NAME:K.Harshavardhan Reg no:11BEC1074

NAME :K.
Harshavardhan Reg no :11BEC1074
EXPERIMENT 2 AIM:
To sample a sinusoidal signal and sample it using pulses and then quantize it and then encode the signal to generate PCM output. Also to observe the nyquist rate and the PCM with different quantization levels.
SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 2012B (SIMULINK). TECHNICAL TERMS TO BE NOTED:
SAMPLING : In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal).
QUANTIZATION : Quantization, in mathematics and digital signal processing, is the process of mapping a large set of input values to a smaller set such as rounding values to some unit of precision. A device or algorithmic function that performs quantization is called a quantizer. The round-off error introduced by quantization is referred to as quantization error.
ENCODING: An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person that converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of standardization, speed, secrecy, security, or compressions.
PCM: Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent sampled analog signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, Compact Discs, digital telephony and other digital audio applications. In a PCM stream, the amplitude of the analog signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals, and each sample is quantized to the nearest value within a range of digital steps. DPCM: Differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) is a signal encoder that uses the baseline of pulse-code modulation (PCM) but adds some functionalities based on the prediction of the samples of the signal. The input can be an analog signal or a digital signal. If the input is a continuous-time analog signal, it needs to be sampled first so that a discrete-time signal is the input to the DPCM encoder. Option 1: take the values of two consecutive samples; if they are analog samples, quantize them; calculate the difference between the first one and the next; the output is the difference, and it can be further entropy coded. Option 2: instead of taking a difference relative to a previous input sample, take the difference relative to the output of a local model of the decoder process; in this option, the difference can be quantized, which allows a good way to incorporate a controlled loss in the encoding.
PROCEDURE:
1. Start with opening the mat lab software and open the Simulink module. 2. Construct the model required to do the sampling of the signal 3. Then start off with quantizing the signal and then pass it through the uniform encoder. 4. Then pass the output to integer to bit converter which converts the signal . 5. Then for differential pulse code modulation use the same blocks but after the quantization output, try to subtract between the delayed version of the quantization signal with the original signal.
SIMULINK BLOCK DIAGRAMS AND THEIR OUTPUTS:

SAMPLING:
PARAMETERS: Sine wave: Amplitude:1v Frequency :50 hz Sample time:1/10000
Pulse generator: Pulse width : 50% duty cycle Amplitude : 1V
SAMPLING OUTPUTS:
Undersampling : frequency @ 50 hz
Over sampling : frequency @ 10000
Sampling at nyquist rate: Frequency @ 5000 Hz
QUANTISATION:
Quantization outputs: @ frequency of 1000 and quantization level at 0.5
@frequency 1000 and quantization level 0.25
Output after passing through uniform encoder:
After passing through Integer to bit converter:
Final Simulink model:
DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION: Simulink model:
Output after subtracting the signal from the delayed version :
Output after quantization:
Output at uniform encoder
DPCM output:
RESULT:
Thus PCM and DPCM signals are generated and the outputs are observed.
INFERENCE:
Noise is less in DPCM while compared to that of PCM. The quantization noise in DPCM reduces by a factor of (M/D)^2 where M and D are the peak amplitudes of the signals.
REFERENCE : WIKIPEDIA

NAME:K.Harshavardhan Reg no:11BEC1074

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NAME:K.Harshavardhan Reg no:11BEC1074

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NAME :K.

Harshavardhan Reg no :11BEC1074

SOFTWARE USED: MATLAB 2012B (SIMULINK). TECHNICAL TERMS TO BE NOTED:

SIMULINK BLOCK DIAGRAMS AND THEIR OUTPUTS:

PARAMETERS: Sine wave: Amplitude:1v Frequency :50 hz Sample time:1/10000

Pulse generator: Pulse width : 50% duty cycle Amplitude : 1V

Over sampling : frequency @ 10000

Sampling at nyquist rate: Frequency @ 5000 Hz

Quantization outputs: @ frequency of 1000 and quantization level at 0.5

@frequency 1000 and quantization level 0.25

Output after passing through uniform encoder:

After passing through Integer to bit converter:

Final Simulink model:

DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION: Simulink model:

Output after subtracting the signal from the delayed version :

Output after quantization:

Output at uniform encoder

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