POPP

PROJECT ON
RAINWATER
HARVESTING
NAME:-BIRENDRA RAY
YADAV
USN NO:-1MS17CV034
BATCH:- A3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my teacher Dr. Jagadeesha Kumar B.G as well as our
principal N.V.R Naidu who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
Rainwater Harvesting, which also helped me in doing a
lot of Research and I came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly I would also like to thank my uncle Er. Ram
Bikesh Ray who helps me alot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that BIRENDRA RAY YADAV
of the Civil department (USN 1MS17CV034)
and batch A3 has completed the
Environment project.

_________________ __________

Signature of faculty Signature of student

Marks obtained
INDEX
 TITLE - i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - ii
 CERTIFICATE - iii
 INTRODUCTION - 1
 WATER SCARCITY IN NEPAL - 2-3
 ADVANTAGES - 4-5
 MODERN METHODS OF - 6-11
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Component Of rain Water Harvesting 12-13
 TRADITIONAL METHODS - 14-16
 TREATMENT TECHNIQUE - 17-18
 TREATMENT OF RAINWATER HARVESTING 19-20

 Plan Of the House -21

BIRATNAGAR WEATHER BY MONTH // WEATHER AVERAGES -22

 CALCULATION - 23-25
 Recharge of Ground water -26-31
 Refrence - 32
 CONCLUSION - 33
INTRODUCTION
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of
rainwater for reuse on-site, rather than allowing it to run
off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and
in many places, the water collected is redirected to a
deep pit (well, shaft, or borehole), a reservoir with
percolation, or collected from dew or fog with nets or
other tools. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock,
irrigation, domestic use with proper treatment, indoor
heating for houses, etc. The harvested water can also be
used as drinking water, longer-term storage, and for
other purposes such as groundwater recharge.Rainwater
harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of
self-supply of water for households usually financed by
the user.
WATER CRISIS IN
BIRATNAGAR :-A CRISIS IN
AREA OF ABUNDANCE
The abundance of water in Nepal, the second
country in the world with more water resources,
contrasts with the serious access problems of nine
million people, a quarter of its population. Its
capital of province no. 1, suffers the consequences
of the lack of management and the pollution of
rivers and aquifers. Its inhabitants fight for their
water supply every day.

According to the International Institute of Water

Management in Kathmandu, Nepal has 2.7 % of
the available fresh water on Earth, making it the
second country, after Brazil, with more water
reserves in the world. The 8.6 million cubic meters
of water that flow from the Himalaya peaks
through the Nepali valleys every year provide each
of its inhabitants an annual availability of 9000
cubic meters (9 million liters). This is one of the
highest rates in the world, much higher, for
instance, than the one in India, which reaches
1431 cubic meters.
According to the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage in
Nepal, even though an estimated 80% of the total population
has access to drinking water, it is not safe. Those belonging to
poor and excluded groups in rural areas have limited to no
access.
Many in remote areas have to rely on small brooks running
from the mountains and spend hours traveling to get water.
One of the reasons for this is due to the fact that the surface
and ground water in the Biratnagar Valley is deteriorating by
natural and anthropogenic contaminations. The surface water
is polluted by industry and domestic waste along with discharge
of untreated sewage from tightly packed residential
neighborhoods india northern state UP ,Bihar and West Bengal.
As only 27 percent of the population has access to basic
sanitation, those without access rely on local surface water
sources like rivers for bathing and washing clothes. At the same
time, the establishments of water treatment facilities
throughout the urban and rural regions are limited. As a result,
Nepal faces a high number of water-borne diseases such as
diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, gastroenteritis and cholera.
ADVANTAGES
EASY TO MAINTAIN – The system used for water
collection is based on simple technique and overall
expenses are much cheaper.
REDUCING WATER BILLS – Harvested water can be used
for several non-drinking purpose which is ideal for
residential and commercial purpose
SUITABLE FOR IRRIGATION – The accumulated water is
usually free from harmful chemical which makes it fit for
irrigation
REDUCES DEMAND OF GROUND WATER – It is another
important advantage to reduce potable water demand
with areas having low rainfall.
Independent water supply
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water
supply during water restrictions. In areas where clean
water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater
harvesting is a critical source of clean water. In developed
countries, rainwater is often harvested to be used as a
supplemental source of water rather than a main source,
but the harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a
household's water costs or overall usage levels.
.Supplemental in drought
When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months
can be used. If rain is unpredictable, the use of a rainwater
harvesting system can be critical to capturing the rain
when it does fall. Many countries, especially those with
arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as a cheap
and reliable source of clean water. To enhance irrigation
in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap
and prevent rainwater from running down hills and
slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is
collected for crops to grow.
METHODS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
Rain Barrel– Barrel or water tank is installed under
downspout of rooftops guttering system. Hose is
connected to spigot at base to draw water.
Dry System- Similar to barrel but large water storage
container, few steps away from property. Dry suggests
collection pipe dries after rainy day.
Wet System – Collection pipes always have water in
them since they are underground. Collection of pipes are
connected to downspout of building. It can be placed
anywhere.

Green Roof – Installing a green roof on house enable

plants to use it instantly. This requires laying down of
lining for roof protection and drainage system to take
care of runoff.
Water Butt
The most basic form of harvesting is the humble garden
water butt. Water collects in the container from drain
pipes and/or natural rainfall, and is mainly used for the
watering of garden plants. Users with gardens of a
decent size will see a reduction in the amount of mains
water used. Pairing the water tank with a rainwater filter
can further improve the quality of the harvested water.
Direct-Pumped (Submersible)
This is the most common type of more professional
rainwater harvesting system, particularly for domestic
properties, and is generally the easiest to install. The
pump is located within the underground tank and
harvested water is simply pumped directly to the WCs or
other appliances. If the tank should be in danger of
running dry, a small amount of mains water is fed to it in
order to maintain supply. For commercial projects, such
systems tend to be dual pump arrangements
(duststandby).
Direct-Pumped (Suction)
This system differs in that the pump is not inside the
tank, but instead is located within a control unit within
the house (e.g. utility room). The unit also deals with the
backup from mains water supply, so there is no need to
send mains water down to the tank.
Indirect Gravity
This type of system differs in that the harvested water is first
pumped to a high level tank (header tank), then allowed to
supply the outlets by gravity alone. With this arrangement, the
pump only has to work when the header tank needs filling. Also
the mains water is fed directly to the header tank, not into the
main harvesting tank.
Indirect Pumped
This arrangement is similar to the above, except that the
internal tank can be at any level in the building, as it does
not rely on gravity to supply the outlets. Instead a
booster pump set is used to provide a pressurised supply.
This system employs the benefit of not having to feed
mains back-up water to the underground tank, whilst
also offering great flexibility as the booster pumps can be
tailored to suit the flow and pressure requirements of
the building.
Gravity Only
In some situations It may be possible to have a system that
functions purely through gravity, requiring no pump and
therefore no energy use. With this arrangement, rainwater is
collected from a part of the roof which has gutters above the
filter and collection tank which are in turn above all the outlets.
This arrangement is ONLY ever possible where the storage tank
can be located below the level of the gutters, yet higher that
the outlets that it will supply. Only the power of gravity is
needed to feed collected and filtered water to various parts of
the home for use, so it is an ultra-energy efficient option.
COMPONENTS OF RAINWATER
HARVESTING
CATCHMENT AREA – It is surface directly receiving rainfall and
provides water to system. It can be paved like building or
unpaved like lawn or open ground. Roof made of RCC,
galvanised iron or corrugated sheet for water harvesting.
COARSE MESH– It prevents passage of debris, provided in roof to
only allow water to pass through it.

GUTTER – Channel at edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport

rainwater to storage tank. Gutters need to be supported to prevent
sagging when loaded with water.
CONDUITS – Pipelines to carry rainwater from catchment
or rooftop area to harvesting system. Conduits can be of PVC or
GI material.

FIRST – FLUSHING – Valve flush out first spell of rain

which carries a larger amount of pollutants from air and
catchment surface.

FILTER - It is a chamber filled with filtering media such as

fibre, coarse sand and gravel to remove debris, pollutants from
rainwater.
STORAGE FACILITY – Various shapes,
sizes, material of construction and position of
tank.
 TRADITIONAL METHOD OF RAINWATER
HARVESTING

 Tankas
Tankas (small tank) are underground tanks, found traditionally in
most Bikaner houses. They are built in the main house or in the
courtyard. They were circular holes made in the ground, lined
with fine polished lime, in which raiwater was collected.
 Khadin
A khadin, also called a dhora, is an ingenious construction designed to
harvest surface runoff water for agriculture. Its main feature is a very
long (100-300 m) earthen embankment built across the lower hill
slopes lying below gravelly uplands. Sluices and spillways allow excess
water to drain off. The khadin system is based on the principle of
harvesting rainwater on farmland and subsequent use of this water-
saturated land for crop production.

 Talaab:
These have been popular since the days of the kings. Talaabs
are reservoirs—natural or man-made. These reservoirs were
used to meet irrigation and drinking water requirements. These
constructions lasted only as long as the monsoon. Post-
monsoon, the beds of these water bodies were cultivated with
rice.
  Johad
These are earthen check dams that were meant to collect
rainwater. Because of their earthen nature, water
percolated easily into these systems. They resulted in
tremendous rise of the groundwater levels.
TREATMENT OF RAINWATER HARVESTING
SCREENING – Prevents leaves and other debris from
rainwater by screen gutters and first flush devices.
SETTLING – Particulate matter settles down within the tank.
FILTERING – Removes fine particles, turbidity, colour, organic
matter and microorganism.
1. Sand gravel filter – constructed by brick masonry and filled
by pebbles, gravel and sand.

2. Charcoal filter – Made in-situ with sand gravel filter.

Thin layer of charcoal is used to adsorb odour if any.
3. Sponge filter – Simple filter made from PVC drum
having layer of sponge in middle of drum. Easiest and cheapest
filter for residential unit.

Disinfection –
1. Chlorine sterilisation – Chlorine acts as a
disinfectant. For a total of 50 L tank of water, 250 mg of
chlorine is needed.

2. Ultraviolet sterilisation - Rainwater should be free

from sediments. It reduces risk of corrosion and handle large
flow rate.
 PLAN OF THE HOUSE
HOUSE
LOCATION
POPULAR PLACES

BIRATNAGAR WEATHER BY MONTH // WEATHER AVERAGES

Januar Febru March April May June July Augus Septe Octob Nove Dece
y ary t mber er mber mber
Avg. 16.2 18.1 23.2 27 28.1 28.8 28.5 28.9 27.9 26.1 21.6 17.4
Temp
eratur
e (°C)
Min. 9 10.5 15.1 20.5 23.1 25 25.3 25.6 24.4 21.3 14.6 9.8
Temp
eratur
e (°C)
Max. 23.4 25.8 31.3 33.6 33.2 32.6 31.7 32.2 31.4 31 28.7 25
Temp
eratur
e (°C)
Avg. 61.2 64.6 73.8 80.6 82.6 83.8 83.3 84.0 82.2 79.0 70.9 63.3
Temp
eratur
e (°F)
Min. 48.2 50.9 59.2 68.9 73.6 77.0 77.5 78.1 75.9 70.3 58.3 49.6
Temp
eratur
e (°F)
Max. 74.1 78.4 88.3 92.5 91.8 90.7 89.1 90.0 88.5 87.8 83.7 77.0
Temp
eratur
e (°F)
Precipi 10 9 18 47 144 340 543 367 313 95 8 4
tation
/
Rainfal
l (mm)
The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 539 mm. Throughout the year,
temperatures vary by 12.7 °C.

POPULAR PLACES

The rainfall is scanty and low from January to April.

Heavy rainfall occurs in monsoon season between
June to September. Monsoon reiterates back
between October and December, as a result rainfall
is low.
Calculation Of Graph
FOR MONTH JANUARY –
RAINFALL=0.010*0.6*273.67*1000=1642.02ltr
SIMILARLY, RAINFALL IN OTHER MONTHS
FEBRUARY=1477.818ltr
MARCH=1477.818ltr
APRIL=2955.636Litres
MAY=18719.028 Litres
JUNE=55828.68 Litres
JULY=89161.686 Litres
AUGUST=60262.134Litres
SEPTEMBER=51395.226Litres
OCTOBER=15599.19 Litres
NOVEMBER=1313.616 Litres
DECEMBER= 656.808 Litres
CALCULATION
The average annual rainfall of Biratnagar is 1.898m
Area of catchment (A) =273 metres square
Run off coefficient (C) = 0.6
Annual water harvesting potential from 273 metres square
=A*R*C
=273*0.6*1.898
=310892.4Litres
Domestic uses of water = 50% of average annual rainwater
harvesting
=155446.2Litres
Total no of member in family =10
Demand of water per day per people = 135 Litres per day/ per
head
Total demands of water per day for family =135*10 =1350 litre
per day
Number of days for which water can be used
=155446.2/1350 = 115 days
Remaining 50% is used for subsurface recharge through pits.

RECHARGE SHAFTS
Recharge shafts are provided where upper layer of soil is
alluvial or less pervious.
Bored hole of 30 cm dia. up to 10 to 15 m deep,
depending on depth of pervious layer.
Bore should be lined with slotted/perforated PVC/MS pipe
to prevent collapse of the vertical sides.
At the top of soak away required size sump is constructed
to retain runoff before the filters through soak away.
Sump should be filled with filter media. The diameter of
shaft is normally more than 2 m.
This is the most efficient and cost-effective technique to
recharge unconfined aquifer overlain by poorly permeable
strata
RECHARGE PITS
It allows rainwater to replenish groundwater by recharging
underground aquifers. It can recharge borewell or just infiltrate
water in area.
Suitable for a roof area of 100 sq. m. Boulders at the bottom,
gravels in between and coarse sand at the top.
Top layer of sand should be cleaned periodically to maintain
the recharge rate.
Generally constructed 1 to 2 m. wide and 2 to 3 m deep. The
pits are filled with boulders (5-20 cm), gravels (5-10mm) and
coarse sand (1.5- 2mm) in graded form.
DUG WELLS RECHARGE
Dug well can be used as recharge structure. Rainwater from
the rooftop is diverted to dug wells after passing it through
filtration bed.
Cleaning and desalting of dug well should be done regularly to
enhance the recharge rate.
The filtration method suggested for bore well recharging
could be used.
Periodic chlorination should be done for controllingthe
bacteriological contaminations.
The recharge water is guided through a pipe from desilting
chamber to the bottom of well.
Recharge water should be silt free and for removing the silt
contents, the runoff water should pass either through a
desilting chamber or filter chamber.
RECHARGE TRENCH
Recharge trench is provided where upper impervious layer of
soil is shallow.
Trench excavated on the ground and refilled with porous
media like pebbles, boulder or brickbats.
Recharge trench can be of size 0.50 to 1.0 m wide and 1.0 to
1.5 m deep.
By-pass arrangement is to be provided before the collection
chamber to reject the first showers.
The top layer of sand should be cleaned periodically to
maintain the recharge rate.
PERCOLATION TANK
Percolation tanks are artificially created surface water bodies,
submerging a land area with adequate permeability to facilitate
sufficient percolation to recharge the groundwater.
Surface runoff and roof top water can be diverted to this
tank.
Water accumulating in the tank percolates in the solid to
augment the groundwater.
Percolation tanks should be built in gardens, open spaces and
roadside greenbelts of urban area.
The purpose of the percolation tanks is to recharge the
ground water storage and hence seepage below the seat of the
bed is permissible.
Refrences
https://www.indiawaterportal.org
https://en.wikipedia.org
https://theconstructor.org
http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org
http://www.rainfoundation.org/publications/rainwater-harvesting-in-
nepal/
https://www.wearewater.org/en-IN/water-in-kathmandu-a-crisis-in-an-
area-of-abundance_283221
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting#Advantages
 CONCLUSION
So I would like to conclude by saying that this project has
helped me understand in depth what is water harvesting,
why we do it and various methods to do it, both
traditional and modern. I learned the various places in
Nepal suffering from water scarcity and how to
overcome them and finally I learned various advantages
and applications of water harvesting that are helpful now
maybe helpful in the future as a civil engineer.