PCM Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT NO:
Aim: To Study Pulse Code Modulation on Matlab
Apparatus: Matlab Software
Theory: Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal in
accordance with the instantaneous values of the message signal.
The message signal is the signal which is being transmitted for communication and the carrier
signal is a high frequency signal which has no data, but is used for long distance
transmission.
There are many modulation techniques, which are classified according to the type of
modulation employed. Of them all, the digital modulation technique used is Pulse Code
Modulation PCM
A signal is pulse code modulated to convert its analog information into a binary sequence,
i.e., 1s and 0s. The output of a PCM will resemble a binary sequence. The following figure
shows an example of PCM output with respect to instantaneous values of a given sine wave.
Instead of a pulse train, PCM produces a series of numbers or digits, and hence this process is
called as digital. Each one of these digits, though in binary code, represent the approximate
amplitude of the signal sample at that instant.
In Pulse Code Modulation, the message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulses.
This message signal is achieved by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and
amplitude.
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering DCOM Lab

Basic Elements of PCM
The transmitter section of a Pulse Code Modulator circuit consists of Sampling, Quantizing
and Encoding, which are performed in the analog-to-digital converter section. The low pass
filter prior to sampling prevents aliasing of the message signal.
The basic operations in the receiver section are regeneration of impaired signals, decoding,
and reconstruction of the quantized pulse train. Following is the block diagram of PCM
which represents the basic elements of both the transmitter and the receiver sections.
Low Pass Filter
This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the input analog signal which
is greater than the highest frequency of the message signal, to avoid aliasing of the message
signal.
Sampler
This is the technique which helps to collect the sample data at instantaneous values of
message signal, so as to reconstruct the original signal. The sampling rate must be greater
than twice the highest frequency component W of the message signal, in accordance with the
sampling theorem.

Quantizer
Quantizing is a process of reducing the excessive bits and confining the data. The sampled
output when given to Quantizer, reduces the redundant bits and compresses the value.
Encoder
The digitization of analog signal is done by the encoder. It designates each quantized level by
a binary code. The sampling done here is the sample-and-hold process. These three sections
LPF,Sampler,andQuantizer
will act as an analog to digital converter. Encoding minimizes the bandwidth used.
Regenerative Repeater
This section increases the signal strength. The output of the channel also has one regenerative
repeater circuit, to compensate the signal loss and reconstruct the signal, and also to increase
its strength.
Decoder
The decoder circuit decodes the pulse coded waveform to reproduce the original signal. This
circuit acts as the demodulator.
Reconstruction Filter
After the digital-to-analog conversion is done by the regenerative circuit and the decoder, a
low-pass filter is employed, called as the reconstruction filter to get back the original signal.
Hence, the Pulse Code Modulator circuit digitizes the given analog signal, codes it and
samples it, and then transmits it in an analog form. This whole process is repeated in a
reverse pattern to obtain the original signal.
Procedure: 1. Open Matlab Software

2. Click on New Script and Start to write a Program
3. After wrote Save and Run Program
4. Command Window will open
5. Give the Following Input to generate FSK modulated wave.
6. Enter Bit Depth Of PCM Coding:2

Circuit Diagram/Block Diagram/Flow chart/Program:
clc
close all
clear all
t = 0:0.0001:20; %sampling at niquist rate
c=input('Enter Bit Depth Of PCM Coding:');
part = -1:0.1:1;%A quantization partition defines several contiguous,
nonoverlapping ranges
%of values within the set of real numbers.
codebook = -1:0.1:1.1;%A codebook tells the quantizer which common value to
assign to inputs that
%fall into each range of the partition.
msg = cos(t);
[~,quants] = quantiz(msg,part,codebook);%returns a vector that tells which
interval each input is in
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,msg);
title('Message Signal');
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,quants);
title('Quantized Signal');
y = uencode(quants,c);
ybin=dec2bin(y,c); %converting it to final binary form to make it transmit
ready
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
title('PCM PLOT');

Results:
Conclusion: Hence we studied Pulse Code Modulation successfully on Matlab

Software
Viva questions:
1. What are the advantages of PCM?
2. What is Quantization Noise?
3. What are the application of PCM?

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EXPERIMENT NO:

Aim: To Study Pulse Code Modulation on Matlab

Apparatus: Matlab Software

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering DCOM Lab

Low Pass Filter

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering DCOM Lab

Procedure: 1. Open Matlab Software

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering DCOM Lab

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering DCOM Lab

Conclusion: Hence we studied Pulse Code Modulation successfully on Matlab

1. What are the advantages of PCM?

2. What is Quantization Noise?

3. What are the application of PCM?

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering DCOM Lab

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