WEIGHT AND BALANCE

CESSNA 152 REPORT

PROJECT: G -11 TITLE : PERFOM AIRCRAFT WEIGHING

NAME ID CLASS INSTRUCTOR

: MUHD LUQMAN BIN MHD REJAB : 53133208283 : 1 MANUFACTURING : TUAN HAJI RASHID BIN HAJI MAHMOOD

CONTENtS
INTRODUCTION PURPOSE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS USE AIRCRAFT WEIGHTING PROCEDURE: PREPARATION CALIBRATE THE WEINGHTING SCALE JACK THE AIRCRAFT LEVEL THE AIRCRAFT READING WEIGHING SCALE MEASURE THE DATUM HOUSE KEEPING/TIDY UP CALCULATION AND DATA ENTRY

WEIGHING FORM MAKE A TYPICAL LOGBOOK ENTRY Appendix Conclusion

INTRODUCTION:
a) WHY WEIGHT AND BALANCE IMPORTANT?
Weight and balance is one of the most important factors affecting safety of flight. An overweight aircraft, or one whose centre of gravity is outside the allowable limits, is inefficient and dangerous to fly. The responsibility for proper weight and balance control begins with the engineers and designers and extends to the pilots who operates and Aviation Maintenance Technician (AMT) who maintain the aircraft. The designers of an aircraft have determined the maximum weight, based on the amount of lift the wings or rotors can provide under the operating condition for which the aircraft is designed. The structural strength of the aircraft also limits the maximum weight the aircraft can safeties carry. The designer very carefully determined the ideal location of the centre of gravity (CG), and the maximum deviation allowed from this specific location has been calculation. The manufacturer provides the aircraft operator with the empty weight of the aircraft and the location of its empty-weight center of gravity (EWCG) at the time the aircraft left the factory. The AMT who maintains the aircraft and performs the maintenance inspections keeps the weight and balance records current, recording any changes that have been made because of repair or alterations.
Centre of gravity: the point at
which an airplane would balance if suspended. Its distance from the reference datum is found by dividing the total moment by the total weight of the airplane.

Empty weight center of gravity (EWCG): The center of gravity of an aircraft, when the aircraft contains only the items specified in the aircraft empty weight

Maximum weight: The maximum

authorized weight of the aircraft and all of its equipment as specified in the Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS) for the aircraft.

Empty weight: The weight of the airframe, engines, and all items of operating equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the aircraft

b) CESSNA 152 INFORMATION AND SPECIFICATION

General characteristics

Crew: 1 pilot Capacity: 1 passenger Length: 24 ft 1 in (7.3 m) Wingspan: 33 ft 9 in (10.3 m) Height: 8 ft 6 in (2.6 m) Wing area: 160 ft (14.9 m) Empty weight: 1,100 lb (500 kg) Max takeoff weight: 1,670 lb (757 kg) Powerplant: 1 Lycoming O-235-L2C flat-4 engine, 110 hp (82 kW) driving a 69 in (175 cm), two-blade, fixed-pitch propeller

Performance

Maximum speed: 126 mph (109 knots, 203 km/h) Stall speed: 49 mph (43 knots, 79 km/h) unpowered, flaps down Range: 477 mi (414 nm, 768 km) Extended range 795 mi (690 nm, 1,280 km) with long-range tanks Service ceiling 14,700 ft (4,480 m) Takeoff roll: 725 ft (221 m) Rate of climb: 715 ft/min (3.6 m/s) Max wing loading: 10.44 lb/ft (51 kg/m) Minimum power/mass: .066 hp/lb (108 W/kg)

PURPOSE:

Safety To achieve the utmost efficiency during flight Improper loading reduces the efficiency during flight from the standpoint of ceiling, maneuverability, rate of climb, fuel consumption.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USE FOR AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE:

NO

ITEM

QUANTITY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5

Light fixed-wing aircraft Aircraft jack Bottle jack Jack adapter Weighting scale Chocks Plum bob Measuring tape Spirit level L engineering square Chalky line Chalk Tire inflator and gauge Nitrogen gas bottle + chuck key Electrical wire cable / connector AIRCRAFT DEFUELING Empty container (cleaned) Filter + funnel Step Ground bonding Rags Fire extinguisher Hand tools AIRCRAFT WASHING Soap cleaner Water spray gun Rags and sponge Masking tape Cleaning solvent

01 As required As required 03 1 set 06 02 01 02 01 01 4 pieces 01 01 01 As required 1 each 02 02 As required 01 As required As required 1 set As required 2 rolls As required

Light fixed-wing aircraft

Aircraft jack

Bottle jack

L engineering square

Jack adapter and weighing scale

Plum bob

Measuring tape

Chalky line Spirit level

Tire inflator and gauae

step

Fire extinguisher

Nitrogen gas botle

AIRCRAFT WEIGHT PROCEDURE:

PREPARATION
1-Obtain all required data with regard to weighing TCDS etc.

2- a)Check aircraft fuel. If it is not empty, drain the fuel / top up to the required specification. b)If any fuel is left in the tanks, the aircraft will weigh more, and all later calculations for useful load and balance will be affected 3- a)Only trapped or unusable fuel (residual fuel) is considered part of the aircraft empty weight b)Fuel tank caps should be on the tanks or placed as close as possible to their correct locations, so that the weight distribution will be correct. 4-a)Clean the aircraft / washing b)Clean your plane and get as much dirt and debris out and off of it as possible.

Safety precautions:
-Cover all static port and pitot tube before cleaning -Use approved detergent / soap -Use brushes and rags that are clean from dirt / sand or FOD 5-Make sure aircraft is in the closed hangar on level ground. 6-Check equipment list or ballast-refer TCDS

7-Inflate all tyres to the recommended operating pressure- refer maintenance manual PRESSURE GAUGE READING (psi ) NOSE WHEEL MAIN RIGHT WHEEL MAIN LEFT 25 21 20 20 CESSNA 152 STANDARD TYRES PRESSURE (psi ) 30 21

WHEEL 8-Place front seat in most forward position with seat back in most nearly vertical position . 9-Check the aircraft date of registration-refer TCDS prior to first march 1978:drain oil & operatin fluid 10-The position of such items as spoilers, slats, flaps, and helicopter rotor systems is an important factor when weighing an aircraft 11-Always refer to the manufacturer's instructions for the proper position of these items

CALIBRATE THE WEGHING SCALE

Zero out the reading on the scale refer to the manual After completing the weighing operation, remove all load from the cells and check to see if the cell reading is still zero Weigh the chocks and record reading / tare weight(Any deviation from zero is referred to as the "zero scale shift" and constitutes the tare when using electronic weighing scales) *note: get instructor approval The direction of shift is the factor that determines whether the tare is added to or subtracted from the scale reading

 Always follow the instructions of the manufacture whose scales you are using

JACK THE AIRCRAFT

Read aircraft manufacturer instruction prior to jacking *rope of the jacking area / nobody should be in the aircraft Jack the aircraft up ~ get instructor
Safety

-use approved and appropriate jacks-check the load capacity -make sure there is no obstruction -proper adapter or stress plate has been installed -jack the aircraft up simultaneous and very slowly -place on the nose or place support on the tail to prevent tipping Place the weighing scale under the nose and main gears

Safety -chock the aircraft -make sure the brakes are release Jack the aircraft down Safety -make sure there is no obstruction & place the gears centre of the scale -jack the aircraft down simultaneously and very slowly

LEVEL THE AICRAFT

1-Read manufacturer instruction and TCDS 2-Level the aircraft laterally using spirit level and adjusting the level condition o the Aircraft by deflating or inflating the struts/tyres of the main landing gears using Nitrogen 3-Level at the jig located nut plate and screws at Station +94.63 and +132.94 on left side of the tail cone. ~get instructor
SAFETY:-

Avoid any contact with the aircraft

Slowly adjusting the regulator during charging the strut and release the strut slowly. 3-Level the aircraft horizontally/longitudinally using the spirit level condition of the aircraft by deflating or inflating the oleo struts of the nose gear using nitrogen gas

~get instructor SAFETY: Avoid any contact with the aircraft

Slowly adjusting the regulator during charging the strut and release the strut slowly.
#GET INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL

READING WEIGHING SCALE

1-Read the weight shown on the scale for each gear ~ Get Instructor. 2-make sure colour of the wire cable are correct. -nose wheel=yellow -right main wheel=green -left main wheel=red
SAFETY:-

Make sure the scale has been calibrated/zero Make sure the unit use or shown on the scale is correct (lbs/kgs) and get a least minimum of three readings to get the average. Avoid contact with the aircraft. 3-deduct any tare weight, if applicable from each reading.

4-Record the value in the weight and balance form. 5-the reading is :-nose wheel tire=220 - Right main wheel tire=530 -left main wheel tire=550
#GET INTRUCTOR APPROVAL

MEASURING THE DATUM

1-Read TCDS the position of datum

2-Using plum bob, chalk and measuring tape, mark the datum and weighing point, using chalky line or chalky string ~ Get Instructor. 3-Measure the distance in inches of the nose gear and both the main landing gears from the datum. 4-Record the measurements. NOSE WHEEL=-14 INCHES MAIN WHEEL=+44 INCHES
#GET INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL

HOUSE KEEPING / TIDY UP

1-removed the weighing scale from the aircraft ~ get instructor

2-fill up the fuel / replenish the oil as per TCDS, inflate tyres ~ get instructor
SAFETY:-

Use approved and correct type for fuel and oil Install bonding strip / cable to prevent electrical- static build up 3-clean the area 4-return all tools and equipments to the tools store ~ get instructor

#GET INSTRUCTOR APPROVAL

CALCULATION AND DATA ENTRY

1.Calculate the empty weight of the aircraft(EW) and empty weight centre of gravity(EWCG) and record it in the weight and balance form. #THE EMPTY WEIGHT (EW)=
WEIGHING SCALE POINT NOSE WHEEL RIGHT MAIN WHEEL LEFT MAIN WHEEL TOTAL NET WEIGHT SCALE READING (lbs) 220 530 550 TARE WEIGHT (lbs) -3 -3 -3 NET WEIGHT (lbs) 217 527 547 1291

The empty weight is 1291.00 lbs #THE EMPTY WEIGHT OF THE GRAVITY (EWCG)=
WEIGHING POINT NOSE WHEEL RIGHT MAIN WHEEL LEFT MAIN WHEEL TOTAL MOMENT NET WEIGHT (lbs) 217 527 547 1291 ARM (inch) -14 +44 +44 MOMENT(lb/inch) -3038 +23188 +24068 44218

CG =

Total moment -------------------Total weight

44218 ----------- = 34.25 inches 1291

2.Find the maximum gross weight of the aircraft and calculate the useful load for the aircraft.Record it in weighing form G-11. 3.Sign the weighing form 4.Record the latest weight and balance data in the aircraft log book and sample of aircraft log sheet for project G-11. 5.Sign the aircraft log book and aircraft log sheet G-11. 6.Make a report of your result finding or conclusion.

IX - Model 152, 2 PCLM (Utility Category), Approved March 16, 1977 Engine S/N 15279406 through 15285594 Lycoming O-235-L2C S/N 15285595 and on aircraft reworked per SK152-15 or SK152-16 Lycoming O-235-N2C *Fuel *Engine limits 100LL/100 min. grade aviation gasoline S/N 15279406 through 15285594 For all operations, 2550 r.p.m. (110 hp.) S/N 15285595 and on For all operations 2550 r.p.m. (108 hp.) Propeller and propeller limits 1. (a) McCauley 1A103/TCM 23.2 lb. (-36.5) Diameter: not over 69 in., not under 67.5 in. Static rpm at full throttle (carburetor heat off and mixture leaned to maximum r.p.m.) is 2280 to 2380 r.p.m. For allowable variations in static r.p.m. at non-standard temperatures, refer to the Service Manual. (b) Spinner: Dwg. 0450073 Never exceed 149 knots Maximum structural cruising 111 knots Maneuvering 104 knots Flaps extended 85 knots (+32.65) to (+36.5) at 1670 lb. (+31.0) to (+36.5) at 1350 lb. or less Straight line variation between points given None Jig located nut plates and screws at Stations +94.63 and +132.94 on left side of tailcone 1670 lb. 1675 lb. ramp weight (S/N 15282032 and on)

*Airspeed Limits (IAS) (See NOTE 4 on Use of IAS) C.G. range

Empty weight C.G. range Leveling means *Maximum weight

No. of seats Maximum baggage

2 at (+39); (for child's optional jump seat, refer to Equipment List) 120 lb. (Reference weight and balance data)

Name WEIGHING FORM MAKE DATUM LOCATION: WEIGHING CONDITION: Main weighing point is located (Tail or nose weighing point is located (WEIGHING POINT LEFT MAIN RIGHT MAIN NOSE OR TAIL TOTAL AS WEIGHED SCALE READING - TARE

Date

MODEL

SERIAL

forward) (+ forward) (+
= NET WEIGHT

aft) of datum aft) of datum

X ARM = MOMENT

Space for listing of items when aircraft is not Weighed Empty

ITEM Aircraft AsWight Fuel Gal.F #gal NET WEIGHT ARM MOMENT

Aircraft Empty Weight & CG

Maximum allowable gross weight Useful load

Computed by: A & P Number: Date:

APPENDIX

Tools and equipment.

Instal the cable wire

Weighing Scale

Washing the aircraft

Measure the datum.

Datum line

CONCLUSION
When the calculating a weight and balance report, certain procedures must be followed in order to make the report. These procedures include more than just weighing ,we also understanding weight and balance term,nowing how to prepare the aircraft for weighing.We also lern more about FAA regulation that apply to the general aviation as compare to commercial aviation that must be adhered. In the other side, the pilot command of the aircraft has the responsibility on every flight to know the maximum allowable gross weight of the aircraft and CG limits. This allow the pilot to determine on the preflight inspection that the aircraft is loaded in such a way that the CG is within the allowable limits.