ME 5139: ANSYS Transient Heat Transfer

Example : Solidification of a Casting

The objective is to track the temperature distribution in a steel casting and mold during a 4 hour solidification process. The casting is made in an L-shaped sand mold with 4 inch thick walls. Convection occurs between the sand mold and the ambient air.

Material Properties for Sand Conductivity (KXX) Density (DENS) Specific heat (C) Conductivity (KXX) for Steel at 0oF at 2643oF at 2750 F at 2875 F Enthalpy (ENTH) for Steel at 0oF at 2643oF at 2750 F at 2875 F Initial Conditions Temperature of steel Temperature of sand Convection Properties Film coefficient Ambient temperature ANSYS Transient Heat Transfer
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0.025 Btu/(hr-in-oF) 0.054 lb/in3 0.28 Btu/(lb-oF) 1.44 Btu/(hr-in-oF) 1.54 1.22 1.22 0.0 Btu/in3 128.1 163.8 174.2 2875 oF 80 oF 0.014 Btu/(hr-in2-oF) 80 oF

o o

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PREPROCESSING: PreferencesThermal Element Type: Thermal SolidQuad 4node 55 element type:

Define thermal conductivity of sand:

Specific heat of sand:

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Density of sand:

NOTE: We will directly use 0.054 lb/in3 to be consistent with the units for specific heat. Recall that for transient conduction, the governing differential equation (1-D) is: .

Thermal conductivity of steel:

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Using the graph function:

Enthalpy of Steel:

Graph:

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Geometry created in ANSYS:

Use smart size of 4 to create mesh:

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First mesh mold:

Change material properties and mesh casting:

Apply convection boundary conditions to 3 sides:

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Arrows indicate boundary condition has been applied. Along the symmetry line, we want to have no heat flux. This is the default in ANSYS, so we do not need to do anything on that face.

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Create a new transient analysis:

Defining Initial Conditions:

Use Select->Entities to select only the casting: Pick the area of the casting, then:

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This command picks all of the elements and nodes associated with the casting. Now, we can apply an initial temperature of 2875F to the nodes that make up the casting, using Pick All. We will then go back and do the same procedure, but select the mold and set its initial temperature to 80F. At the very end, be sure to go back and Select->Everything:

Initial condition for the casting:

Initial condition for the mold:

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Stepped boundary conditions simulate the sudden contact of molten metal at 2875 oF with the mold at ambient temperature. The program will choose automatic time stepping that will enable the time step size to be modified depending on the severity of nonlinearities in the system (for example, it will take smaller time steps while going through the phase change). The maximum and minimum time step sizes represent the limits for this automated procedure.

End time of 4 means 4 hours of total time for the casting to solidify.

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Specify that results be written for every substep:

While the problem is solving you can watch the convergence of each step. If this doesnt show up automatically, you can turn it on through SolutionLoad Step OptsOutput CtrlsGrph Solu Track:

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POSTPROCESSING:
To see how a result changes over time, use the Time History Postprocessor. When you click on TimeHist Postpro, the following window will open. Click on the green + to add data:

Select Nodal Solution->DOF Solution->Nodal Temperature. I had defined a variable called center_pt, or you can just enter a node number, in this case, node 208:

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You can then graph how the temperature at that node changes over time:

Notice that the phase change from liquid to solid occurs between about 2750 and 2650 F:

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We can also animate the solidification of the molten metal. To better visualize the solidification process, we can specify to use only three contours. One will represent the molten metal (T greater than 2750 oF), one will represent the solidified metal (T less than 2643 oF), and the third will represent everything in between. First, read in the results so they can be animated:

Then, specify the non-uniform contour parameters:

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These values are the upper-bound of the contour. Everything with a temperature less than 2643 will be one color, etc.:

Go to PlotCtrls->Animate->Over Time:

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Set the number of animation frames to 30, and turn off Auto contour scaling:

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Temperature contours with automatic contours:

Heat Flux vectors:

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ME 5139: Abaqus Steady State Heat Transfer (LAB #10)

Lab #10: Repeat the analysis of the cooling fin from lab #9, but inside Abaqus.

Example: Determine the temperature distribution through the radiator cooling fin:

Air Flow 50 W/m K 20C 93.3C

9.525 cm
2

2.54 cm

.1524 cm

6.985 cm

plain carbon steel k=60.5 W/m K

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PREPROCESSING:

Rename model:

Create Part:

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Build a rectangle, Arc by center and endpoints, then dimension. Finally, trim the ends of the rectangle and extrude the section to the desired depth:

Input Conductivity as a Thermal Material Property:

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Create a Section for your Part and assign Steel as the material model:

Assign your Fin Section to your Cooling Fin part:

Create an Instance of your Part:

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Create a Step to Heat the Part:

Select Steady-state, and Dismiss the window that pops up about load variation:

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Create a boundary condition of constant temperature on the inner surface:

To apply convection, create an interaction:

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If we were running a transient analysis or using radiation, we could right click on our model, and use this Edit Model Attributes dialog box to include Absolute zero temperature and StefanBoltzmann constant, as needed.

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Select Element Type:

Top menu bar Seed->Part:

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Resulting mesh:

SOLVING: Create a new job:

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Enter a description, but leave the rest as defaults:

Submit job, click Yes in this window:

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POSTPROCESSING: Go to Visualization and open the ODB file. Then, click on Contour Plot. To get a plot of temperature, change the primary contour variable to NT11:

Resulting temperature contour plot (Max=93.3 C, Min=49 C):

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ME 5139: Nonlinear Explicit Dynamic Simulation with ABAQUS (From Getting Started with
Abaqus, 6.11) 10.5 Example: blast loading on a stiffened plate

Use Abaqus/Explicit to assess the response of a stiffened square plate subjected to a blast loading. The plate is firmly clamped on all four sides and has three equally spaced stiffeners welded to it. The plate is constructed of 25 mm thick steel and is 2 m square. The stiffeners are

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made from 12.5 mm thick plate and have a depth of 100 mm. Since the plate thickness is significantly smaller than any other global dimensions, shell elements can be used to model the plate. The purpose of this example is to determine the response of the plate and to see how it changes as the sophistication of the material model increases. Initially, we analyze the behavior with the standard elastic-plastic material model. Subsequently, we study the effects of including material damping and rate-dependent material properties.

Preprocessing
Defining the model geometry Create a three-dimensional, deformable part with an extruded shell base feature to represent the plate. Use an approximate part size of 5.0, and name the part Plate.

To create the stiffened plate geometry: 1. To define the plate geometry, use the Create Lines: Connected tool to sketch an arbitrary horizontal line. 2. To define the stiffener geometry, add three vertical lines extending up from the plate. The horizontal position of these lines is arbitrary at this stage, but their endpoints must snap to the horizontal line. 3. Constrain the three vertical lines so they are of equal length, and dimension one of them so that it is 0.1 m long.

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4. Split the plate at the points where it intersects the stiffeners.

5. Dimension the horizontal distance between the plate endpoints, and set the value to 2.0 m. 6. Apply equal length constraints to the four horizontal segments of the line.

7. Extrude the sketch to a depth of 2.0 m to create the plate.

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Defining the material properties Define the material and section properties for the plate and the stiffeners. Create a material named Steel with a mass density of 3 7800 kg/m , a Young's modulus of 210.0E9 Pa, and a Poisson's ratio of 0.3. At this stage we do not know whether there will be any plastic deformation, but we know the value of the yield stress and the details of the post-yield behavior for this steel. We will include this information in the material definition. The initial yield stress is 300 MPa, and the yield stress increases to 400 MPa at a plastic strain of 35%. To define the plastic material properties, enter the yield stress and plastic strain data.

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Creating and assigning section properties Create two homogeneous shell section properties, each referring to the steel material definition but specifying different shell thicknesses. Name the first shell section property PlateSection, select Steel as the material, and specify 0.025 m as the value for the Shell thickness. Name the second shell section property StiffSection, select Steel as the material, and specify 0.0125 m as the value for the Shell thickness.

Assign the StiffSection definition to the stiffeners (use [Shift]+Click to select multiple regions in the viewport).

Before assigning the PlateSection definition to the plate, consider the following. If the plate and the stiffeners are joined directly at their midsurfaces (this is the default behavior), an area of material overlap will occur.

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Although the thicknesses of the plate and stiffener are small in comparison to the overall dimensions of the structure (so that this overlapping material and the extra stiffness it creates would have little effect on the analysis results), a more precise model can be created by offsetting the plate reference surface from its midsurface. This technique allows the stiffeners to butt up against the plate without overlapping any material with the plate.

To determine whether to offset the plate reference surface to its positive (SPOS) or negative (SNEG) side, query the shell normals (Tools Query) and note the color of the side of the plate facing the stiffeners (brown is the positive side; purple is the negative side). If necessary, flip the plate normals (Assign Element Normal) so that its segments have consistent normals. Then assign the PlateSection definition to the regions of the plate. In the Edit Section Assignment dialog box, set the shell offset to Top surface if the brown (positive) side of the plate faces the stiffeners and Bottom surface if the purple (negative) side faces the stiffeners. We will verify this assignment when we postprocess the results.

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To verify the offset, select View Part Display Options. In the Part Display Options dialog box that appears, toggle on Render shell thickness. If necessary, modify the offset to remove any overlap. Creating an assembly Create an independent instance of the plate. Use the default rectangular coordinate system, with the plate lying in the 13 plane. At this point, it is convenient to create the geometry sets that will be used to specify boundary conditions and output requests. Create one set named Edge for the plate edges and one set named Center at the center of the intersection of the plate and the middle stiffener, as shown in Figure 1031. To create the set Center, you need to first partition the edge of the original part in half using the Partition Edge: Enter Parameter tool.

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Figure 1031 Geometry sets.

Defining steps and output requests Create a single dynamic, explicit step. Name the step Blast, and specify the following step description: Apply blast loading. Enter a value of 50E-3 s for the time period of the step.

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In general, you should try to limit the number of frames written during the analysis to keep the size of the output database file reasonable. In this analysis saving information every 2 ms should provide sufficient detail to study the response of the structure. Edit the default output request FOutput-1, and set the number of intervals during the step at which preselected field data are saved to 25. This ensures that the selected data are written every 2 ms since the total time for the step is 50 ms.

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A more detailed set of output for selected regions of the model can be saved as history output. Create a history output request named Center-U2 for the step Blast. Select Center as the output domain, and select U2 as the translation output variable. Enter 500 as the number of intervals at which the output will be saved during the analysis.

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Prescribing boundary conditions and loads Next, define the boundary conditions used in this analysis. In the step Blast, create a Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre mechanical boundary condition named Fix edges. Apply the boundary condition to the edges of the plate using the geometry set Edge, and specify ENCASTRE (U1 = U2 = U3 = UR1 = UR2 = UR3 = 0) to fully constrain the set. The plate will be subjected to a load that varies with time: the pressure increases rapidly from zero at the start of the analysis to its maximum of 7.0 105 Pa in 1 ms, at which point it remains constant for 9 ms before dropping back to zero in another 10 ms. It then remains at zero for the remainder of the analysis.

Define a tabular amplitude curve named Blast. Enter the amplitude data and specify a smoothing parameter of 0.0. Time Amplitude 0.0 0.0 1.0E3 10.0E3 20.0E3 50.0E3 7.0E5 7.0E5 0.0 0.0

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Next, define the pressure loading. Since the magnitude of the load will be defined by the amplitude definition, you need to apply only a unit pressure to the plate. Apply the pressure so that it pushes against the top of the plate (where the stiffeners are on the bottom of the plate). Such a pressure load will place the outer fibers of the stiffeners in tension. To define the pressure loading: 1. In the Model Tree, double-click the Loads container. In the Create Load dialog box that appears, name the load Pressure load and select Blast as the step in which it will be applied. Select Mechanical as the load category and Pressure as the load type. Click Continue.

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2. Select all the surfaces associated with the plate. When the appropriate surfaces are selected, click Done. Abaqus/CAE uses two different colors to indicate the two sides of the shell surface. To complete the load definition, the colors must be consistent on each side of the plate. 3. If necessary, select Flip a surface in the prompt area to flip the colors for a region of the plate. Repeat this procedure until all of the faces on the top of the plate are the same color. 4. In the prompt area, select the color representing the side of the plate without the stiffeners. 5. In the Edit Load dialog box that appears, specify a uniform pressure of 1.0 Pa, and select the amplitude definition Blast. Click OK to complete the load definition.

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Creating the mesh and defining a job Seed the part instance with a global element size of 0.1. In addition, select Seed Edges and specify that two elements be created along the height of each stiffener (in the Local Seeds dialog box, select By number as the method and set the number of elements to 2; toggle on the option to create a set containing the selected edges). Mesh the plate and stiffeners using quadrilateral shell elements (S4R) from the Explicit element library. This relatively coarse mesh provides moderate accuracy while keeping the solution time to a minimum.

Create a job named BlastLoad. Specify the following job description: Blast load on a flat plate with stiffeners: S4R elements (20x20 mesh) Normal stiffeners (20x2). Save your model in a model database file, and submit the job for analysis. Monitor the solution progress; correct any modeling errors that are detected, and investigate the cause of any warning messages.

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Postprocessing
When the job completes, enter the Visualization module, and open the .odb file created by this job (BlastLoad.odb). By default, Abaqus plots the undeformed model shape with the shaded render style. Changing the view The default view is isometric, which does not provide a particularly clear view of the plate. To improve the viewpoint, rotate the view using the options in the View menu or the tools in the View Manipulation toolbar. Specify the view and select the viewpoint method for rotating the view. Enter the X-, Y-, and Z-coordinates of the viewpoint vector as 1,0.5,1 and the coordinates of the up vector as 0,1,0. Animation of results As noted in earlier examples, animating your results will provide a general understanding of the dynamic response of the plate under the blast loading. First, plot the deformed model shape. Then, create a time-history animation of the deformed shape. Use the Animation Options dialog box to change the mode to Play once. You will see from the animation that as the blast loading is applied, the plate begins to deflect. Over the duration of the load the plate begins to vibrate and continues to vibrate after the blast load has dropped to zero. The maximum displacement occurs at approximately 8 ms, and a displaced plot of that state is shown in Figure 1036. Figure 1036 Displaced shape at 8 ms.

The animation images can be saved to a file for playback at a later time. To save the animation: 1. From the main menu bar, select Animate Save As.

The Save Image Animation dialog box appears.

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2. In the Settings field, enter the file name blast_base. The format of the animation can be specified as AVI, QuickTime, VRML, or Compressed VRML. 3. Choose the QuickTime format, and click OK. The animation is saved as blast_base.mov in your current directory. Once saved, your animation can be played external to Abaqus/CAE using industry-standard animation software. History output Since it is not easy to see the deformation of the plate from the deformed plot, it is desirable to view the deflection response of the central node in the form of a graph. The displacement of the node in the center of the plate is of particular interest since the largest deflection occurs at this node. Display the displacement history of the central node.

To generate a history plot of the central node displacement: 1. In the Results Tree, double-click the history output data named Spatial displacement: U2 at the node in the center of the plate (set Center). 2. Save the current XY data: in the Results Tree, click mouse button 3 on the data name and select Save As from the menu that appears. Name the data DISP. The units of the displacements in this plot are meters. Modify the data to create a plot of displacement (in millimeters) versus time by creating a new data object.

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3. In the Results Tree, expand the XYData container. The DISP data are listed underneath. 4. In the Results Tree, double-click XYData; then select Operate on XY data in the Create XY Data dialog box. Click Continue. 5. In the Operate on XY Data dialog box, multiply DISP by 1000 to create the plot with the displacement values in millimeters instead of meters. The expression at the top of the dialog box should appear as:
"DISP" * 1000

6. Click Plot Expression to see the modified XY data. Save the data as U2_BASE. 7. Close the Operate on XY Data dialog box. 8. Click the Axis Options tool in the toolbox. In the Axis Options dialog box, change the Y-axis title to Displacement (mm). Click OK to close the dialog box. The resulting plot is shown in Figure 1037. The plot shows that the displacement reaches a maximum of 50.2 mm at 7.7 ms and then oscillates after the blast load is removed. The other quantities saved as history output in the output database are the total energies of the model. The energy histories can help identify possible shortcomings in the model as well as highlight significant physical effects. Display the histories of five different energy output variablesALLAE, ALLIE, ALLKE, ALLPD, and ALLSE. To generate history plots of the model energies: 1. Save the history results for the ALLAE, ALLIE, ALLKE, ALLPD, and ALLSE output variables as XY data. A default name is given to each curve; rename each according to its output variable name: ALLAE, ALLKE, etc. 2. In the Results Tree, expand the XYData container. The ALLAE, ALLIE, ALLKE, ALLPD, and ALLSE XY data objects are listed underneath. 3. Select ALLAE, ALLIE, ALLKE, ALLPD, and ALLSE using [Ctrl]+Click; click mouse button 3, and select Plot from the menu that appears to plot the energy curves. 4. To more clearly distinguish between the different curves in the plot, open the Curve Options dialog box and change their line styles. For the curve ALLSE, select a dashed line style. For the curve ALLPD, select a dotted line style. For the curve ALLAE, select a chain dashed line style. For the curve ALLIE, select the second thinnest line type. 5. To change the position of the legend, open the Chart Legend Options dialog box and switch to the Area tabbed page.

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6. In the Position region of this page, toggle on Inset and click Dismiss. Drag the legend in the viewport so that it fits within the grid. Figure 1038 Energy quantities as a function of time.

We can see that once the load has been removed and the plate vibrates freely, the kinetic energy increases as the strain energy decreases. When the plate is at its maximum deflection and, therefore, has its maximum strain energy, it is almost entirely at rest, causing the kinetic energy to be at a minimum. Note that the plastic strain energy rises to a plateau and then rises again. From the plot of kinetic energy we can see that the second rise in plastic strain energy occurs when the plate has rebounded from its maximum displacement and is moving back in the opposite direction. We are, therefore, seeing plastic deformation on the rebound after the blast pulse. Even though there is no indication that hourglassing is a problem in this analysis, study the artificial strain energy to make sure. As discussed in Chapter 4, Using Continuum Elements, artificial strain energy or hourglass stiffness is the energy used to control hourglass deformation, and the output variable ALLAE is the accumulated artificial strain energy. This discussion on hourglass control applies equally to shell elements. Since energy is dissipated as plastic deformation as the plate deforms, the total internal energy is much greater than the elastic strain energy alone. Therefore, it is most meaningful in this analysis to compare the artificial strain energy to an energy quantity that includes the dissipated energy as well as the elastic strain energy. Such a variable is the total internal energy, ALLIE, which is a summation of all internal energy quantities. The artificial strain energy is approximately 2% of the total internal energy, indicating that hourglassing is not a problem.

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One thing we can notice from the deformed shape is that the central stiffener is subject to almost pure in-plane bending. Using only two first-order, reduced-integration elements through the depth of the stiffener is not sufficient to model in-plane bending behavior. While the solution from this coarse mesh appears to be adequate since there is little hourglassing, for completeness we will study how the solution changes when we refine the mesh of the stiffener. Use caution when you refine the mesh, since mesh refinement will increase the solution time by increasing the number of elements and decreasing the element size. Edit the mesh, and respecify the mesh density. Using the previously saved edge set, specify four elements through the height of each stiffener, and remesh the part instance. Create a new job named BlastLoadRefined. Submit this job for analysis, and investigate the results when the job has completed running. This increase in the number of elements increases the solution time by approximately 20%. In addition, the stable time increment decreases by approximately a factor of two as a result of the reduction of the smallest element dimension in the stiffeners. Since the total increase in solution time is a combination of the two effects, the solution time of the refined mesh increases by approximately a factor of 1.2 2, or 2.4, over that of the original mesh. Figure 1039 shows the histories of artificial energy for both the original mesh and the mesh with the refined stiffeners. The artificial energy is slightly lower in the refined mesh. As a result, we would not expect the results to change significantly from the original to the refined mesh. Figure 1039 Artificial energy in the original and refined meshes.

Figure 1040 shows that the displacement of the plate's central node is almost identical in both cases, indicating that the original mesh is capturing the overall response adequately. One

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advantage of the refined mesh, however, is that it better captures the variation of stress and plastic strain through the stiffeners. Figure 1040 Central node displacement history for the original and refined meshes.

Contour plots In this section you will use the contour plotting capability of the Visualization module to display the von Mises stress and equivalent plastic strain distributions in the plate. Use the model with the refined stiffener mesh to create the plots; from the main menu bar, select File Open and choose the file BlastLoadRefined.odb. To generate contour plots of the von Mises stress and equivalent plastic strain: 1. From the list of variable types on the left side of the Field Output toolbar, select Primary. 2. From the list of output variables in the center of the toolbar, select S. The stress invariants and components are available in the next list to the right. Select the Mises stress invariant. 3. From the main menu bar, select Result Section Points. 4. In the Section Points dialog box that appears, select Top and bottom as the active locations and click OK. 5. Select Plot Contours On deformed shape, or use the tool from the toolbox.

Abaqus plots the contours of the von Mises stress on both the top and bottom faces of each shell element. To see this more clearly, rotate the model in the viewport. The view that you set earlier for the animation exercise should be changed so that the stress distribution is clearer.

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6. Change the view back to the default isometric view using the toolbar. Tip: If the Views toolbar is not visible, select View the main menu bar. Figure 1041 Contour plot of von Mises stress at 50 ms.

tool in the Views

Toolbars

Views from

7. Similarly, contour the equivalent plastic strain. Select Primary from the list of variable types on the left side of the Field Output toolbar and select PEEQ from the list of output variables next to it.

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Figure 1042 shows a contour plot of the equivalent plastic strain at the end of the analysis. Figure 1042 Contour plot of equivalent plastic strain at 50 ms.

10.5.3 Reviewing the analysis

The objective of this analysis is to study the deformation of the plate and the stress in various parts of the structure when it is subjected to a blast load. To judge the accuracy of the analysis, you will need to consider the assumptions and approximations made and identify some of the limitations of the model. Damping Undamped structures continue to vibrate with constant amplitude. Over the 50 ms of this simulation, the frequency of the oscillation can be seen to be approximately 100 Hz. A constant amplitude vibration is not the response that would be expected in practice since the vibrations in this type of structure would tend to die out over time and effectively disappear after 510 oscillations. The energy loss typically occurs by a variety of mechanisms including frictional effects at the supports and damping by the air.

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Consequently, we need to consider the presence of damping in the analysis to model this energy loss. The energy dissipated by viscous effects, ALLVD, is nonzero in the analysis, indicating that there is already some damping present. By default, a bulk viscosity damping (discussed in Chapter 9, Nonlinear Explicit Dynamics) is always present and is introduced to improve the modeling of high-speed events. In this shell model only linear damping is present. With the default value the oscillations would eventually die away, but it would take a long time because the bulk viscosity damping is very small. Material damping should be used to introduce a more realistic structural response. Thus, modify the material definition. To add damping to a material: 1. In the Model Tree, double-click Steel underneath the Materials container. 2. In the Edit Material dialog box, select Mechanical Damping and specify 50 as the value for the mass proportional damping factor, Alpha. Beta is the parameter that controls stiffness proportional damping; at this stage, leave it set to zero. 3. Click OK. The duration of the oscillation of the plate is approximately 30 ms, so we need to increase the analysis period to allow enough time for the vibration to be damped out. Edit the step definition, and increase the time period of step Blast to 150E-3 s. The results of the damped analysis clearly show the effect of mass proportional damping. Figure 1043 shows the displacement history of the central node for both the damped and undamped analyses. (We have extended the analysis time to 150 ms for the undamped model to compare the data more effectively.) The peak response is also reduced due to damping. By the end of the damped analysis the oscillation has decayed to a nearly static condition. Figure 1043 Damped and undamped displacement histories.

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Rate dependence Some materials, such as mild steel, show an increase in the yield stress with increasing strain rate. In this example the loading rate is high, so strain-rate dependence is likely to be important. Add rate dependence to your material definition. To add rate dependence to your metal plasticity material model: 1. 2. 3. 4. In the Model Tree, double-click Steel underneath the Materials container. In the Edit Material dialog box, select Plastic from the list of material behaviors. Select Suboptions Rate Dependent. In the Suboption Editor that appears, enter a value of 40.0 for the Multiplier and a value of 5.0 for the Exponent, and click OK.

With this definition of rate-dependent behavior, the ratio of the dynamic yield stress to the static yield stress ( ) is given for an equivalent plastic strain rate ( ), according to the equation , where and are material constants (40.0 and 5.0 in this case).

Change the time period of step Blast back to the original value of 50 ms. Create a job named BlastLoadRateDep, and submit the job for analysis. When the analysis is complete, open the output database file BlastLoadRateDep.odb, and postprocess the results. When rate dependence is included, the yield stress effectively increases as the strain rate increases. Therefore, because the elastic modulus is higher than the plastic modulus, we expect a stiffer response in the analysis with rate dependence. Both the displacement history of the central portion of the plate shown in Figure 1044 and the history of plastic strain energy shown in Figure 1045 confirm that the response is indeed stiffer when rate dependence is included. The

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results are, of course, sensitive to the material data. In this case the values of and are typical of a mild steel, but more precise data would be required for detailed design analyses. Figure 1044 Displacement of the central node with and without rate dependence.

Figure 1045 Plastic strain energy with and without rate dependence.

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ME 5139: ANSYS Computational Fluid Dynamics Example (CFD)

Example:
This problem models air flow in a two-dimensional duct. First, we will define an arbitrary inlet velocity to simulate laminar flow with a Reynolds number of 90. Then, we will increase the inlet velocity to investigate its effects on the flow profile and obtain a new solution.

Dimensions & Properties Inlet length Inlet height Transition length Outlet height Outlet length Air density Air viscosity Inlet velocity Outlet pressure *Initial value of 1 will be changed to 50 upon restart. 4 in 1 in 2 in 2.5 in 4 in 1.21x10-7 lbf-s2/in4 2.642x10-9 lbf-s/in2 1 in/sec* 0 psi

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Set preferences to FLOTRAN CFD:

Select 2D Flotran element type 141:

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Create inlet and outlet rectangles:

Use Create Tangent to 2 Lines to build the transition region:

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This requires 4 mouse clicks: First click the top line on the short rectangle <OK>, then click near the upper right corner of this same rectangle <OK>. Third, click the top line of the tall rectangle <OK>, and finally click the upper left corner of the tall rectangle. The result is:

Build the transition area:

Click on the four corners of the transition region to fill in this area:

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We will use mapped mesh to be able to control the size and shape of our elements. The following is our strategy:

Using MeshTool, click on Lines->Set:

Pick lines in flow direction along the inlet:

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15 element divisions. A spacing ratio of -2 means smaller elements will be used near both ends of the lines.

I repeated this procedure as follows: Transition region: 12 divisions, spacing=1 (uniform) Outlet: 15 divisions, spacing=3 (bias toward outlet) Here is the result:

The bias is backward for the top line of the outlet, so I need to flip the direction of the bias.

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Click on Lines->Flip, and then select the line to flip the bias:

Next, set the size controls for the vertical lines, using 10 element divisions and a spacing of -2 (bias towards the edges):

Next, choose Mapped Mesh, and Pick all:

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Apply Boundary Conditions:

We will specify an inlet velocity of 1 inch/second in the x-direction, specify zero y-direction velocity at the inlet, and zero velocity in all directions along all of the walls:

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Apply zero pressure as outlet condition:

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We will use the inches system of units, so specify the fluid to be Air-Inches (both density and viscosity):

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<OK> to accept defaults from this window:

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Set Execution Controls to 40 iterations:

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Change reference pressure and temperatures from default (KPa and K) units to psi and R units:

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Run FLOTRAN:

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Go to Read Results->Last Set to read in the results, then plot the velocity vectors using postprocessing:

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Create a contour plot of total pressure:

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To view the path traced by points in the duct, you can define trace points. Just pick several points near the inlet or the recirculation region:

Next, animate the particle flow:

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And select VX to draw the traces using the color corresponding to the X-component of velocity:

A screen-shot of the animation:

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To see the velocity profile across the outlet, we can use Path operations. First, we define the path and select the top and bottom corner nodes along the outlet:

We then give our path a name:

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And specify what quantity we want to know along the path (X-Velocity) using the Map onto Path button:

We can then plot our path results:

We get a parabolic shape, indicating fully-developed flow at the outlet:

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I wanted to try the problem with a different inlet velocity of 50 in/s instead of 1 in/s, but ran into convergence issues. To help the numerical scheme converge, you can add some relaxation to the model:

Now it solves with no problem, and I can look at the new results using a much larger inlet velocity. Velocity vector plot:

Here is the new outlet velocity profile. Note that it is far from fully-developed. Next steps would involve lengthening the outlet until fully-developed flow is achieved and turning on turbulence, since the Reynolds number with this new velocity is 4000.

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Now, lets stay with a laminar analysis, but lengthen the duct to see if the flow will become fully developed. 1. Delete pressure boundary condition 2. Create additional area for outlet:

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This step will merge the keypoints and lines of the new rectangle with the original areas:

Set Mesh controls for the new lines: New vertical outlet should have 10 divisions, with spacing ratio of -2. New horizontal lines should have 20 divisions, with spacing ratio of 3. Again, flip the bias on the top line. Finally, Mesh the outlet region:

Add zero-velocity BC to the new horizontal outlet lines and zero-pressure boundary condition to the new end of the outlet. Change your jobname, then Run FLOTRAN. Postprocessor->Read Results->Last Set. Then, plot velocity:

Note: The flow is now fully-developed near the outlet, however, the Reynolds number is large enough with the larger inlet velocity, that we should re-run the analysis with turbulence.

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Solution->FLOTRAN Set Up->Solution Options. Select Turbulent

We will need more iterations to solve the problem with turbulence. Try 80:

This time, do not rename the Job, instead directly go to Run FLOTRAN. The simulation will pick up where it left off (i.e., it will use the velocities from the end of the last simulation as the starting point for the new simulation with turbulence included). ANSYS CFD
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Remember to read in the last set of results. The velocity field now looks like:

Velocity profile at the outlet. It appears fully-developed, but with the flatter profile that is typical with turbulent flow:

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