Pre-insertion Resistor of Switching Shunt Capacitor Banks

Tien-Ting Chang Wei-Hsiang Chen Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering National Chin-Yi University of Technology National Chin-Yi University of Technology ctt@ncut.edu.tw timbhee@hotmail.com Abstract
This paper aims to reduce the transient overvoltages problem occurred in switching shunt capacitor banks by pre-insertion resistor. Capacitor banks installed in power system are used to compensate the reactive power demand for improving the networks voltage profile and decreasing the networks losses. Capacitor banks may be switched on and off frequently during a typical day according to certain load curves. The switching actions will produce large transient overvoltages. These transients may cause serious power quality problems. This paper compares the responses of several typical switching strategies by Alternative Transients Program (ATP) and some suggestions for reducing transients are proposed. Keywords: transient overvoltage, power quality, ATP. Figure 1 shows a typical LC two-loop power system, when the resonant frequency of the two loop very close, i.e. L1C1 L2C 2 , it will cause the magnification overvoltage of series resonance phenomenon. The customer will become serious overvoltage situations. In the multi-voltage level of the power system, the low voltage side may be destroyed because of the magnification voltage, which causing the phenomenon of equipment insulation. Since the seventies, the technology of pre-inserting resistor in the capacitor switch at both ends has been widely adopted. Before the capacitor switch operating, first switching of resistor, make to resistors and capacitors to form a series circuit. In order to avoid second switch in the duty cycle of the switching, it has to suffer a power frequency cycle, and then short the resistor, which provides additional damping to consume the energy of transient, and then short the resistor so that the capacitor will not consume energy. But the pre-component will increase the cost and the complexity of the circuit. ATP is widely used in analyzing the electromagnetic transient phenomena of power system and the electromagnetic characteristics of the digital simulation programming system. This software can simulate a complex circuit, in addition to the calculation of transient analysis. ATP also has a number of expansion modules. And its function application is very powerful and practical This paper used pre-insert resistor method and simulated with ATP to analysis for exploring how to reducing transient.

1. Introduction
Capacitor banks installed in reality power system is common method. Capacitor banks are used to compensate the reactive power demand for improving the losses of network. The most common way to install the capacitor bank is shunt with the customer on the identical bus. Because the capacitor voltage is unable to change suddenly, when the capacitor bank switch is operates, the bus voltage will plummet to zero, then the bus voltage will follow the high-frequency oscillation transient to recovery the voltage quickly that may cause to capacitor itself and near bus produce large transient overvoltage and inrush current, these transient phenomenon may lead to interfere or damage of the equipment and that has a very serious power quality problems. Finally, the transient phenomenon has became more and more concern day by day. Before the capacitor bank energizing, there is a operating capacitor at the bus or nearby bus. The way of capacitor energizing is called back to back capacitor energizing. Under this condition, it will produce high oscillation frequency and a large inrush current. The model in this paper is belong to one kind of back to back capacitor energizing.

Figure 1. Typical two-loop power system.

2. Circuit Analysis
In order to explore the transient overvoltage phenomena of capacitor, this study assume the power voltage is 1 V, 60 Hz, Vs = 1 sin( 2t ),60 Hz . After analyzing, the transient voltage equation can be determined:

And the surge impedance Z 0 ,

Z0 =

L1 C1

(4)

This study pre-inserts a resistor, which resistance is same to value of the surge impedance, to offset the energy of the surge impedance.

VC 2(t ) = 1

22 cos t 12 cos t 22 12
1 2

(1)

Natural angular frequencies of two-loop are designed

and

2 :

1 =

2 4
2

1 2

2 =
where

2 + 2 4

1 2

(2)

Figure 2. Pre-insertion resistor of voltage magnification circuit.

4. Case Study
This paper used alternative transient program (ATP) to simulate the circuit of Figure 2. The system parameter as showed below:

1 1 1 + + L1C1 L 2C 2 L 2C1 1 = L1C1L 2C 2

Vs = 1 sin(2t ),60 Hz ,
L1 = 41H , C1 = 2600 F , L 2 = 4100 H , C 2 = 26 F
The resistance of pre-insertion resistor can be calculated by the equation (4), R 0.1 This article is divided into four cases to do simulation analysis. The former two cases are analyzed without pre-install resistor. Case 1 : switch closing at T1. Case 2 : switch closing at T2. Case 3 : switch S1 closing at T2, and switch S2 closing at T3. Case 4 : switch S1 closing at T2, and switch S2 closing at T4.

3. Pre-insertion Resistor
This paper uses the pre-resistance method as showed in Figure 2. To shunt resistor before you close switch, the use of resistors to provide additional damping to reduce transient energy. As the resistor will consume the energy, it has to short the resistor after a power cycle in order to avoid consumes extra energy. This study assumes the current of L1C1 loop:

i1 = I m cos(1t )
Then the angular frequency 1 ,

1 =
And

1 L1C1

(3)

Im =

Vsw Vsw V = = sw L11 Z0 L1 C1

Figure 3. The switching time

Where the Vsw is the switch terminal voltage,

In case 1, this study closes the switch at the voltage peak. Due to the switch closing, the voltage difference across the switch is the largest. According to Figure 4, the voltage of capacitor C1 is close to 2V. The voltage of capacitor C2 is enlarged and its transient overvoltage is nearly as high as 11V. There will be a obvious oscillation phenomena observe in the 400 ~ 600Hz by the spectrum, especially serious in the capacitor C2. Then this study can convert frequency into natural angular frequency which is identical when proving from equation (2).

1.2 [V] 0.8

2.5 [V] 1.6

0.4 0.7 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -1.1

-0.8

-1.2 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50 (file case.pl4; x-var t) v:C1 -

-2.0 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50 (file case.pl4; x-var t) v:C2 -

(a)

(b)

(c)
2.0 [V] 1.1 12 [V] 8

4 0.2 0 -0.7 -4 -1.6

-8

(d)
0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50

-2.5 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50 (file case.pl4; x-var t) v:C1 -

-12 (file case.pl4; x-var t) v:C2

(a)

(b)

Figure 5. Case 2 (a) Vc1 (b) Vc2 (c) Vc1 spectrum (d) Vc2 spectrum From Figure 6, this study can know the C1 capacitor voltage is significant reduce in case 3. Although the transient overvoltage is reduced, the second transient occur when S2 switch closing. There is less oscillation compared to case 2 in the spectrum.
1.2 [V] 0.8 2.0 [V] 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 -0.5 -1.0

(c)

(d) Figure 4. Case 1 (a) spectrum (d)

Vc1 (b) Vc2 (c) Vc1 Vc2 spectrum.

-0.4

-0.8 -1.5 -1.2 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50 (file case.pl4; x-var t) v:C1 -2.0 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50 (file case.pl4; x-var t) v:C2 -

(a) In case 2, this study put the switch at the voltage zero and this method is the most commonly used in the past. When the voltage across the switch is zero, the transient overvoltage can be effectively reduced. According to Figure 5, the voltage of capacitor C1 had been reduced to near 1V. Although the C2 capacitor voltage has a obvious reduction, there are still some over-voltage of 2V. Compared to case 1, the oscillation also significantly reduces in the spectrum. Capacitors C1 and C2 capacitors in the part of the spectrum, the case of oscillation compared with Case 1 there is also a significant reduction. Case 3 and Case 4 are examples of pre-inserton resistor. The S1 switch in Case 3 and Case 4 are closing when the voltage is zero, in order to avoid transient accumulation. The S2 switch in Case 3 is closing when the voltage is zero after a power cycle. The S2 switch in Case 4 is closing when the voltage peak after a power cycle.

(b)

(c)

(d) Figure 6. Case 3 (a) Vc1 (b) Vc2 (c) Vc1 spectrum (d) Vc2 spectrum From Figure 7, it can be observed the C1 capacitor voltage has reduced to 1V and its waveform approaches to the sinusoidal in case 4. The C2 capacitor voltage is reduced to 1.2V. In the spectrum, only the C2 capacitor has a slight oscillation.

1.2 [V] 0.8

1.2 [V] 0.8

2.1 [V] 1.4

0.4

0.4

0.0

0.0

-0.4

-0.4

0.7

-0.8

-0.8

0.0
-1.2 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50 (file case.pl4; x-var t) v:C1 -1.2 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50 (file case.pl4; x-var t) v:C2 -

(a)

(b)

-0.7

-1.4

-2.1 0 10 20 v:C1B 30 v:C1C 40 [ms] 50 (file NEW1.pl4; x-var t) v:C1A -

(c)
12 [V] 8

Figure 8. The Three-Phase Vc1 of Case 1.

(d) Figure 7. Case 4 (a) Vc1 (b) Vc2 (c) Vc1 spectrum (d) Vc2 spectrum Observed in Table 1, the C2 capacitor may have a overvoltige colse to 11V in the circuit magnificated voltage, as showed in case 1, without any inhibition. The method used in Case 3 and Case 4 can reduce transient overvoltage to the extent that this study can accept, but the method used in Case 4 is more effective. TABLE 1: Closing Transients in Four Cases C1 Maximum Voltage (V) Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 1.95 1.14 1.11 1.02 C2 Maximum Voltage (V) 10.86 2.2 1.92 1.17
4 0

-4

-8

-12 0 10 20 v:C2B 30 v:C2C 40 [ms] 50 (file NEW1.pl4; x-var t) v:C2A -

Figure 9. The Three-Phase Vc2 of Case 1.

2.0 [V] 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 0 10 20 v:C1B 30 v:C1C 40 [ms] 50 (file NEW1.pl4; x-var t) v:C1A -

Figure 10. The Three-Phase Vc1 of Case 2.

5. Three-phase System Analysis

In order to take into account the effect of the phase angles difference of phase voltages on transient overvoltages, this paper simulate and analysis the three-phase system. Figure 8 and Figure 9 show as it can be observed out that both the C1 and C2 three-phase voltage in case 1 has serious overvoltage situations. Figure 10 and Figure 11 show as, although the strategy of voltage zero closing can effectively inhibit the overvoltage in phase A, the capacitor voltages in phases B and C still have serious overvoltage situations.

10.0 [V] 7.5 5.0 2.5 0.0 -2.5 -5.0 -7.5 -10.0 0 10 20 v:C2B v:C2C 30 40 [ms] 50 (file NEW1.pl4; x-var t) v:C2A -

Figure 11. The Three-Phase Vc2 of Case 2.

Figure 12 and Figure 14 show as the strategy of pre-insertion resistor in this paper, the three-phase voltages of C1 are obviously reduced to about 1V. Figure 13 and Figure 15 show as C2 capacitor voltage in phases B and C of Case3 and Case4 are also obviously reduced to the extend this study can accept. The second transient phenomenon of the voltage in phase A can be significantly reduced by closing S2 switch at voltage peak used in case 4.
1.2 [V] 0.8

2.500 [V] 1.875 1.250 0.625 0.000 -0.625 -1.250 -1.875 -2.500 0 10 20 v:C2B v:C2C 30 40 [ms] 50 (file NEW1.pl4; x-var t) v:C2A -

Figure 15. The Three-Phase Vc2 of Case 4. Table 2 shows three-phase maximum voltages of four cases. It can be observed that pre-insertion resistor may effectively reduce the transient overvoltage. The method used in case 4 only effectively reduce secondary transient voltage in phase A, and maximum voltages in other phases are somewhat serious than in case 3. Both transient overvoltages of above two cases are on our allowable range.

0.4

0.0

-0.4

-0.8

-1.2 0 10 20 v:C1B 30 v:C1C 40 [ms] 50 (file NEW1.pl4; x-var t) v:C1A -

TABLE 2: Closing Transients of Three-phase C1 Maximum Voltage (V) Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 2 1.88 1.2 1.2 C2 Maximum Voltage (V) 10.86 9.73 2.03 2.09

Figure 12. The Three-Phase Vc1 of Case 3.

2.500 [V] 1.875 1.250 0.625 0.000 -0.625 -1.250 -1.875 -2.500 0 10 20 v:C2B v:C2C 30 40 [ms] 50 (file NEW1.pl4; x-var t) v:C2A -

Figure 13. The Three-Phase Vc2 of Case 3.

1.2 [V] 0.8

Due to the switch may not be accurately closed, this study insert the S1 switch delay 1ms in case 3 and case 4. As show in TABLE 3, the transient overvoltages in case 3 and case 4 are still to meet limit 2.2V [9]. TABLE 3: Closing with Timing Deviations C1 Maximum Voltage (V) Case 3 with 1.0ms late Case 4 with 1.0ms late 1.24 1.24 C1 Maximum Voltage (V) 2.18 2.13

0.4

0.0

-0.4

-0.8

-1.2 0 10 20 v:C1B 30 v:C1C 40 [ms] 50 (file NEW1.pl4; x-var t) v:C1A -

6. Conclusions
Four ways are described in this paper to close the capacitor switch. Due to the effect of the phase angles difference of phase voltages on transient overvoltages, there will be serious overvoltage condition in other phases. So it is necessary to do three-phase analysis.

Figure 14. The Three-Phase Vc1 of Case 4.

The resistance of pre-insertion resistor is the value of surge impedance this study calculated. After simulation analysis, this study can indicate that the method of pre-insertion resistor used in this paper can effectively reduce the transient overvoltage. Although the switch may not be accurately closing, even inserting the switch delay 1ms, the strategy used in this paper is still effective to reduce transient overvoltage within the range of the IEEE Std 18-1992.

References
[1] Aaron Kalyuzhny, Silviu Zissu, Dan Shein, Analytical Study of Voltage Magnification Transients Due to Capacitor Switching, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 24, no. 2, April 2009. [2] M. F. McGranaghan, R. M. Zavadil, G. Hensley, T. Singh, and M. Samotyj, Impact of utility switched capacitors on customer system-Magnification at low capacitors, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 862-868, Apr. 1992. [3] T. E. Grebe, Application of distribution system capacitor banks and their impact on power quality, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 32, no.3, pp714-719, May/Jun. 1996. [4] R. A. Adams, S. W. Middlekauff, E. H. Camm, and J. A. McGee, Solving customer quality problems due to voltage magnification, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1515-1520, Oct. 1998. [5] K.-C. Liu , N. Chen, Voltage-Peak Synchronous Closing Control for Shunt Capacitors, IEE Proc-Cener. Transm. Distrih., Vol. 145, No. 3, May 1998,pp.233-238. [6] M. Saied, Analysis of the amplitude and frequencies of the voltage magnification transients in distribution networks due to capacitor switching, in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Transm. Distrib. Conf. Expo.: Latin America, Nov. 2004, pp34-38. [7] J. S. Das, Analysis and control of large-shunt-capacitor-bank switching transients, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 41, no. 6, pp 1444-1451, Nov./Dec. 2005. [8] ATPDraw version 3.5 for Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP Users Manual. [9] IEEE Standard for Shunt Power Capacitors, IEEE Std 18-1992, New York, 1993.