Ch.1 Sampling and Reconstruction: X T Ae F X T Ae y T A T A e e X T X T
Ch.1 Sampling and Reconstruction: X T Ae F X T Ae y T A T A e e X T X T
Ch.1 Sampling and Reconstruction: X T Ae F X T Ae y T A T A e e X T X T
x( t)= Ae jt x* ( t)= Ae - jt
; = 2f
: radian frequency
; = 2f
: radian frequency
Y ( s) = H( s)X ( s) x( t) = e jt,
-
s= j
Y ( ) = H( )X ( )
y( t) = e j( t - )h( ) d
= e jt = e jtH( )
h( )e - j d
- 1 -
By principle of superposition,
x( t) = A 1e j t + A 2e j t
1 2
y( t) = A 1e j tH( 1 )+ A 2e j tH( 1 )
1 2
6) Fourier Series
x( t) :
x ( t) = c n e jn t
n =- T T
; 0=
where
1 cn = T
/2
- /2
x( t)e - j n tdt
0
7) Fourier Transform
x( t) :
X ( ) = x( t)e - jtdt
-
an energy signal
1 x( t) = 2 =
X ( )e jtd
X ( f )e j2ftdf
- 2 -
FT(Fourier Transform)
x(t )
~ x (t )
-T
-T / 2
T /2
x( t) :
an energy signal
c n e j nt n =-
0
(*)
-
where
1 cn = T 1 =T
- /2
() x( t) = x( t), if |t |T x( t) = 0, otherwise.
=>
1 X( n) cn = T 0
1 X ( n )e j nt = T 0 n =- = 21 X ( 0n )e j nt 0, n =-
0 0
1 = 0 ) (T 2
As T
, 0.
0
x( t) = 21
Therefore,
X ( )e jtd
///
1 x( t) = 2 = X ( ) =
X ( )e jtd
where
Sampling Theorem
If the highest frequency contained in an analog signal is sampled at a rate sample values.
f s 2f max = 2B ,
then
x( t)
x( t)
is
f max = B
Example
speech audio video
fs fs fs
The minimum sampling rate allowed by the sampling theorem: f s,min = 2f max ; Nyquist rate For arbitrary values of
fs
- 4 -
f/f s
- 5 -
x( t)
x( nT) ( t - n T ) -
X( f )
=
=
x( t)e - j2ftdt
x( nT) ( t - nT ) e - j 2ftdt - n =-
= x( nT)
n =- n =-
= x( nT)e - j 2fnT
Properties
( t - nT ) e - j 2ftdt
(*)
; DTFT
with period of
f s:
X( f + m f s)
= x( nT)e - j2 ( f + mf s)nT
n =-
= x( nT)e - j2fnT n =- = X( f)
3) Inverse DTFT
;( ) e - j2mnf sT =1
x( nT ) = f1
f s f
s/2
- s /2
X ( f )e
j 2ff n s
df
4) Numerical Approximation
- 6 -
X ( f) = x( t)e - j2ftdt
-
x( nT)e - j 2fnTT = T X( f)
n =-
( f ) X ( f ) = lim TX T0
5) Approximation by keeping only a finite number of time samples
x( nT ) :
X( f)
X L ( f ) = x( nT)e - j 2fnT
n=0
L-1
; time windowing
x( n ) : X ( z ) = x( n )z - n
n =-
X( f)
= x( nT)e - j 2fT n
n =-
= x( nT)e
n =-
f -j 2 f n
s
= x( nT)e - j n n =- = X ( z )| z = e j
- 7 -
Spectrum Replication
x( t): sampled signal of x( t)
x( t)
= x( nT) ( t - n T )
n =-
= x( t) ( t - nT ) n =- = x( t)s( t)
where
s( t) =
n =-
( t - nT )
s( t) = c n e
n =- n =-
j 2 T nt
j 1 =T e
2 nt T
where
1 cn = T
Then,
T T
/2
- /2
( t) e
-j 2 T nt
1 dt = T
s
x( t)= x( t)s( t) =
X ( f )=
x( t)e j2nf t T n =-
X ( f - nf s) T n =-
- 8 -
- 9 -
Example 1.5.2
Its magnitude is
= 0.2,f s = 1
Hz and 2 Hz,L = 10
- 10 -
3) Alternatively,
4) As
T0 ,
- 11 -
Sol)
A stop = x 50
- 12 -
Analog Reconstructors
y( nT) ( t - nT ) n =-
ya ( t) = y( t)* h ( t) = y( )h ( t- )d
= = y( nT)
n =-
y( nT) ( t- nT ) h ( t- )d - n =-
= y( nT)h ( t - nT )
n =-
( t - nT ) h ( t - )d
Y a ( f )= H( f ) Y( f )
Y ( f )=
Y ( f - nf s) T n =-
- 13 -
1) Ideal Reconstructor
H( f ) = T,
Then, for
{ 0,
|f |f s/2 o.w.
[- f s/2, f s/2] ,
1 Y( f) = Y( f) Y a ( f )= H( f ) Y ( f) = T T
The impulse response:
- 14 -
1 ( e - j 2fT -1) = 1 e - j fT ( e jfT - e - j 2fT ) = -j 2f j 2f 1 fT ) e - j fT = j 2 f e - j fT2j sin ( fT) = T sin (fT = T sinc( fT) e - j fT
- 15 -
Anti-image Postfilter:
Equalizer filter:
fT jfT H EQ ( f) = HT = ( f) sin ( fT ) e ,
- 16 -
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