NAME : AMIT PATHAK ROLL NO : 1302016570

Q.NO.1 Explain DFD & Data Dictionary? Explain in detail how the information requirement is determined for an organization? Answer:DFD Data flow diagrams represent the logical flow of data within the system. DFD do not explain how the processes convert the input data into output. They do not explain how the processing takes place.

DFD uses few symbols like circles and rectangles connected by arrows to represent data flows. DFD can easily illustrate relationships among data, flows, external entities an stores. DFD can also be drawn in increasing levels of detail, starting with a summary high level view and proceeding o more detailed lower levelviews.

A number of guidelines should be used in constructing DFD. Choose meaningful names for the symbols on the diagram. Number the processes consistently. The numbers do not imply the sequence. Avoid over complex DFD. Make sure the diagrams are balanced. Data Dictionary The data dictionary is used to create and store definitions of data, location, format for storage and other characteristics. The data dictionary can be used to retrieve the definition of data that has already been used in an application. The data dictionary also stores some of the description of data structures, such as entities, attributes and relationships. It can also have software to update itself and to produce reports on its contents and to answer some of the queries. A schedule is made for the development of the system. While preparing theschedule due consideration is given to the importance of the system in the overall information requirement. Due regard is also given to logical system development. For example, it is necessary to develop the accounting system first and then the analysis. Further, unless the systems are fully developed their integration is not possible. This development schedule is to be weighed against the time scale for achieving certain information requirement linked to a business plan. If these are not fully met, it is necessary to revise the time scheduleand also the development schedule, whenever necessary. decisions with the financial decisions. Q.NO.2 What is MIS? Define the characterstics of MIS? What are the basic functions of MIS? Give some disadvantages of MIS? Answer During the period of preindustrial revolution most of the data processing was done manually. It was after the industrial revolutionthat the computers slowly started replacing manual labor. The modern digital computer was basically designed to handle scientific calculations. During the period 1940 to 1960 computers were commercially used for census and payroll work.

This involved large amount of data and its processing. Since then thecommercial application exceeded the scientific applications for which the computer were mainly intended for. MIS is an Information system which helps in providing the management of an organization with information which is used by management for decision making. MIS characteristics In any organization managers will have varieties of tasks to manage. MIS is mainly designed to take care of the needs of the managers in the organization. Organizations will have different departments like marketing, production, sales, inventory, maintenance etc. Each of these departments function individually and also in relationship with other departments. Information is available in abundance. MIS aids in integrating the information generated by various departments of the organization. MIS helps in identifying a proper mechanism of storage of data. The data is maintained in such a way that the unnecessary duplication of data is avoided. MIS also helps in establishing mechanism to eliminate redundancies in data. MIS as a system can be broken down into sub systems. Function of MIS The main function of MIS is to help the managers and the executives in the organization in decision making. Large quantities of data like customers information, competitors information, and personnel records, sales data, accounting data etc is collected from internal sources like the company records and external sources like annual reports and publications. The collected data is organized in the form of a database. The data from the database is processed and analysed by using different tools and techniques. The results of the analysis is properly presented to the managers to help them in decision making. Disadvantages of MIS 1. Highly sensitive requires constant monitoring. 2. Budgeting of MIS extremely difficult. 3. Quality of outputs governed by quality of inputs. 4. Lack of flexibility to update it. 5. Effectiveness decreases due to frequent changes in top management 6.takes into account only qualitative factors and ignores non-qualitative factors like morale of worker, attitude of worker etc.

Q.NO.3 Explain knowledge based system? Explain DSS and OLAP with example? Answer.3KBS are the systems based on knowledge base. Knowledge base is the database maintained for knowledge management which provides the means of data

collections, organization and retrieval of knowledge. Theknowledge management manages the domain where it creates and enables organization for adoption of insights and experiences. There are two types of knowledge bases. a. Machine readable knowledge bases: The knowledge base helps the computer to process through. It makes the data in the computer readable code which makes the operator to perform easier. Such information sare used by semantic web. Semantic web is a web that will make a description of the system that a system can understand. b. Human readable knowledge bases: They are designed to help people to retrieve knowledge.
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) OLAP refers to a system in which there are predefined multiple instances of various modules used in business applications. Any input to such a system results in verification of the facts with respect to the available instances. A nearest match is found analytically and the results displayed form the database. The output is sent only after thorough verification of the input facts fed to the system. The system goes through a series of multiple checks of the various parameters used in business decision making. OLAP is also referred to as a multi dimensional analytical model. Many big companies use OLAP to get good returns in business. Decision Support Systems (DSS) DSS is an interactive computer based system designed to help the decision makers to use all l the resources available and make use in the decision making. In management many a time problems arise out of situations for which simple solution may not be possible. To solve such problems you may have to use complex theories. The models that would be required to solve such problems may have to be identified. DSS requires a lot of managerial abilities and managers judgment. You may gather and present the following information by using decision support application:

Accessing all of your current information assets, including legacy and relational data sources, cubes, data warehouses, and data marts Comparative sales figures between one week and the next Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions The consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in a context that is described.

Q.NO.4 What are Value Chain Analysis & describe its significance in MIS? Explain what is meant by BPR? What is its significance? How Data Warehousing & Data Mining is useful in terms of MIS?
Answer: Business Process Re-engineering The existing system in the organization is totally reexamined and radically modified for incorporating the latest technology. This process of change for the betterment of the organization is called as Business process re-engineering. This process is mainly used to modernize and make the organizations efficient. BPR directly affects the performance. It is used to gain an understanding the process of business and to understand the process to make it better and re-designing and thereby

improving the system. . Significance of BPR Business process are a group of activities performed by various departments, various organizations or between individuals that is mainly used for transactions in business. There may be people who do this transaction or tools. We all do them at one point or another either as a supplier or customer. You will really appreciate the need of process improvement or change in the organizations conduct with business if you have ever waited in the queue for a longer time to purchase 1 kilo of rice from a Public Distribution Shop (PDS-ration shop). The process is called the check-out process. It is called process because uniform standard system has been maintained to undertake such a task. Data Warehousing Data Warehouse is defined as collection of database which is referred as relational database for the purpose of querying and analysis rather than just transaction processing. Data warehouse is usually maintained to store heuristic data for future use. Data warehousing is usually used to generate reports. Integration and separation of data are the two basic features need to be kept in mind while creating a data warehousing. Data Mining is a collaborative tool which comprises of database systems, statistics, machine learning, visualization and information science. Based on the data mining approach used, different techniques form the other discipline can be used such as neural networks, artificial intelligence, fuzzy logic, knowledge representation, high performance The Knowledge discovery as a process may consist of following steps: 1. Data Cleaning: It removes noise and inconsistent data. 2. Data integration: It is where multiple data sources are combined. 3. Data selection: Data relevant to the analysis task are retrieved from the database. 4. Data transformation: Data are transformed or consolidated into forms appropriate for mining by performing summary or aggregation operations, for instance. 5. Data mining: An essential process where intelligent methods are applied in order to extract data patterns.

Q.NO.5 Distinguish between closed decision making system & open decision making system? What is What-if analysis? Why is more time spend in problem analysis & problem definition as compared to the time spends on decision analysis? Answer.5 Closed decision-making system : The decision-making systems can be classified in a number of ways. There are two types of systems based on the manager's knowledge about the environment. If the manager operates in a known environment then it is a closed decision-making system. The conditions of the closed decision-making system are: a) The manager has a known set of decision alternatives and knows their outcomes fully in terms of value, if implemented. b) The manager has a model, a method or a rule whereby the decision alternatives can be generated, tested, and ranked for selection. c) The manager can choose one of them, based on some goal or objective criterion. Open decision-making system

If the manager operates in an environment not known to him, then the decision-making system is termed as an open decision-making system. The conditions of this system in contrast closed decision-making system are: a) The manager does not know all the decision alternatives. b) The outcome of the decision is also not known fully. The knowledge of the outcome may be a probabilistic one. c) No method, rule or model is available to study and finalise one decision among the set of decision alternatives. What if analysis Decisions are made using a model of the problem for developing various solution alternatives and testing them for best choice. The model is built with some variables and relationship between variables. In reality, the considered values of variables or relationship in the model may not hold good and therefore solution needs to be tested for an outcome, if the considered values of variables or relationship change. This method of analysis is called 'what if analysis.'

Decision Analysis A decision is made but such decision needs to be analyzed for conditions and assumptions considered in the decision model. The process is executed through analytical modeling ofproblem and solution.

Problem Definition The starting point of a problem definition is the information gathered in the problem analysis stage. The different aspects surrounding the design problem have been analyzed and should be taken into account in the problem definition. For defining a problem this implies that it is not sufficient to describe the existing state. Therefore, we speak consciously of the situation someone is or is not content with.

Q.NO.6 What is ERP? Explain its existence before and its future after? What are the advantages & disadvantages of ERP? What is Artificial Intelligence? How is it different from Neural Networks? Answer: To be considered an ERP system, a software package must provide the function of at least two systems. For example, a software package that provides both payroll and accounting functions could technically be considered an ERP software package. However, the term is typically reserved for larger, more broadly based applications. The introduction of an ERP system to replace two or more independent applications eliminates the need for external interfaces previously required between systems, and provides additional benefits that range from standardization and lower maintenance to easier and/or greater reporting capabilities. ERP Before and After Before Prior to the concept of ERP systems, departments within an organization (for example, the

human resources (HR)) department, the payroll department, and the financial department) would have their own computer systems. The HR computer system (often called HRMS or HRIS) would typically contain information on the department, reporting structure, and personal details of employees. After ERP software, among other things, combined the data of formerly separate applications. This made the worry of keeping numbers in synchronization across multiple systems disappears. It standardized and reduced the number of software specialties required within larger organizations. Advantages A totally integrated system The ability to streamline different processes and workflows The ability to easily share data across various departments in an organization Improved efficiency and productivity levels Better tracking and forecasting Lower costs Improved customer service Disadvantages Customization in many situations is limited The need to reengineer business processes ERP systems can be cost prohibitive to install and run Technical support can be shoddy ERP's may be too rigid for specific organizations that are either new or want to move in a new direction in the near future. Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence is the science and technology based on various functions to develop a system that can think and work like a human being. It can reason, analyze, learn, conclude and solve problems. Neural Networks . Neural network software can learn by processing sample problems and their solutions. As neural nets start to recognize patterns, they can begin to program themselves to solve such problems on their own.