases by Rr, and thus in the rotor. SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR The various methods of speed control through semiconductor devices are: 1. Stator voltage control 2. Stator frequency control 3. Stator voltage and frequency control 4. Stator current control 5. Static rotor resistance control 6. Slip-energy recovery control Methods 1 to 4 are applicable to both SCIMs and WRIMs whereas methods 5 to 6 can be used for WRIMs only. STATOR VOLTAGE CONTROL

Te =

(KV1)2 (r1+r2/s)2+(x1+x2)2 s

r2

Ws

Torque is proportional to the square of the stator supply voltage. A reduction in the supply voltage will reduce the motor torque and therefore the speed of the drive .if the motor terminal reduced to KV1 where K<1, then the motor torque is given by the above mentioned equation. For the purpose of varying the voltage to a 3 phase induction motor so as to achieve a speed, a 3-phase ac voltage controller feeding a 3-phase induction motor. By controlling the firing angle of the thyristors connected in anti parallel in each phase, the rms value voltage can be regulated. As a consequence, motor torque and thus speed of the drive is controlled.

In fig, for load torque T l, a is the operating point at rated voltage and OA is the motor speed .for reduced stator voltage (K=0.5), b is the operating point and OB is the reduced motor speed for load torque Tl. this method is suitable for motors having large value of sm.For low slip motors, the range of speed control is very narrow.

Stator voltage control method offers limited speed range. It is usual to use 3-phase voltage controllers. Their use introduces pronounced harmonic content and input supply power factor for the voltage controller is quite low. These are, used for low power drives like fans, blowers and centrifugal pimps requiring low stating torque. For these type of loads, the load torque is proportional to speed squared and input current is maximum when slip S=1/3.

7.5 RESULTS: 7.6 POST EXPERIMENT QUIZ: 1. With necessary diagram, explain the theoretical principles of stator voltage control 2. Bring out the limitations of Stator voltage control scheme .. 3. Derive an expression for the torque of an inverter fed three phase induction motor when it is operated with V/F control. Show that the maximum torque remains unaltered in this scheme. . .. 4. A 400 volts 4 pole 50 Hz three phase star connected induction motor has r 1=0,x1=x2=1 , r2=0.4, xm= 500 . The induction motor is fed from i. A constant voltage source of 231 volts per phase and ii. A constant current source of 28 A. For both the cases calculate the slip at which maximum torque occurs and the starting and maximum torques. .. ...

7.7 REFRENCE BOOKS:

Power Electronics- Converter Applications and Design - Mohan Underland Robbins, John Wiley and Sons, New York 2nd Edition. Fundamentals of Electrical Drives - G K Dubey, Narosa Publishing House, and New Delhi Fourth reprint 2004. Fundamentals of Power Electronics - SRamaReddy, Narosa PublishingHouse, New Delhi, First Reprint 2002.

7.8 LAB TUTORIALS:

7.9 URLs:

http://www.brightbulb.com http://www google.com www.ee.iitkgp.ernet.in http://nptel.com

EXPERIMENT NO.8
MICROCONTROLLER BASED SPEED CONTROL OF 1-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR BY VOLTAGE CONTROL
8.1 OBJECTIVE:
To study speed control of single phase induction motor using microcontroller.

8.2 PRE EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. Draw the per phase equivalent (approximate) circuit of induction motor referred to stator and also give the final torque expression 2. Mention the different methods of stator side speed control of induction motor drive 3. Name the methods of speed control applicable on the rotor side of a three phase induction motor. 4. Is it possible to operate the induction machine as a generator? What is the polarity of slip in that mode of operation?

8.3 APPARATUS:
1. Microcontroller kit with firing circuit. 2. Single phase induction motor capacitor start 3. Patch cords 4. Instruction manual

8.4 THEORY:
Induction motors are most commonly built to run on single-phase or three-phase power, but twophase motors also exist. In theory, two-phase and more than three phase induction motors are possible; many single-phase motors having two windings and requiring a capacitor can actually be viewed as two-phase motors, since the capacitor generates a second power phase 90 degrees

from the single-phase supply and feeds it to a separate motor winding. Single-phase power is more widely available in residential buildings, but cannot produce a rotating field in the motor (the field merely oscillates back and forth), so single-phase induction motors must incorporate some kind of starting mechanism to produce a rotating field. They would, using the simplified analogy of salient poles, have one salient pole per pole number; a four-pole motor would have four salient poles. If an auxiliary winding of much fewer turns of smaller wire is placed at 90o electrical to the main winding, it can start a single phase induction motor. With lower inductance and higher resistance, the current will experience less phase shift than the main winding. About 30o of phase difference may be obtained. This coil produces a moderate starting torque, which is disconnected by a centrifugal switch at 3/4 of synchronous speed. This simple (no capacitor) arrangement serves well for motors up to 1/3 horsepower (250 watts) driving easily started loads.

This motor has more starting torque than a shaded pole motor (next section), but not as much as a two phase motor built from the same parts. The current density in the auxiliary winding is so high during starting that the consequent rapid temperature rise precludes frequent restarting or slow starting loads. When a capacitor is so introduced, the voltage lags the current by some phase angle. In these motors, the necessary phase difference between the Is and Im is obtained by introducing a capacitor in series with the starter winding. The capacitor used in these motors are of electrolytic type and usually visible as it is mounted outside the motor as a separate unit.

During starting, as the capacitor is connected in series with the starter winding (auxiliary winding), the current through the starter winding Is leads the voltage V, which is applied across the circuit. But the current through the main winding Im, still lags the applied voltage V across the circuit. Thus more the difference between the Is and Im, better the resulting rotating magnetic field.

When the motor reaches about 75% of the full load speed, the centrifugal switch S opens and thus disconnecting the starter winding and the capacitor from the main winding. It is important to point out from the phasor diagram that the phase difference between Im and Is is almost 80 degrees as against 30 degrees in a split-phase induction motor. Thus a capacitor-start inductionrun motor produces a better rotating magnetic field than the split-phase motors. It is evident from

the phasor diagram that the current through the starter winding Is leads the voltage V by a small angle and the current through the main winding Im lags the applied voltage. It is to be appreciated that the resultant current I, is small and is almost in phase with the applied voltage V.

As discussed earlier in my last article on split-phase motors, the torque developed by a splitphase induction motor is directly proportional to the sine of the angle between Is and Im. Also the angle is 30 degrees in case of split-phase motors. But incase of capacitor-start induction-run motors, the angle between Is and Im is 80 degrees. It is then obvious that the increase in the angle (from 30 degrees to 80 degrees) alone increases the starting torque to nearly twice the value developed by a standard split-phase induction motor. The speed-torque characteristics curve is exhibiting the starting and running torques of a capacitor-start induction-run motor.

8.5 POST EXPERIMENT QUIZ:

1. What are the influences of the type of load on an ac motor drive? 2. What is the influence of harmonics over induction motor? 3. What are the draw backs of a stator voltage controlled speed control method? 4. Constant torque loads are not suitable for AC voltage controller fed induction motor drive? Why? 5. What happens to the performance of AC motor if the stator voltage control technique is adopted with frequency being constant? 8.6 REFERENCE BOOKS: Gopalkumar, K., Power Electronics and Electrical Drives, Video Lectures 1-25, Centre for Electronics and Technology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Bimbhra, P.S., Power Electronics. New Delhi, Khanna Publishers, 2006. Dubey, G.K., Fundamentals of Electrical Drives. New Delhi, Narosa Publishing House, 2009.

8.7 LAB TUTORIALS: 8.8 URLs:

http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/electrical/ http://www.scribd.com/doc http://www google.com http://nptel.com