6 Initial Mixing

Introduction Integral Analysis Dimensional Analysis Multi-port Diffusers Gravitational spreading, intrusion & mixing Multi-port Diffusers in Shallow Water Buoyant Surface Jets Combined Near and Far Field Analysis

Submerged Discharge
Mixing by turbulent entrainment rather than exchange Dilution
H Qo co

xs Ua cb Q c

Mixing zones

S = Q/Qo S = (Co-Cb)/(C-Cb) Hydrodynamic Regulatory

Dilution a solution to pollution?

Biodegradable contaminant? High ambient concentration of contaminant? Toxics?

Pure Jet
y A

b x umax b

Momentum driven Bell-shaped velocity distribution (in jet) Irrotational flow (entrainment field) Properties

B
Figure by MIT OCW.

Daily and Harleman, (1966)

b~x u ~ x-1 Q ~ ub2 ~ x

Buoyant Jet
Buoyancy driven

T r Z b ~ u b ~ x

Temperature Dissolved/Suspended solids

o Uo, To, o D

Figure by MIT OCW.

Bell-shaped velocity & scalar distributions Linear spread Finite initial size (ZOFE)

Equation of State
= (T ) + ( S ) + (TSS ) (T ) = 10001
( S ) = AS + BS 3 / 2 + CS 2

(Gill, 1982)

T + 288.9414 (T 3.9863) 2 508929.2(T + 68.12963)

A = 0.824493 4.0899 x10 3 T + 7.6438 x10 5 T 2 8.2467 x10 7 T 3 + 5.3875 x10 9 T B = 5.72466 x10 3 + 1.0227 x10 4 T 1.6546 x10 6 T 2 C = 4.8314 x10 4 1 3 (TSS ) = TSS 1 10 x SG

= kg/m3, T in oC, S in PSU (g/kg), TSS in mg/L

Seawater Density ( 1 Units ) 48 44 40 36 Temperature (oC) 32 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40

-10

Fischer, et al. (1979) t = 1000*(-1)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

-8

-6 -4 -2

( in g/cm3)

SALINITY (% )
Figure by MIT OCW.

Model Types
Computational Fluid Dynamics (3-D) Integral Analysis (1-D) Dimensional Analysis (0-D)

Integral Analysis: Self-Similarity

~ u = f ( r / b) ~ uc T c = g ( r / b) = = cc Tc c f ( r / b) = e g ( r / b) = e
r
2

T r Z b ~ u b ~ x

o Uo, To, o D

b2

Figure by MIT OCW.

( b ) 2

Integrated Fluxes

Volume

~dA = u ~ f 2rdr = 2I u ~ b2 u 1 c c
0

Momentum* M

~ 2 dA = u ~ 2 f 2 2rdr = 2I u ~ 2b 2 u 2 c c
0

Mass

~cdA = u ~ c fg 2rdr = 2I 3u ~ b2 u c c c
0

Neglects turbulent momentum fluxes

Conservation Statements
Continuity Longitudinal Momentum Horizontal Momentum Contaminant mass Geometry 1 Geometry 2

dQ ~ = = b v b u 2 2 e c d~ x dM 2 = = g rdr I gb 2 sin 2 sin 4 ~ dx 0 d ( M cos ) =0 ~ dx dJ =0 ~ dx dx = cos ~ dx dy = sin ~ dx

Solution Technique
Initial Value Problem 6 equations in 6 unknowns

&c u &c & b C & = x & & y

Results
Output as function of
Densimetric Froude Number

Fo =

uo g ( o ) Do

Dimensionless Distance, Height Limiting Conditions

x / Do z / Do
Fo = Fo = 1
Pure jet Pure plume

140
1.0 2.5 5
.01

120
= T
o

10

15

20

30 40 50

RNN Temperature Chart o = 0.0

100

c/

.015

Vertical Distance Z/D

80

.02 .025

75

60

.03 .04

100

40

.06 .08 .1 .15 .5 .3 150 200 F = 600

20

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Horizontal Distance X/D

Shirazi & Davis, 1974

Figure by MIT OCW.

1.0

RNN Temperature/ Width Chart o = 90

Centerline Excess Temperature

Tc To
0.1

W/D = 10

F = 600 20 50 30 10 40 2.5 1.0 5 50 15 20

0.01

40

80

120

160

200

Vertical Distance Z/D

Shirazi & Davis, 1974

Figure by MIT OCW.

Example Calculations (WE 6-1)

Qo = 0.00125 m3/s Do = 0.1 m / = 0.025 u=Qo/(D2/4)=0.16m/s Fo=uo/(g/D)0.5 = 1 z/Do = 70 c/co = 0.008
hs Qm cm Z (m) 8 7

Qo co

140
1.0 2.5 5
.01

120
= T
o

10

15

20

30 40 50

RNN Temperature Chart o = 0.0

100

c/

.015

Vertical Distance Z/D

80

.02 .025

75

60

.03 .04

100

40

.06 .08 .1 .15 .5 .3 150 200 F = 600

20

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Horizontal Distance X/D

Shirazi & Davis, 1974

Figure by MIT OCW.

1.0

RNN Temperature/ Width Chart o = 90

Centerline Excess Temperature

Tc To
0.1

W/D = 10

F = 600 20 50 30 10 40 2.5 1.0 5 50 15 20

0.01

40

80

120

160

200

Vertical Distance Z/D

Shirazi & Davis, 1974

Figure by MIT OCW.

Example Calculations (contd)

Base Case Do Qo uo / Fo z/Do c/co 0.1 0.00125 0.16 0.025 1 70 0.008 Increased Momentum 0.05 0.00125 0.64 0.025 5.7 140 0.008 Increased Flow 0.1 0.0025 0.032 0.0125 2.8 70 0.016

In deep water behavior depends mainly on buoyancynot momentum, flow rate, port size or orientation

140
1.0 2.5 5
.01

120
= T
o

10

15

20

30 40 50

RNN Temperature Chart o = 0.0

100

c/

.015

Vertical Distance Z/D

80

.02 .025

75

60

.03 .04

100

40

.06 .08 .1 .15 .5 .3 150 200 F = 600

20

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Horizontal Distance X/D

Shirazi & Davis, 1974

Figure by MIT OCW.

1.0

RNN Temperature/ Width Chart o = 90

Tc To

Centerline Excess Temperature

0.1

20 W/D = 10 F = 600 50

0.01

30

40 10 5 2.5 50

15

20

1.0

40

80

120

160

200

Vertical Distance Z/D

Shirazi & Davis, 1974

Figure by MIT OCW.

Dimensional Analysis
Identify important independent and dependent variables Arrange in dimensionally consistent manner Determine coefficients empirically

Buckingham Theorem
Number of dimensionless parameters equals number of independent plus dependent variables minus number of dimensions used to describe these variables Example: D = gt2

3 variables (g, t, D) 2 dimensions (length, time) 1 dimensionless variable (D/gt2)

Empirical coefficient (1/2)

Axi-symmetric Plume
Neglect ambient current, stratification Assume deep water (initial momentum, flow rate, nozzle size, discharge angle less important than buoyancy) Kinematic buoyancy flux

Bo = Qo g/

[L4T-3)

Axi-symmetric Plume (contd)

Q = f(B, z) 3 variables 2 dimensions = 1 nondimensional parameter (c1)
c1 = Q Bo z

Q = c1 Bo z

Axi-symmetric Plume (contd)

Q ~ Bo z L3 L4 = 3 L T T 3 = 4 + 1 = 3 = 1 / 3, = 5 / 3 S = Q / Qo c1 Bo z 5 / 3 Sc = Qo c1 0.1
1/ 3

Integral vs Dim Anal (WE 6-2)

Input variables

Qo = 0.00125 m3/s Do = 0.1 m z=7m / = 0.025 (salt water-fresh water) Bo = Qo g / = 0.00031 m4/s3 Fo = uo/(g / Do)0.5 = 1 z/Do = 70

Derived variables

Integral vs Dim Anal (contd)

140
1.0 2.5 5
.01

120
= T
o

10

15

20

30 40 50

RNN Temperature Chart = 0.0o

100

c/

Integral Analysis

.015

Vertical Distance Z/D

80

.02 .025

75

60

cc/co = 0.008 Sc = 125 Sc=0.1Bo1/3z5/3/Qo=138

.03 .04

100

Dimensional Analysis

40

.06 .08 .1 .15 .5 .3 150 200 F = 600

20

0 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Horizontal Distance X/D

Figure by MIT OCW.

Blockage at surface (or trap elevation)

Prevents entrainment of ambient water near top of trajectory Mixing & extra entrainment as jet turns the corner Near field dilution

xs Ua cb Qo co Qm c m cn hs H

Sn = 0.26Bo1/3H Xn/H = 2.8

5/3/Q o

hs/H ~ 0.11 (horizontal discharge)

Ambient Stratification
Stratification frequency N
H Ua cb Qo co Qm cm h (z)

g N = z
2

Plume traps at level of neutral buoyancy with reduced dilution ht = 2.8Bo 1/4/N3/4 Sm = 0.9 Bo3/4/QoN5/4

Ambient Current
Deflects plume downstream Augments dilution if strong Sm = 0.32uaH2/Qo xs=0.3Qo(g/)/ua3

xs Ua cb Qo co Qm c m H

Dense plumes
Typical applications:

Ua ht Sm

Cold water from LNG terminals Brine from desal plants, soln mining of salt domes

co

ht=2.3Mo3/4/Bo1/2 Sm=2.8Mo5/4/QoBo1/2

Example: solution mining of salt domes

Strategic Petroleum Reserve

Dates from 1970s ~700x106 bbl stored in 4 domes in LA & TX Salinity gradients in GoM confuse shrimp Salt production Compressed gas storage Waste isolation

Also used for

Multi-phase Plumes
Bubble plumes

Reservoir destratification Aeration Ice prevention Pollutant containment Deep oil spills Dredged matl disposal CO2 ocean storage

Droplet plumes

Sediment plumes

Figure by MIT OCW.

Deep Oil-well Blowout

Figure by MIT OCW.

CO2Sequestration

Adapted from Heroz et al. (2000).

Figure by MIT OCW.

What are gas hydrates?

Filled ice Example: methane hydrate Cage structures of gas hydrates

CO2 nH 2O CO2 + nH 2O T, P n 5.75

h = 1100 1140 kg/m3

CO2/seawater phase diagram

200 CO2(g) (float)

400

Depth (m)

Stable Hydrates (sink) 600

CO2(l) (float)

800 0 4 8 12 16

Temperature ( C)

Figure by MIT OCW.

Laboratory studies (Oak Ridge National Lab)

Liquid CO2 Water d Hydrateliquid CO2water composite extrusion
T P

Details of mixing zone

ORNL SPS
(Seafloor process simulator)

Water Water Liquid CO2 West et al., 2003; Lee et al 2003

Two-phase plume model

(100 kg/s CO2, 1 cm diameter spheres, release depth 800 m, Qc/Qw = = 0.49)

Neutrally buoyant particles: only solute density effect

Plume depth Intrusions Pure hydrate particles

Multi-port diffusers

Construction:

Cut and cover Bored tunnel

Ports
H

hT

l~ 0.3H (or 0.3 h)

Often 2 or more per riser qo = Qo/L, bo = Bo/L Sm=0.42Hbo1/3/qo Sm = 0.97bo2/3/qoN Sm = 2.2ua1/2bo1/2/Nqo

Line source approx.

No current; no strat

No current; strat

Current; strat

Single vs Multiport (WE 6-3)

Boston Outfall

Diffuser Length L = 2000 m No ports Np = 440 Flow rate Qo = 20 m3/s Water depth H = 30 m g 2 Stratification frequency N =
z
N2 = (9.8)(25-22)/(1025)(30) = 0.001 s-2

Single vs Multiport (contd)

As single port

Qo = 20/440 = 0.045 m3/s Bo = 0.045*9.8*0.025 = 0.011 m4/s3 ht = 2.8Bo1/4/N3/4 = 12 m l = L/Np = 2000/440 = 4.5 m
l > 0.3 ht => no merging

Sm = 0.9 Bo3/4/QoN5/4 = 0.9(0.011)3/4/(0.045)(0.0013)5/8 = 51

Single vs Multi-port (contd)

As multi-port diffuser (line source of buoyancy)

qo = 20/2000 = 0.01 m2/s bo = 0.01*0.025*9.8 = 0.0025 m3/s3 ht = 2bo1/3/N = 2(0.0025)1/3/(0.001) =9 m Sm = 0.97bo2/3/qoN = 0.97(0.0025)2/3/(0.01)(0.001) = 56

Numerical modeling of sewage outfalls?

MWRA, 1999

Numerical modeling of sewage outfalls?

MWRA, 1999

Gravitational spreading, intrusion, mixing

Surface spreading layer
xs
hs

ua

QN cN cb

H
Qo
co

hs = ua / g N '
2

xs = 0.3QN g N ' / ua

3 3

bs = 0.8QN g N ' / ua Internal spreading layer

H
Qm cm
(z)

ua

hs

hs = 1.2ua / N xs = 0.25QN N / ua bs = 0.65QN N / ua

2 2

cb

h
Qo
co

Neutrally buoyant jet in stratification

r

hm

(z)

xm = 3.5M o

1/ 4

/ N 1/ 2 / N 1/ 2Qo / N 1/ 2

S m = 0.63M o hm = 0.95M o

3/ 4

1/ 4

Wachusetts Reservoir Algae

Occasional taste and odor problems

Synura (left) Chrysosophaerella Hypolimnion Metalimnion Under ice

Algal locations

Conventional treatment (surface algae) with CuSO4 from boat How to efficiently treat (place algaecide in proper stratum) under ice & at depth?

Layout of Treatment System

(potential system being discussed)

Figure by MIT OCW.

CDM, 2005

Mid-Depth Air Driven Circulator

3 meters

10 meters

Chemical Injection

Air Diffusers

CDM, 2005

Application at Depth
T
r

z1 zo z2

hm

Elevation view
z
Figure 1

Length, thickness and dilution (hence required operation time) depend on reservoir stratification and discharge momentum
Plan view

Application under Ice

T(z)

Algaecide Introduced

. . . . . . . .

T(z)

T(z)

Relies on bubble plume to transport algaecide to surface

T(z)

d Figure 5

Multi-port diffusers in shallow water

Alternating

Typical for power plant (thermal) discharges

0.26 g ' H 2 L4 / 3 ua HL Sa = + 4/3 Q Qo o
2/3 2

Staged

Tee

0.5ua HL + Ss = Qo

0.5ua HL 0.19 HLuo Q + Qo o

2

Co-Flowing

HLu a St = 2 2Qouo + 10ua HL 0.5ua HL + Sc = Qo 0.5ua HL 0.5 HLuo Q + Q o o

2

Figure by MIT OCW.

Buoyant surface discharges

Plan View
Unsteady Spreading (Far Field) Time

2bo
' uo, go

t1

t2

Thermal plumes and river discharges Independent variables

Buoyant Jet (Near Field)

Fo ' =

uo g ( o ) l o

y
z

Lateral Entrainment Transition Line

xt ho
x

l o = ho bo
t1 Side View t2

Vertical Entrainment

Dependent variables

S = 1.4Fo Lengths ~Fo l o

Figure by MIT OCW.

Combined near and far field analysis

(accounting for background build-up)
Far Field Dilution Near Field Dilution Total Dilution

SF =

co c a c F ca
Ua cb

xs Qm cm H Qo co

co c F SN = cN cF co c a ST = c N ca

1 1 1 1 1 1 = + + ST S N S F S N S F S N S F
Total dilution less than either near field or far field dilution and controlled by the smaller of the two

Example
Far field dilution SF = 50 to 100 Near Field dilution SN = 50 to 100 Total Dilution ST = 25 to 33 to 50
MWRA, 1999