Notes for ME3003 - Environmental Studies for Mechanical Engineers Module 1 Part 1

ME3003- Environmental Studies for Mechanical Engineers Module 1 Part 1

Topics covered : Scope and Importance of Environmental

Studies, Ecosystems Structure and Function, Forest,

Grassland and Desert Ecosystems, Diversity in

ecosystems, Value of Biodiversity, Threats to Biodiversity, Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act,

Conservation of Biodiversity, Environmental Ethics.

2

References for the notes

Book 1: [1] Comprehensive Environmental Studies, by Dr. J.P. Sharma
Book2: [2] Man and Environment, by Dr. Somnath Mishra Book3: [3] Environmental Engineering and Management, by Mr. Suresh.K. Dhameja Book4: [4] Environmental Studies, by Mr. Benny Joseph

Environment (abbreviated as Envt)

organisms live,

Ref [1]

Environment It represents the surrounding in which and it is the sum total of all Abiotic

(Non-living) and Biotic (Living) factors around the

organisms which influence them. Types of Environment

Natural
(have come into existence without mans intervention; operates by self regulation)

Man made (or Anthropogenic, it

gets modified by human activities)

Envt - The surrounding conditions (physical and nonphysical), influencing the individual or community
4

Environment Physical and Non-Physical

Ref [2]

Environment

Physical
Animal

Non-Physical

Vegetation Coastline
Topography Geographical Location Minerals Climate Soil Inland water bodies

Population

Social and Political organization

Components of Environment
Environment Biotic
Producers Consumers

Ref [1]

Abiotic
Temperature Water Light Mineral

Wind
Background

Environmental Studies
Need

Ref [3]

Rapid industrialization and development, consumerism etc. influence ecological balance. People are concerned with degradation of the environment and realize that steps need to be taken to save environment by resolving environmental

issues.
Need for awareness of public Envt is constituted by several complex physical, educational, spiritual, economic, intellectual aspects concerning whole humanity. Studies needed for progress and development of mankind.
7

Ref [3]

Objectives of Environmental Education

Creating awareness among individuals about environmental problems. Imparting fundamental knowledge to individuals. Helps to develop an attitude of concern for environment. To acquire skills to help individuals concerned in identifying and solving environmental issues.

Motivating public to protect and improve environment.

Strive to attain harmony with nature.

Ref [3]

Objectives of Environmental (abbreviated as Envtl) Education

To increase awareness of individuals about

environmental issues and solutions so that they are completely informed. To encourage their active participation in protection of environment and rational use of natural resources.

Guiding principles of Envtl Education by UNESCO

and interacting parts.

Ref [3]

Envt to be comprehended as functional unit of organized Envtl education to be compulsory from primary to post

graduate level.
Interdisciplinary approach to be followed by inclusion of biological, physical and chemical aspects of the envt. Envtl education should take into account historical perspectives along with current ones.

10

Guiding principles of Envtl Education by UNESCO Ref [3]

Must emphasize on

Sustainable development without envtl degradation.

Necessity of envtl impact analysis of developmental

project proposals to reduce envtl damages.

The need of co-operation at international level in envtl planning. Practical initiatives first hand experiences.

11

Scope and importance of Environmental Studies Scope

Ref [1]

Trained manpower needed to deal with various initiatives

like providing safe drinking water, hygienic living conditions

etc.

Offers

new

career
Laws,

opportunities
Environmental

in

the

fields

of
and

Environmental

Protection

Management, business administration etc.

By use of laws, enforcing pollution control etc.

12

Scope and importance of Environmental Studies Ref [1] Scope

Environmental experts needed to serve industries adopting

green technologies.
Huge demand of personnel in the areas of pollution control and waste disposal.

Personnel needed in new developmental policy making

committees for providing clean, healthy, aesthetic, beautiful, safe environment, long time needs.
13

Ref [3]

Environmental Studies - Branches

Environmental Studies

Environmental Science

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Management

14

Ref [3]

Environmental Studies - Branches

Environmental Science refers to scientific study of

physical, chemical, biological, social and cultural factors,

impact of man on environment i.e on soil, air, water, land etc. Environmental Engineering deals with how engg tools can be used to arrive at solutions, design efficient control methods, study of technical processes for Envtl protection from human activity, improving envtl quality.

15

Ref [3]

Environmental Studies - Branches

Environmental Management deals with idea of planned investment at the start of production chain instead of forced investment or clean up at end stages. Tries to develop

integrated systems instead of bits and pieces.

16

Ecosystems
environment.

Ref [1]

Refers to the biotic community along with physical

Term introduced by Arthur Tansley .

Ecosystem defined as Structural and functional unit of biosphere, a segment of nature which consists of community of living beings and physical environment, both interacting and exchanging materials between them. Biotic and Abiotic components of ecosystems, influence

each other. This relationship is called Holocoenosis

17

Ecosystems

Ref [4]

With sun as the energy source, the nature has capability to sustain the producer consumer decomposer cycle indefinitely. Smallest such self sustaining entity is called ecosystem.

18

Types of Ecosystems Ecosystems

Natural Artificial (Man

Ref [1]

Engineered e.g. Crop, Urban, Industrial etc.)

Terrestrial (e.g
Forest, Grassland, Desert etc.)

Aquatic

Fresh water

Marine
(e.g.Ocean, Sea)

Lentic (Standing water

e.g Lake, Pond)

Lotic (Running water

e.g River, stream)
19

Components of Ecosystems
Ecosystems

Ref [1]

Biotic (all living beings)

Abiotic(non

living substances, physical envtl factors), inorganic (C,N,H) and organic (Carbohydrate, Protein)

Autotrophs (Producers)

Heterotrophs

(synthesize food from inorganic raw Consumers material)

Decomposers

Herbivores

Carnivores
20

Components of Ecosystems

Ref [1]

Autotrophs - convert solar energy into chemical bond energy of organic compounds which is utilized for building of its own body and liberation of energy, these are also referred to as Transducers or Converters. Heterotrophs - rely on producers for food and energy

needs.
Consumers - also called Phagotrophs; heterotrophic (feeding on other organisms) .
21

are generally

Components of Ecosystems
Consumers

Ref [1]

Herbivores (1st order consumers)

Carnivores

Primary
(2nd order consumers)

Secondary
(3rd order consumers)

Tertiary
(prey on secondary Consumers)

Examples: Herbivores Grasshopper, Deer, Rabbit (feed on plants) Primary Carnivores Frog, Birds (feed on herbivores) Secondary Carnivores Tiger, Lion (feed on primary carnivores)
22

Components of Ecosystems
Decomposers

Ref [1]

These are Saprophytic (sapro implies to decompose), e.g. micro-organisms like bacteria, fungi, etc. These derive food from dead bodies of producers and consumers.

They are also called microconsumers and reducers.

They secrete enzymes to digest the organic material. One

part of decomposed products is used by them for their self

nourishment. Remaining materials are added to substratum as materials and minerals. This process is called Mineralization.
23

Components of Ecosystems
Biogeochemical cycle

Ref [1]

Minerals and gases in atmosphere undergo recycling. They

enter the biotic systems. After death and decay of organism, these return to the atmosphere and soil. This material circulation involves solar energy trapping by green plants, and is ultimately lost in many ways by the organism. Amount of abiotic material in ecosystem is referred to as Standing Stage.

24

Structure of Ecosystem
biotic and abiotic components. Structural Features include

Ref [1]

Characterized by physical organization of the

Species composition
Stratification

Trophic Organization
Nutrients
25

Structure of Ecosystem
and composition.

Ref [1]

Species composition Each ecosystem has its own of species type

Stratification Organisms exist in one or more layers/strata each layer

comprising a particular kind of species. Trophic Organization Food relationships.

Described in terms of Standing Crop (amount of living material available

in several trophic levels at a given time) > No: of biomass of organisms (dry or fresh weight) per unit area. Nutrients essential for growth of organism and accumulated in

biomass, soil.etc. Amount of nutrients like N, P, Ca in soil at a given time is called standing state.

26

Structure of Ecosystem
Trophic Organization Food relationships Autotrophs T1 trophic level Herbivores T2

Ref [1]

Carnivores T3
Top Carnivore T4 or T5 Parasites feed on organism of all trophic levels. Reason for restricted no: of trophic levels due to All food at one level animal does on pass on to next level. Respiration Losses.
27

Functions of Ecosystem
Functions ensure persistence of the system

Ref [1]

e.g Green leaves absorb nutrients from soil and prepare food, Herbivores consume plants, Carnivores consume herbivores, Decomposers break down complex organic materials to simpler inorganic ones.

Functions Productivity and Decomposition Energy Flow Nutrient cycling Development and Stabilization

28

Functions of Ecosystem
1) Productivity Productivity

Ref [1]

Primary Productivity

Secondary Productivity

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

Net Primary Productivity (GPP)

29

Functions of Ecosystem
1.1 Primary Productivity

Ref [1]

Rate at which the radiant energy is captured by the

producers for synthesis of organic compound by

photosynthesis . Units

gm-2 year-1 (For dry matter)

kcal m-2 year-1 (For energy)

30

Functions of Ecosystem
1.1 Primary Productivity

Ref [1]

1.1.1 Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) - Rate of total capture of energy OR Rate of total production of organic matter/biomass by producers /unit area/unit time. 1.1.2 Net Primary Productivity (NPP) - Rate of storage of energy or organic matter by producers left after meeting respiration and maintenance needs of the producers.

31

Functions of Ecosystem
1.2 Secondary Productivity

Ref [1]

NPP = GPP Loss due to respiration and maintenance

Rate of increase of biomass of consumers /unit area and time. 2) Decomposition Process of breaking down of complex organic matter into

inorganic raw materials like CO2, H2O, nutrients (Upper soil

is the main site where decomposition occurs).

32

Functions of Ecosystem
3) Energy Flow

Ref [1]

In ecosystem, energy flows through the matter.

Energy enters the ecosystem from solar radiation

and gets converted into chemical energy by

producers.

33

Ref [4]

Ecosystem and Anthroposystem comparison

Movement of chemicals and materials in natural ecosystem

Plants

Animals

Microorganisms

External World

External World

Producers

Consumers

Recyclers

34

Ref [4]

Ecosystem and Anthroposystem comparison

Movement of chemicals and materials in system resulting from human activities
Mobilizers Emitters Receptors

Producers

Consumers

Recyclers

35

Ecosystem and Anthroposystem comparison

Ref [4]

Ecosystem is dependent on its decomposers to for complete recycling of the system. Lack of efficient decomposers can be observed in

Anthroposystem (is an open system).

Human activities disturbing ecosystem can be divided into 3 : Producing Activities (Energy production from fossil fuels, growing of

food, manufacturing, minerals production etc.)

Consumers Humans and the domestic animals they possess. Decomposing/Recycling activities - Waste water treatment , solid waste and metal recycling etc. Waste byproducts disposed into physical envt (atmosphere/hydrosphere), delivered into geochemical and biological receptors.
36

Ecosystem and Anthroposystem comparison

Ref [4]

In ecosystem, most of the materials, get transferred from producers (plants) to recyclers (bacteria). Only a very small portion is passed through consumers to recyclers. Decomposers return most of materials for reuse. Physical proximity exists between producers and consumers. In anthroposystem, flow of material from producers to recyclers is minimum or zero, since there is no point in producing materials and

recycling them without consumption. Only small portion of material is

recycled. It is an open system. There is physical displacement between producer and the consumer.

37

Ref [4]

Energy and Nutrient flow through ecosystem

Heat Heat

Sun

Producers

Consumers

Inorganic Nutrient Pool

Decomposers
Heat

Movement of Energy

Movement of Inorganic Nutrients

38

Energy and Nutrient flow through ecosystem

Fig shows energy and inorganic nutrient flow through ecosystem. Energy flows in the form of C-C bonds. Ref [4] During respiration, C-C bonds break and C combines with O and forms CO2. Energy released in this process is utilized by organism to digest food, move muscles, etc or may be lost as heat. Sun is the energy source. Eventually, all energy in ecosystem is lost as heat. Energy does not get recycled. Nutrients are inorganic since due to absence of C-C bonds. E.g. P in teeth, bones, N in amino acids, Fe in blood. Producers obtain these from inorganic nutrient pool (may be from algae, soil or water around plants) etc. The inorganic nutrients gets passed on from one organism to another upon consumption. Finally decomposers act on all organisms and last remaining heat is released and

inorganic nutrients get returned to the soil/water and are taken up again.
Inorganic nutrients get recycled.
39

Forest Ecosystems (FE in slides)

exposed to increasingly filtered sunlight:

Ref [4]

Vertical structure of FE is divided into 4 different layers each one being

Canopy uppermost layer of woodland mainly composed of large trees

which shield layers below and influence climate.

e.g. 1)Dense and continuous layer of sugar maple, maintains cool climate below. 2)Open canopy of Pine and Oak, microclimate is drier and warmer. Understory middle layer, next layer to canopy, casts shadow /shade on below layer , serves as home for woodland nesting birds and source of food for the wildlife. It is subdivided into Subcanopy (having small trees, like ironwood, chokecherry etc.) Shrub and seedling layer (woody plants like blueberry, raspberry etc.)
40

Forest Ecosystems (FE in slides)

Ref [4]

Ground Layer On the forest floor. Contains some herbs which cannot tolerate direct light, has wildflowers, ferns,

grass, creeping shrubs etc.

Forest Floor Lowest layer and consists of litter, humus and top soil. Fallen leaves, trees, decomposing branches can be found in this layer. Microscopic soil bacteria, fungi, worms,

millipedes, insects etc. break down organic matter and

convert it into humus and mix it with soil. This is critical for

nutrient recycling.
41

Forest Ecosystems (FE in slides)

Ref [4]

Horizontal Structure of forest ecosystems has variation in species composition and distribution due to:

Environmental Gradient (moisture, slope, drainage soil type

etc.) Gaps in canopy (due to death of old trees, lightning strikes etc.) Seed Availability

Large clearances created by damages due to diseases and

insect , or fire.

42

Forest Ecosystems (FE in slides)

Ecosystem Producers

Ref [1]

Consumers

Primary : Flies, Butterflies, spiders (eat small leaves of trees), large animals like elephants, squirrel (eats fruits) Secondary: Carnivores like snakes, lizards, birds (feed on herbivores) Tertiary : Lion, Tiger (feed on secondary carnivores)

Forest Ecosystem

Trees (e.g. Teak,Sal, Oak, Pine), Shrubs, Ground Vegetation

Decomposers : Fungi, Bacteria

43

Grassland Ecosystems (GE in slides) 32 % of these is plant cover. Types:

Ref [4]

Tropical grasslands [150 cm annual rainfall]

Temperate grasslands [25-100 cm annual rainfall] Desert grasslands [25-45 cm annual rainfall] Grassland soil is exposed to higher temperature and evaporation, periodic drought etc. So it is dry compared to

forest soil and produces impervious subsurface layer, so does

not support growth of big trees, over the grasses.

44

Grassland Ecosystems (GE in slides)

Ecosystem Producers

Ref [1]

Consumers

Primary: Cows, Buffaloes, Deer, termites Sheep, Rabbit etc, (feed on grasses)

Secondary: Snakes, Jackals, Birds, fox (feed on herbivores) Grasslands (Treeless herbaceous plant cover (containing grass species), herbs, shrubs

Tertiary: Hawks (feed on secondary consumers) Decomposers: Fungi etc.

45

Grassland Ecosystem

Desert Ecosystems (DE in slides)

Ref [1]

Ecosystem

Producers

Consumers Insects, reptiles, nocturnal rodents, birds, camels

Shrubs, Bushes, grasses, some trees, e.g. Decomposers: Fungi, Desert Ecosystem Cactus, Lichens bacteria etc.
46

Biodiversity

Ref [4]

It refers to the totality of population, species, communities

and ecosystems (including both wild and domesticated),

which constitute life of any single area or entire planet. Biodiversity occurs at 3 different levels : Species Diversity (No: of species varies with area) Genetic Diversity (Variation in genes within each

species)
Ecosystem Diversity (It includes broad variations in

types of ecosystem, diverse habitats and ecological

processes within each ecosystem type).
47

Value of Biodiversity
Value of Biodiversity

Ref [4]

Consumptive use values

Productive use values

Cultural, Social and Ethical value

Aesthetic value

Environment services value

48

Consumptive Use:

Value of Biodiversity

Ref [4]

Biodiversity is necessary for maintaining global food supply. (e.g. plants wheat, corn, rice , animals, fish etc. which are Sources of human food) .

Productive Use:
Pesticides synthesized from natural biodiversity products (e.g. toxic
proteins produced by some bacteria kill insects but not harmful to humans, used as biopesticides). Some natural products obtained from tropical forests used as medicines. Materials having unusual physical properties etc. also obtained.

49

Value of Biodiversity

Ref [4]

Cultural, social and ethical values: Biodiversity conservation

is necessary from a cultural point of view (e.g. Peacock, Lotus, Tiger in

India).

Aesthetic values:
The aesthetic landscape and natural ecosystems have a positive

influence on well being (both spiritual and emotional). Humans can

experience this only when there is natural surrounding around them. Nature reminds us that we are only one of the interdependent portions of earth. Helps develop positive attitude, helps in relieving working stresses and illnesses.

50

Value of Biodiversity
Environmental Services: Water resource protection. Soil resource formation and protection. Breakdown of pollution and absorption. Provides climatic stability. Ecosystem maintenance.

Ref [4]

Storage and recycling of nutrients.

Recovery from unpredictable system.

51

Threats to Biodiversity
agricultural land etc.)

Habitat Degradation or Loss (due to livestock, road,

Invasion by non-native species (Cichlid fish in Lake Victoria eats all other fish). Pollution (of Ocean, rivers lakes used as dumping

Ref [4]

yards).
Over Exploitation of Resources (Plants, Animals,

Natural Resources).
Global Environmental changes (Global warming due to fossil fuel burning, Climatic changes due to
52

accumulation of green house gases).

Conservation of Biodiversity
Conservation

Ref [4]

In-situ Conservation
Onsite, conservation of species within normal habitats/ecosystems.
Financially efficient.

Ex-situ Conservation
Biodiversity is conserved out of the habitat. e.g. Zoo, Botanical Garden.
In india, 33 Botanical Gardens, 275 zoos, deer park etc.

Not always a solution because sometimes species need to be saved from degraded habitats.
Project Tiger (1972, to save tiger from extinction). Project Elephant (1991-92 to save Asiatic elephant) , covers 12 states.

53

Conservation of Biodiversity
Bodies working in wildlife education and research
Zoological Survey of India

Ref [4]

Botanical Survey of India

Wild Life Institute of India Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy Indian Council for Forestry Research and Education Salim Ali School of Ornithology

Germplasm banks help in preserving of genetic diversity of

flora and fauna of India (conserves various microorganisms).

54

Ref [4]

Classification of Indian Biodiversity

Classification based on biogeography, to aid in planning at
natl and state levels. Biogeographic zone: Large distinctive unit with similar community species, ecology , biome representation etc. e.g. Himalaya, Western Ghats. Biotic province: Unit of bg zone based on weightage to a specific community with barriers separating them.

Biome: Ecological unit. E.g. Wetland, can be found in many

bg zones or biotic provinces.
55

Classification of Indian Biodiversity

not altered by human activity.

Ref [4]

Preservation Complete protection , natural resources are

Conservation Managing resources on sustainable yield

basis, e.g. wisely using a physical resource like fossil fuel. Facts about Indian B.D Has 33 % of worlds life forms, it is one of the 12 megadiv countries in 2% of worlds landmass and 8% B.D of world. Has 10 bg zones, 26 bp, it represents all major ecosystems of world has 33 botanical gardens, 89 natl parks, 275 zoos, 504 sanctuary, 12 biosphere reserves.
56

India as mega diverse nation

Has vast no: of habitats, varied biodiversity (has 8% of world B.D, on 2% of earths surface, India is one among 12 megadiv countries of world).

India experiences different climates due to varied

geography. Tropical (hot round the year, no winter) Subtropical (Hot for most of year, winter is cool) Temperate (Warm summer, winter is pronounced) Arctic/Alpine (shorter summer, longer winter)

57

Hotspots of Biodiversity
Regions with

Ref [4]

great div of endemic species (species

restricted by region) and simultaneously impacted human activity. It must support 1500 endemic species of plants, 0.5% of global no: and should have lost 70 % of original habitat.

Hotspots
Himalaya).

in

India

(Western

Ghats

and

Eastern

Endemic species e.g. Lion Tailed Macaque, Niligiri Leaf Monkey, Brown Palm Civet, Nilgiri Tahr.
58

Endangered Species in India

The Lion Tailed Macaque

The Asiatic Lion

The Red Panda

The Black Buck

The Slender Loris

59

Biogeographic zones of India

1. The Coasts (with 3 provinces) 2. The Deccan Peninsula (with 5 provinces)

Ref [4]

3. The Gangetic Plain (with 2 provinces)

4. The Himalaya (with 4 provinces) 5. Trans Himalaya (with 2 provinces)

6. The Indian Desert (with 2 provinces)

7. The Islands (with 2 provinces) 8. North East India (with 2 provinces) 9. The Semi-arid Zone (with 2 provinces) 10. The Western Ghats (with 2 provinces)

60

World Heritage sites of India

National (abbreviated as Natl) 1. Kaziranga Natl Park Assam 2. Keoladeo Natl Park , Rajasthan,

Ref [4]

3. Manas wildlife sanctuary, Assam

4. Nanda Devi Natl Park, UP 5. Sundarban Natl Prk, W.B

61

Biosphere Reserves of India

1. Dibru- Saikhowa (Assam) 2. Dehang Debang (Arunachal Pradesh)

Ref [4]

3. Gulf of Mannar (Tamil Nadu)

4. Great Nicobar (Andaman and Nicobar Islands) 5. Kanchenjanga (Sikkim)

6. Manas (Assam)
7. Nilgiri (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka) 8. Nanda Devi (Uttaranchal) 9. Nokrerk (Meghalaya) 10. Pachmarhi (Madhya Pradesh) 11. Sundarbans (West Bengal) 12. Similpal (Orissa)
62

Genetic Engineering and Biodiversity

Ref [4]

Introducing genetically modified organisms (GMO) or genetically engineered organisms (GE) is risky experiment with nature. Species

which have not evolved naturally and do not have natural habitat are
inducted into nature. These can combine with wild species and their impact on environment is unpredictable. Certain views against GMO exist as listed below: Genetic pollution, by transfer of foreign genes to organisms, which passes on to future generations, can cause irreversible damage to envt. New risks to biodiversity, ecosystem, sustainable agriculture and

wildlife.
63

Genetic Engineering and Biodiversity

Genetically modified Food

Ref [4]

Long term effect of these on envt are unknown (maybe without full

awareness of consumer) .
Global food companies in Europe add GE- food to label. GE crops may combine with other variety by pollination, or by part of

one plant to humans, cattle, birds, wildlife etc.

Can induce allergic potential to food (e.g. Soyabean GE with gene of Brazil nut)

Injection of insecticidal bacterium (Bacillusthuringiensis, Bt) into

cotton, potatoes etc. Expensive for farmers to grow Genetically Modified crops

64

Wildlife Protection Act (1972)

Provides for national parks and sanctuaries.

Ref [4]

Wildlife includes animals, fish, moth, bee, butterfly etc, land and aquatic vegetation, which is a part of habitat (land, water, vegetation) which is natural home of the wild animal. Hunting (includes killing, capturing, poisoning, trapping, snaring, injuring, taking/destroying of parts of animal/reptile/bird damaging nests/eggs etc) and attempts to do these activities. Trophy means full part of captured animal (except vermin (preserved naturally/artificially) includes skin, rug specimens of these animals mounted partly/wholly by taxidermy and trade of trophy and ivory prohibited.

65

Wildlife Protection Act (1972)

Has 6 schedules.
Hunting of wild animals prohibited under sections 1 to 4.

Ref [4]

Exceptions: Cases where Chief Wildlife Warden is satisfied that the

animal is a threat to human life, for self defense, education,

management, research, snake venom production, species for zoos, (by fee payment and permission from CWW).

(Prior permission from Centl Govt if animal belongs to Schedule 1)

Picking/uprooting/damaging of plants (Sch 6) wilfully from forest/area by notification by Centl Govt. Possesion/sale/offer for selling certain plants (alive/dead)

/derivatives without license is prohibited. Cultivation, purchase of certain plants not permitted without license. (Because these are Centl Govt property) . If possession obtained, police to be informed within 48 hours
66

Wildlife Protection Act (1972)

education, scientific research/institutions.

Ref [4]

Exceptions : Permission needed from State Govt or CWW for Stt (State) Govt may declare an area suitable for floral, faunal, natural, zoological significance (other than reserved forest) as a sanctuary to which entry may be restricted (e.g. Entering with weapons). Wildlife warden shall immunize livestock against communicable

diseases within 5km limit of sanctuary.

Stt Govt can constitute suitable area to be a national park in which littering, arson and grazing of livestock to be prohibited, the

boundaries of which can be altered by state legislature.

Stt Govt may close any area for hunting
67

Wildlife Protection Act (1972)Ref [4]

On suspicion, CWW or Director or any officer, may need to inspect vehicles, premises etc for animal/meat/trophy/

plants.
Illegal possessions to be seized, arrest without warrant possible. Punishments may include fines (for teasing of animals in zoo) , imprisonment etc. Courts can act based on complaint of Chief Wildlife Warden/ or Director of Wildlife Preservation or any other

officer.
68

Forest Conservation Act

With effect from 1980 .

Ref [4]

Prior approval from Centl Govt needed for diverting

forest land for non-forest purposes.

Objective of Act:

To regulate indiscriminate diversion of forest land for nonforest purposes To maintain logical balance between conservation of natural heritage and developmental needs of country (Irrigation projects, Defence, Power, Road, Transmission analysis,

mining etc).
69

Forest Conservation Act

Ref [4]

Compensatory afforestation done to mitigate ill effects of

diversion of forest area.

Plans for wildlife habitat improvement, rehabilitation etc.

CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority) for monitoring the effectibve

implementation of compensatory afforestation.

70

Environmental Ethics

Ref [4]

Discipline dealing with moral relationship of human beings

with the environment and its non - human component . It

also deals with moral status and value of the environment

and its non human component.

It is the distinction between intrinsic value and instrumental value.

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End of Module1 Part1 notes

72