7.

4 Operational Properties 2
7.4.1 Derivatives of Transform
Formula no. 24
{ }
1 ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n n
n
d
t f t F s
ds
= L
Formulas no. 15-18 can be obtained using formula no. 24 with
{ } { }
{ } { }
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
,
2
,
sin cos
( ) ( )
sinh cosh
( ) ( )
ks s k
t kt t kt
s k s k
ks s k
t kt t kt
s k s k

= =
+ +
+
= =

L L
L L
Formulas no. 15-18 can be obtained using formula no. 24 with
n =1
Example: Derivatives of Transform
Formula no. 24
{ } { }
1
2 2
2 2
1

0 2
sin ( ) sin
( )( ) ( )
d
t kt kt
ds
d k
ds
s k
s k k s
=

=
`
+ )
+
L L
2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
0 2

2

2

( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
s k k s
s k
ks
s k
ks
s k
+
=
+

=
+
=
+
Formula no. 15
7.4.2 Transform of Integrals
Definition: (Convolution)
If functions f and g are piecewise continuous on [0,),
then the convolution of f and g, denoted by f * g , is
defined by: defined by:
where the convolutions of two functions are
commutative.
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
f g f t g t f g t d = =

f g g f =
Example: (Convolution)
Find:
Solution:
t
t e
0
t t t
t e e d

=

0
0

1
1
( ) ( )
t
t t
t
t
t e e d
e e
t e
t e

=

(
=

=
= +
Convolution Theorem
If functions f and g are piecewise continuous on [0,),
then:
{ }
0

( ) ( ) { }
{ ( )} { ( )}
t
f g t d f g
f t g t
=

=
L L
L L
Example:


{ ( )} { ( )}
( ) ( )
f t g t
F s G s
=
=
L L
Formula no. 25
{ }
{ }
{ }
2 2
1 1 1
1
1 ( )
t t
t e t e
s
s s s
| |
= = =
|

\

L L L
{ }
{ }
{ }
2 2
3 4
1 2 2
1 1 t t
s
s s
| |
= = =
|
\
L L L
More Examples (convolution formula no. 25)
{ } { }
{ }
2 2
sin sin
t t
e t e t = L L L
2 2
1 1 1

2
1 2 1 ( )( )
s
s s s
| |
= =
|

+ + \
Transform of integral (convolution formula no. 25)
{ }
0

1

cos( ) { cos }
{ } {cos }
t t
t
e t d e t
e t
s

=
=
L L
L L
2
1

1
1
( )
( )
s
s
s
=

+
{ }
0
1 1
1 1

1
{ } { } { }
( )
t t t
e d e e
s s

= =

L L L L
Inverse of Convolution Theorem
If functions f and g are piecewise continuous on [0,),
then:
{ }
1
0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t
F s G s f g f g t d

= =

L
this formula can be used in lieu of partial fractions if F(s)
contains a factor of s
n
at its denominator, and the integral
is easy to integrate.
Formula no. 25
1
1
1 ( ) s s

`
+
)
L
Example 1 (inverse of convolution)
Use the convolution property to evaluate:
Use formula no. 25:
1 1
1 1 1


1
1 ,
1
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
t
F s f t
s
G s g t e
s

= =
= =
+
Therefore:
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 ( ) ( ) s s s s


=
` `
+ +
) )
L L
Example 1 (inverse of convolution)
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1
( )
( ) ( )
t
t
t
s s s s
e

=
` `
+ +
) )
=
L L
0
0
1
1
( )
( )
t
t
t
t t
e d
e e

(
= =

Evaluate this integral !
1
2
1
1 ( ) s s

`
+

)
L
Example 2 (inverse of convolution)
Use the convolution property to evaluate:
Use formula no. 25:
1 1
1 1 1



2
1
1 ,
1
1
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) cos
F s f t
s
G s g t t
s
= =
= =
+
Therefore:
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
1 1 ( ) ( )
s
s s s



=
` `
+ +

) )
L L
Example 2 (inverse of convolution)
1 1
2 2
1 1 1
1 1
1
( ) ( )
cos
t
s
s s s
t



=
` `
+ +

) )
=
L L
| |
0
0
1

cos( )
sin( ) sin
t
t
t d
t t

= =
Evaluate this integral !
Transform of Periodic Function
Definition (Periodic function):
If a function f satisfies:
for all t > 0 and for some fixed number T, then f is called
( ) ( ) f t T f t + =
for all t > 0 and for some fixed number T, then f is called
a periodic function with period T.
The graph of periodic function is obtained by repetition
of its graph on any interval.
Example of periodic functions
Periodic graph with period, T = 2, is defined by:
0 2
2
, ( )
( ) ( )
f t t t
f t f t
= <
+ =
(formula for one period)
This indicate periodic with T = 2
Example of periodic functions
Periodic graph defined by:
where:
4 ( ) ( ) f t f t + =
(formula for one period)
This indicate periodic with T = 4
2 0 2
0 2 4
,
( )
,
t
f t
t
<

=

<

Transform of a Periodic Function:

(
=
(

L
Example 1:
Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function
defined by:
1 0
2
1 2
, ( ) ( ) ( )
t a
f t f t f t a
a t a
<

= = +

<

Solution Example 1:
periodic function with period, T = 2a
1 0
2
1 2
, ( ) ( ) ( )
t a
f t f t f t a
a t a
<

= = +

<

{ }
2
2
0
1
1
( ) ( )
a
st
as
f t e f t dt
e

(
=
(

L
Since f(t) is continuous function for t > 0:
0
2
2
0
1
1
1 1
1
( ) ( )
a a
st st
as
a
e
e dt e dt
e

(

(
= +
(

(


Solution Example 1:
{ }
2
2
0
2
2
0
1
1
1 1 1

1
( )
a a
st st
as
a
a a
st st
as
a
f t e dt e dt
e
e e
s s
e

(
=
(

(

(
( (
(
=
( (
(

L
0
2
2
2
1
1 1 1 1 1

1
1 2 1 1

1
a
as as as
as
as
as
s s
e
e e e
s s s s
e
e e
s s s
e

(
| |
= + +
| (
\

= + +

2as
(
(

Alternative Solution for Example 1:
1 0
1 2
( )
t a
h t
a t a
<

=

<

1) First, define h(t) = f(t) on interval [0, 2a] for one period.
2) Write h(t) in terms of unit step function: 2) Write h(t) in terms of unit step function:
1 0 1 2
1 2
1 2 2


( ) [ ( ) ( )] ( )[ ( ) ( )]
[ ( )] [ ( ) ( )]
( ) ( )
h t u t u t a u t a u t a
u t a u t a u t a
u t a u t a
= +
=
= +
Alternative Solution for Example 1:
3) Take the Laplace transform on h(t).
1 2 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) h t u t a u t a = +
{ } { }
{ } { } { }
2
1 2 2
1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
as as
h t u t a u t a
u t a u t a

= +
= +
L L
L L L
4) The Laplace transform for the periodic function f(t) is given by:
2
1 2

as as
e e
s s s

= +
{ } { } { }
2
1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
sT as
f t h t h t
e e

( ( = =


L L L
Exercise 1:
Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function
whose graph is defined by:
2 0 2
4
0 2 4
,
,
( ) ( ) ( )
,
t
f t f t f t
t
<

= + =

<

Exercise 2:
Find the Laplace transform of the periodic function
defined by:
2 0 1
2
2 1 2
,
,
( ) ( ) ( )
,
t t
f t f t f t
t t
<

= + =

+ <