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Process Variable

This document discusses basic concepts in chemical engineering including processes, process variables, and material and energy balances. It defines a process as a series of operations that accomplish a specific objective, which can be either chemical or physical in nature. Process variables that are covered include flow rate, composition, concentration, pressure, temperature, and molar flow rate. The document also distinguishes between process design, which involves formulating flow sheets and specifying equipment, and process operation, which involves day-to-day running of the process.

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devilturn70
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519 views

Process Variable

This document discusses basic concepts in chemical engineering including processes, process variables, and material and energy balances. It defines a process as a series of operations that accomplish a specific objective, which can be either chemical or physical in nature. Process variables that are covered include flow rate, composition, concentration, pressure, temperature, and molar flow rate. The document also distinguishes between process design, which involves formulating flow sheets and specifying equipment, and process operation, which involves day-to-day running of the process.

Uploaded by

devilturn70
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Chemical Engineering

Lecture - 3

Process & Process Variables


Process:
A process is any operation or series of operations by which a particular objective is accomplished. They can be of two types:
Chemical
Example : Chemical Dissolving, pH Balance, Softening of Hard Water

Physical
Example : Drying, Separation, Grinding, Crushing, Mixing

Input or Feed

Process Flow Diagram

Output or Product

Process Unit

Process Stream

Difference between Design & Operation


Design:
Design includes formulation of process flow sheet (layout) as well as specification of individual process units (such as reactors, separation equipment & heat exchangers) and associated process variables.

Operation:
Operation involves the day to day running of the process. The process and all the equipment must produce product at designated rate and with specified characteristics.

Troubleshooting

Debottlenecking

Turn-down.

Quick Review
Density:

Specific Volume:

Quick Review
Specific Gravity:

Do it Yourself (DIY):
Example 3.1 1 Example 3.1 2

Process Variables
Flow Rate:

(DIY) Question 1 & 2, Pg. 47.

Process Variables
Composition of Mixtures:
Moles:
A gram mole of a specie is the amount of that specie whose mass in gram is numerically equal to its molecular weight. 34 kg NH3 = how much number of moles?

(DIY) Example 3.3 - 1

Process Variables
Molar Flow Rate Mass & Mole Fraction
Mass Fraction Mole Fraction

(DIY) Example 3.3 2 (DIY) Example 3.3 3

Process Variables
Concentration:
Mass Concentration: Mass of the component per unit volume of the mixture (g/cm3 , lbm/ft3) Mole Concentration: Moles of the component per unit volume of the mixture (kmol/m3 , lb-moles/ft3) Molarity Molar concentration of the solute expressed per liter of solution.

Process Variables
Pressure:
Pressure is force per unit area P = F/A = N/m2 = Pascal

Hydrostatic Pressure

Process Variables
Atmospheric Pressure Guage Pressure Absolute Pressure

Process Variables
Temperature:
Temperature of a substance is the measure of average kinetic energy possesed by the substance molecules.

It is measured in Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin & Rankine

Process Variables
The following co-relations are used to interconvert temperature scales.

Process Variables
Example 3.5-2

(DIY) Convert the answers of above to Kelvin & Rankine.

Course Outline for BSc. Chemical Engineering


CHE116 Basic Chemical Engineering Introduction to chemical engineering: Introduction to Engineering Profession. Responsibilities and ethics for engineers. Role of chemical engineer. History of profession and future directions. Career opportunities in Chemical Engineering. Basic concepts of Chemical Engineering: Units and dimensions, conversion of units. Process variables; pressure, temperature, concentrations and Composition of mixtures. Material balances: Fundamentals of material balances; Program of analysis of material balance problems, material balance calculations, Balances on non reactive systems, balance on reactive systems and Processes, Recycle, By-pass and purge calculations, Case studies on balances for important industrial processes. Ideal gases, equations of state for real gases. The compressibility factor equation of state. Energy Balance: Concepts and units, Forms of energy: The first law of thermodynamics. Calculation of enthalpy changes. Applications of the general energy balance without reactions occurring. Ethics: Professional ethics: The ethics challenge and ethical case studies. Credit hours/ Contact Hours - 2

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