Stream Water Quality Analysis

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Stream DO - DO Sag Curve


16 Stream
1
Stream Water Quality Analysis

16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11



DO Deficit, D


where D = dissolved oxygen deficit, mg/L
C
s
= saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen, mg/L. See Table A
of dissolved oxygen in fresh water (DC, p. 868).
C = actual concentration of dissolved oxygen, mg/L
D
o
= initial DO deficit, mg/L= DO deficit at t = 0
D
c
= Critical DO deficit, mg/L
C
c
= Critical DO, mg/L

Initial mixing of waste stream and river

Qr = volumetric flow rate of the river, m
Qw = volumetric flow rate of wastewater, m
Qm = volumetric flow rate of the river after mixing, m
Cr = dissolved oxygen concentration in the river, mg/L
Cw = Dissolved oxygen concentration in the wastewater,
mg/L
Cm = dissolved oxygen concentration in the river after
mixing, mg/L
Lr = ultimate BOD of the river, mg/L
Lw = ultimate BOD of the wastewater, mg
Lm = ultimate BOD of the river after mixing, mg/L
Tr = temperature of the river, C
Tw = temperature of the wastewater, C
Tm = temperature of the river after mixing, C


C
16 Stream
2




D = C
s
- C
D
o
= C
s
- C
o
D
c
= C
s
- C
c











D = dissolved oxygen deficit, mg/L
= saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen, mg/L. See Table A-2. Saturation values
of dissolved oxygen in fresh water (DC, p. 868).
C = actual concentration of dissolved oxygen, mg/L
= initial DO deficit, mg/L= DO deficit at t = 0
cal DO deficit, mg/L
Initial mixing of waste stream and river
Qr = volumetric flow rate of the river, m
3
/s
Qw = volumetric flow rate of wastewater, m
3
/s
Qm = volumetric flow rate of the river after mixing, m
3
/s
dissolved oxygen concentration in the river, mg/L
Cw = Dissolved oxygen concentration in the wastewater,
Cm = dissolved oxygen concentration in the river after
Lr = ultimate BOD of the river, mg/L
Lw = ultimate BOD of the wastewater, mg/L
Lm = ultimate BOD of the river after mixing, mg/L

Tw = temperature of the wastewater, C
Tm = temperature of the river after mixing, C
Qr
Cr
Lr
Tr
16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11
o


2. Saturation values
Qw
Cw
Lw
Tw
Qo
Co
Lo
To
Mass Balance:
Mass in = Mass out
For C,
Q
w
C
w
+ Q
r
C
r
= C
o
(Q
w
+ Q
r
)
Q
w
C
w
+ Q
r
C
r

C
o
= ---------------------
Q
w
+ Q
r

For L,
Q
w
L
w
+ Q
r
L
r
= L
o
(Q
w
+ Q
r
)
Q
w
L
w
+ Q
r
L
r

L
o
= ------------------
(Q
w
+ Q
r
)
For T,
Q
w
T
w
+ Q
r
T
r

T
o
= --------------------
Q
w
+ Q
r

Heat balance
H = m Cp T
where
H = change in enthalpy, J
m = mass of substance, g
Cp = specific heat at constant pressure, J/g K = 4.19 J/g K for natural water
T = change in temperature, K
sag equation
( )
d a a
k t k t k t
d o
o
a d
k L
D e e D e
k k

= +

where
D = dissolved oxygen deficit in river water after exertion of
D
o
= initial deficit after river and wastewater have mixed, mg/L.
L
o
= initial ultimate BOD after river and wastewater have mixed, mg/L.
k
d
= deoxigenation rate constant, d
k
a
= reaeration rate constant, d
t = time of travel of wastewater discharge downstream, d
16 Stream
3
= specific heat at constant pressure, J/g K = 4.19 J/g K for natural water
The Streeter-Phelps Model -
( )
d a a
k t k t k t
o
D e e D e

D = dissolved oxygen deficit in river water after exertion of BOD at time t, mg/L.
= initial deficit after river and wastewater have mixed, mg/L.
= initial ultimate BOD after river and wastewater have mixed, mg/L.
= deoxigenation rate constant, d
-1
.
= reaeration rate constant, d
-1
.
travel of wastewater discharge downstream, d
Qw
Cw
Lw
Tw
Qr Qo
Cr Co
Lr Lo
Tr To
16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11
BOD at time t, mg/L.
16 Stream Analysis_F11

4


Deoxygenation rate constant

k
d
= k + u / H ........ Empirical equation
where
k
d
= deoxygenation rate constant at 20C, d
-1

k = BOD rate constant determined in laboratory at 20C, d
-1

u = average stream velocity, m/s
H = average depth of stream, m
= bed-activity coefficient (0.1 - 0.6)
= 0.1 for stagnant or deep water
= 0.6 for rapidly flowing streams

Temperature Correction:

k
d, T
= k
d,20

T-20
where = 1.135



Reaeration Rate Constant, k
a


k
a
= 3.9 u
0.5
/ H
1.5


where
k
a

= (k
r
) = reaeration rate constant at 20C, day
-1

u = average stream velocity, m/s
H = average depth, m

Temperature Correction:

k
a,T
= k
a
,
20

T-20
where = 1.024


Travel time, t

t = x / u

where x = travel distance

Time to the critical distance, t
c



1
ln 1
a a d
c o
a d d d o
k k k
t D
k k k k L
(
| |
=
( |

(
\






16 Stream Analysis_F11

5



Critical Deficit, Dc


( ) ( )
c d o d a c a c
c o
a d
k t
k t k t
k L
D e e D e
k k

= +

Critical Dissolved Oxygen concentration, Cc

C
c
= C
s
- D
c



Critical Distance, x
c


x
c
= t
c
u




Example 4-8 (DC, 305); Example 4-9 (DC, 307);
Example 4-10 (DC, 311); Example 4-11 (DC, 312) .

The town of State College discharges 17,360 m
3
/d of treated wastewater into the Bald Eagle Creek.
The treated wastewater has a BOD
5
of 12 mg/L and a k for BOD kinetics of 0.12 d
-1
in laboratory
study at 20C. Bald Eagle Creek has a flow rate of 0.43m
3
/s and an ultimate BOD of 5.0 mg/L.
The DO of the river is 6.5 mg/L and the DO of the wastewater is 1.0 mg/L.

Example 4-8 Calculate the DO and initial ultimate BOD after mixing.

2) (Example 4-9) Calculate the initial deficit of the Bald Eagle Creek after mixing with the
wastewater from the town of State College. The stream temperature is 10C and the
wastewater temperature is 10C.

3) (Example 4-10) Determine the deoxigenation rate constant for the reach of Bald Eagle Creek
below the wastewater outfall, discharge pipe. The average speed of the stream flow in the
creek is 0.03 m/s. The depth is 5.0 m and the bed-activity coefficient is 0.35.

4) Determine the DO concentration at a point 5 km downstream from the State College discharge
into the Balad Eagle Creek. Also determine the critical DO and the distance downstream at
which it occurs (Example 4-11).







16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11

6



(Solution)

Given:

Q
w
= 17360 m
3
/d (= 0.2 m
3
/s)
DO
w
= 1.0 mg/L
L
w
= (BOD
5
)
w
=12 mg/L
T
w
= 10C
k = 0.12 d
-1
@ 20 C)






Q
r
= 0.43 m
3
/s Q = Q
w
+ Q
r
= ?
L
r
= 5 mg/L L
o
= ?
DO
r
=6.5 mg/L C
o
= ?
T
r
= 10 C T
o
= ?


Q
w
= (17,360 m
3
/d) (1 d/86,400 s/d) = 0.20 m
3
/s


1) DO after mixing

(Q
w
) (DO
w
) + (Q
r
)(DO
r
)
C
o
= ------------------------------
(Q
w
+ Q
r
)

(0.2 m
3
/s) (1.0 mg/L) + ( 0.43 m
3
/s)(6.5 mg/L)
= ---------------------------------------------------------- = 4.75 mg/L
( 0.20 m
3
/s + 0.43 m
3
/s)

BOD
t
= BOD
L
(1 - e
-kt
)

where BOD
L
= ultimate BOD
L


Convert BOD
5
to BOD
L


BOD
t
12 mg/L
BOD
L
= ------------- = -------------------- = 26.6 mg/L = L
w

(1 - e
-kt
) 1 - e
- (0.12)(5)



16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11

7


Q
w
L
w
+ Q
r
L
r

L
o
= -------------------
Q
w
+ Q
r


(0.20 m
3
/s) (26.6 mg/L) + (0.43 m
3
/s)(5.0 mg/L)
L
o
= -------------------------------------------------------------- = 11.86 mg/L
(0.20 m
3
/s + 0.43 m
3
/s)

2) Given:
T
r
= 10C
T
w
= 10C
T
o
= 10C

(C
s
)
r
= 11.33 mg/L at T
o
= 10C (Table A-2; DC, p = 868)

(C
o
) = 4.75 mg/L from (1)

Calculate the initial DO Deficit, Do:

D
o
= C
s
C
o
= 11.33 mg/L - 4.75 mg/L = 6.58 mg/L


3) Deoxygenation rate constant, k
d


k
d
= k + (u / H )

where k
d
= deoxygenation rate constant at 20C, d
-1
k = BOD rate constant determined in laboratory at 20C, d
-1

u = average velocity of stream flow, m/s
H = average depth of stream, m
= bed-activity coefficient (0.1 - 0.6)
= 0.1 for stagnant or deep water = 0.6 for rapidly flowing streams

Given:
k = 0.12 d
-1

u = 0.03 m/s
H = 5.0 m
= 0.35

k
d
= 0.12 d
-1
+ (0.03 m/s)(0.35) / (5.0 m) = 0.1221 d
-1

Temperature Correction by:

k
d.T
= k
d
,
20

T-20
where = 1.135 (DC 293-294)

k
d,10
= (0.1221 d
-1
)(1.135)
10 - 20
= (0.1221)(0.2819) = 0.03442 d
-1



16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11

8


Reaeration Rate Constant, k
a

k
a
= 3.9 u
0.5
/ H
1.5


where
ka = reaeration rate constant at 20C, day
-1

u = average stream velocity, m/s
H = average depth, m

Given: u = 0.03 m/s
H = 5.0 m

k
a,20
= 3.9 (0.03 m/s)
0.5
/ (5.0 m)
1.5
= 0.0604 d
-1

Temperature correction by

k
a,T
= k
r,20

T-20
where = 1.024

k
a,10
= (0.0604 d
-1
) (1.024)
10 - 20
= 0.0477 d
-1



Travel time, t

t = x / u

Given: x = 5 km = 5000 m
u = 0.03 m/s

t = 5000 m/ [(0.03 m/s)(86400 s/d)] = 1.929 d


4) Calculate oxygen deficit (D) in river water after exertion of BOD for time, t, mg/L.

( ) ( )
d a a
k t k t k t d o
o
a d
k L
D e e D e
k k

= +

where
L
o
= 11.86 mg/L
k
d
= 0.03442 d
-1

k
a
= 0.04766 d
-1

t = 1.929 d
D
o
= 6.58 mg/L

D = (30.83) (0.9358 - 0.9122) + 6.58 (0.9122) = 6.7299 = 6.73 mg/L

C = C
s
- D = 11.33 mg/L - 6.73 mg/L = 4.60 mg/L (at 5 km downstream)


16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11

9


Critical time, t
c
- time to the critical distance


1
ln 1
a a d
c o
a d d d o
k k k
t D
k k k k L
( | |
=
( |

( \



Given:
L
o
= 11.86 mg/L
k
d
= 0.03442 d
-1

k
a
= 0.04766 d
-1

D
o
= 6.58 mg/L

t
c
= 6.45 day


Critical deficit, Dc


( ) ( )
d c a c a c
k t k t k t d o
c o
a d
k L
D e e D e
k k

= +

Given:
Lo = 11.86 mg/L
k
d
= 0.03442 d
-1
k
a
= 0.04766 d
-1
Do = 6.58 mg/L
t
c
= 6.45 day

D
c
= 6.85 mg/L

Critical DO (Cc)

C
c
= C
s
- D
c
= 11.33 mg/L - 6.85 mg/L = 4.48 mg/L


Critical Distance, x
c


x
c
= t
c
u

where t
c
= 6.54 days = (6.45 day)(86400 s/day) =557280 s
u = 0.03 m/s = (0.03 m/s)( 1 km/ 1000 m) = 3 x 10
-5
km/s

x
c
= t
c
u = (557280 s)(3 x 10
-5
km/s) = 16.7 km

The critical DO occurs downstream at a distance of 16.7 km from the wastewater discharge point.






0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
0 50 100
D
(
m
g
/
L
)
River distance (km)
Effect of T
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 50 100
C

(
m
g
/
L
)
River distance (km)
Effect of T
16 Stream
10








































100 150 200
River distance (km)
Effect of T
T = 20 C
T = 10 C
T = 30 C
100 150 200
River distance (km)
Effect of T
T = 20 C
T = 10 C
T = 30 C
16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11




Analysis of Streeter-Phelps Model


( )
d a a
k t k t k t
d o
o
a d
k L
D e e D e
k k

= +

16 Stream
11
Phelps Model - The DO sag equation
( )
d a a
k t k t k t
o
D e e D e






















16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11






16 Stream
12



















































16 Stream Water Quality Analysis_F11