Public Speak Work Book

Public Speaking Workbook By Charles di Cagno
Table of Contents
Public Speaking Workbook...........................................................................................................1 Table of Contents..........................................................................................................................1 Prelude To Getting Started........................................................................................................................3 Contract With Myself............................................................................................................................4 Introduction...............................................................................................................................................5 Obstacles to Success..................................................................................................................................7 Most Common Obstacles..............................................................................................................7 Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................11 10 Tips for Public Speaking....................................................................................................................12 Most Frequently Asked Questions..........................................................................................................13 Six Points of Contextual Therapy............................................................................................................14 BEGINNING LEVEL.............................................................................................................................15 Exercise One: Getting Started ............................................................................................................15 Exercise Two: Speaking while Standing ..........................................................................................16 Exercise Three: Gestures and Movement............................................................................................17 ................................................................................................................................................................17 Exercise Four: Demonstration ............................................................................................................18 Exercise Five: Narrative with Gestures and Movement......................................................................19 Exercise Six: Questions and Answers on Familiar Topic...................................................................20 Exercise Seven: Speak without Preparation Familiar Topic............................................................21 Exercise Eight: Speak without Preparation Current Events ............................................................22 Exercise Nine: The Prepared Speech..................................................................................................23 Exercise Ten: Prepared Speech..........................................................................................................26 INTERMEDIATE LEVEL......................................................................................................................28 Exercise One: Prepared Speech (Effective Use of Movement and Gestures).....................................28 Exercise Two: Prepared Speech Projection and Vocal Variety.......................................................29 Exercise Three: Questions and Answers on Topic of Expertise.........................................................30 Exercise Four: Rapid Fire Questioning...............................................................................................31 Exercise Five: Prepared Speech Energy and Enthusiasm................................................................32 Exercise Six: Prepared Speech - Persuasion ......................................................................................33 Exercise Seven: Reading Aloud .........................................................................................................34 Exercise Eight: Prepared Speech: Technical.......................................................................................35 Exercise Nine: Prepared Speech: Followed by Questions from Audience.........................................36 Exercise Ten: Prepared Speech in Question and Answer Format.......................................................37 ADVANCED LEVEL.............................................................................................................................39 Exercise One: Conversation ...............................................................................................................39 Exercise Two: Respond to Questions on an Array of Topics ............................................................40
Exercise Three: Defend Your Responses ...........................................................................................41 Exercise Four: The Debate..................................................................................................................42 Exercise Five: Defend Your Responses Under Pressure.....................................................................43 Exercise Six: Read for Meaning with Eye Contact.............................................................................44 Exercise Seven: Reading Aloud and Summarizing What You Read .................................................45 Exercise Eight: Lead Panel Discussion ..............................................................................................46 Exercise Nine: Prepared Speech with Visual Aids .............................................................................47 Exercise Ten: Prepared Speech (Putting it all Together) ..................................................................48 MASTER LEVEL...................................................................................................................................49 Exercise One: Rant .............................................................................................................................49 Exercise Three: Improvisation............................................................................................................50 Exercise Four: Explore Personal Conflict Present Case to Group...................................................51 Exercise Five: Speak without Preparation on a Social Issue...............................................................52 Exercise Six: Lead Seminar.................................................................................................................53 Exercise Seven: Risk Being Less than Perfect....................................................................................54 Exercise Eight: Confront Inhibition....................................................................................................55 Exercise Nine: Prepared Speech with Reading...................................................................................57 Exercise Ten: Prepared (Mini) Speeches ...........................................................................................58 SPECIALTY EXERCISES.....................................................................................................................59 Exercise One: Employment Interview.................................................................................................59 Exercise Two: Jury Duty.....................................................................................................................61 Exercise Three: Table Topics (Impromptu Speaking)........................................................................63 Techniques...............................................................................................................................63 Exercise Four: Social Interaction........................................................................................................65
Prelude To Getting Started

Short of divine intervention, the only sure way to master public speaking, social or related performance anxiety is to pursue clearly defined goals tenaciously (in manageable steps), in the framework of an effective system. There is no magic elixir. An intelligent approach, hard work, courage, patience and, above all, perseverance, are the variables required for success. Before embarking on your journey of self-improvement, take a moment to reflect on where you are, where you want to go, and what is required to get there. Fill out the questionnaire below, date it and keep it for future reference. You will refer to it often along the way. Where am I now? What is your motivation for taking the course? List three social scenarios that are manageable for you at present. Below that, list three scenarios that are extremely difficult, or impossible. For instance, having dinner with a friend might cause you little anxiety, whereas, lunch with the boss might be too much to handle. Similarly, making a brief remark in a meeting may be doable, whereas, giving a formal presentation in the same setting is unthinkable at this point. Take a moment to reflect. Be very specific and list the hierarchy of situation from least anxiety producing to the most. Manageable Situations 1. _________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________ Unmanageable Situations 1. _________________________________________________________ 2. _________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________ What is my long-term goal? Your goal may be to run for President of the United States, or to simply feel more comfortable in meetings at work. Settle on the goal, write it down in the space allotted and be specific.
What are my short-term goals? You must learn to walk before you can run. Short-term goals should be realistically attainable to insure success. For example, if your long-term goal is to make presentations at staff meetings at work, your short-term goals might include contributing brief comments in the support group, and progressing to presenting a short talk on a topic of interest. Select one or two specific short-term goals and write them in the space allotted. 1. ______________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________ Achieving your goals requires unwavering determination, and a willingness to stick to the program through thick and thin. Take a moment to make a promise to yourself that you will do whatever it takes to overcome your problem.
Contract With Myself

I resolve to face my fear in manageable steps by attending regularly and working diligently. I further resolve not to give up my quest until I have, at least, attained my short-term goals. At that point I will reassess my progress. Signature _____________________________ Date _________________________
You may feel silly affixing your signature to a non-binding contact to yourself; but, trite as it may appear, it is possibly the most significant resolution you can make to insure your success. Intelligence, talent and energy serve you well, but simply making up your mind to beat the problem and not giving up until you do, is, by far, the most important variable.
Introduction
This book is a tool to help you overcome the fear of social interaction, speaking and/or performing in public. It is recommended you follow the order of the exercises and proceed in manageable steps at your own pace. The exercises are designed to expose you gradually to all the social and work related encounters you are likely to face. The tasks will become less intimidating and your comfort zone and confidence will increase with practice. It is extremely important to practice diligently and chart your progress. Improvement is the greatest motivator, but is often masked. Therefore, it is imperative you keep a record to quantify your progress. Space is allotted in the workbook to record your thoughts before and after each practice session. Fear is caused by your perception of a situation; but, with each success, you will gain confidence and your perception changes. The exercises should be approached as practice not performance! They are learning tools, and are not designed to test your abilities. You have not failed if you need to repeat an exercise. It simply means you need more exposure to that particular task. Expect to experience setbacks and detours on the road to recovery. However, with persistence, you will move steadily toward your goal. The optimum anxiety level for practice is no higher than 5, on a scale of 1 to 10 (0 = no anxiety; 10 = outright panic). If you are experiencing higher levels, the exercise may not be manageable at present, and a more workable one should be substituted. You should allow yourself to feel anxiety while practicing, learn to function with it and appreciate your accomplishment. The goal is learning to FUNCTION WITH ANXIETY, not eliminating it. Fortunately, a natural byproduct of this process is the gradual reduction of anxiety. Often, those with social or public speaking phobia experience repeated trauma by performing in situations they are not equipped to handle. Entering unmanageable situations is counterproductive and undermines confidence. Entering a situation convinced you will fail, with little past success to refute that theory, leads to catastrophic thinking. This fuels anxiety, and failure becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. In order to break the cycle, thinking must be changed from believing you cant, to entertaining the possibility you can. This is done with practice and by a series of small successes. Eventually, with enough work, you start believing your can. That belief is called confidence. However, thinking and perception change gradually and a systematic and sustained effort is required to make inroads. Each triumph is hard won, made in small manageable increments and a direct result of your courage and commitment. If you are willing to face the fear, exert the effort, and most importantly, stick with the program, you will be successful.
Remember, each step forward leaves the problem that much further behind. Do not be surprised or discouraged if you are very anxious about your first assignment. Facing fear is never easy, especially in a new and public environment. However, keep in mind that group members share the same feelings, will be supportive, and exercises will be manageable at all times. You will probably experience the most intense anxiety anticipating, and in the first few moments of the exercise. Allow yourself to feel the discomfort. Resisting only intensifies it. Once you are under way and your attention shifts from catastrophic thoughts to the task at hand, anxiety will recede. Experiencing this in a situation you may never have dared approach is a positive advance and very powerful motivator. It begins the process of altering feelings of helplessness to ones of hope.
Obstacles to Success
Resolving to finally confront your fear is one of the most important decisions you will ever make. If you are successful, it will change your life. Rest control of the difficult areas of your life and it becomes easier to gain mastery over less taxing ones. This course offers the insight, guidance and tools to aid you; but, ultimately, progress depends on your attitude and commitment. The fact that you sought help and paid hard earned money to enroll in the course means you are fed up with having fear limit your life and are ready to take action. The outrage and frustration you may be feeling at the injustice of your plight is not pleasant, but is a powerful motivator when harnessed properly. Use it to your advantage. You will need all the motivation it provides because you are about to declare war on your fear! Be forewarned. You are about to face one of the craftiest and most ruthless adversaries known to man. Unless you are prepared to be equally fierce and cunning, you will fall short of the mark. Develop a warrior like mentality in pursuing your fear by rooting it out and vanquishing it at every turn. Make it personal, and delight in each triumph. Vow to meet the challenge with gusto every time it rears its head, and dont give up until youve won. Look at the challenge as an adventure with a priceless treasure as your reward. Use your anger and frustration to drive you past any obstacle encountered along the way. But, be smart, systematic and diligent. This therapy is designed to expose you gradually to your fear in manageable steps. The term manageable should not be interpreted to mean easy, or devoid of anxiety. The road to success is strewn with seemingly insurmountable obstacles. Knowing what to expect will help you muster the character to forge ahead when you feel discouraged.
Most Common Obstacles

1. Unrealistic Expectations
If you do not know where you are going, it is virtually impossible to get there. You must have something concrete to strive for and your goals must be tangible and attainable. By setting and attaining short-term goals, you stoke the motivational fire that keeps you striving toward the longerterm goals. The workbook will aid you in systematic goal attainment, and by quantifying your achievement you have measurable evidence of your progress. This course is not a panacea for anxiety. If that is your expectation, you are setting an unrealistic and unattainable goal, which will only frustrate your efforts. The aim of the course is to teach you how to function with anxiety. As you gain confidence in your ability to function, even while anxious, fear actually begins to subside
2.
Lack of Commitment
A certain degree of commitment is required in order to be successful at anything, yet the rate of attrition is always high in endeavors of self-improvement. The breakdown of resolve follows an all too familiar pattern. You reach a breaking point and finally see long needed help. You are flooded with hope and enthusiasm when you find there is a name for what ails you and a way to get over it. You sprint out of the gate and tackle your first assignments with gusto. You make progress, but are unable to appreciate the gains, and focus on all the things you are still not capable of doing. Enthusiasm wanes when you realize it is not a miracle cure and each step forward requires effort and resolve. You start finding excuses to miss class, progress stalls and motivation dwindles even further. At this point, you either get into the habit of not attending, or ingrain the habit of attending the sessions by pushing yourself through the lull and rekindling desire. Those who keep at it, continue to make progress and the ones who dont - - dont. This is true of exercise. It is true of dieting. It is true of learning. And is especially true in overcoming fear. THE ONLY WAY TO OVRCOME FEAR IS TO FACE IT DOWN RELENTLESSLY. The effort must be organized, manageable and consistent over time. 3. Impatience
If your first question is how long will it take? you are off on the wrong track. How long does it take to get in shape physically? One month? Six months? A year? Okay, so now that you are in shape, do you stop exercising? No, you keep exercising to stay in shape. Battling fear in no different. Does this mean you will be attending the sessions until you are 90 years old? Of course not; but you should be constantly increasing your comfort zone by facing new challenges. The course is not an end in itself. It teaches you how to function with fear and break down any task or situation into manageable steps. This gives you a solid foundation to carry over into other arenas. Paradoxically, the more patient you are, the more rapid your progress. The less patient, the greater the likelihood frustration will throttle motivation and doom the endeavor. 4. Progress & Setbacks
Interestingly, progress can be as debilitating as a setback if not monitored correctly. Progress is very difficult to define or quantify. What feels like a major accomplishment in the initial stages, may be taken for granted further along in the therapy; and focusing on things you cannot do is always more compelling than appreciating your triumphs.
It is important to become a friend to yourself. If a friend were bravely combating fear, you would support and encourage them. Yet it is difficult to extend the same courtesy to yourself. The ability to go easy on yourself and appreciate your accomplishments is the most elusive element of the therapy. Measure success by the spirit with which you are willing to face the fear, not by how well you perform. Yet, not matter how courageous the effort, you will inevitably face a setback. You may suddenly be stricken with terror doing the same exercise you sailed through the week before. A natural response is to feel despondent and brand the therapy, or yourself, a failure. The more enlightened choice is to get back up, shake it off and start over again. This is not an easy thing to do; however, with each subsequent success, you realize the setback was disheartening but not catastrophic and being to perceive it as a speed bump rather than a road block on your way to recovery. There is usually a reason for an attack of nerves. Perhaps you did not prepare sufficiently, or entered the situation in stress overload. Uncovering the reason will help you avoid the same set of circumstances in the future. Be realistic in your expectations. This is a system designed to help you function with fear not eliminate it. With practice, you develop confidence that you can function with high levels of anxiety. In time, this conviction lessens overall anxiety. 5. Boredom
Believe it or not, it is possible to bet bored combating fear. Some of the exercises are repetitive in nature, and you will be an observer a good portion of the time. It is important to learn from the efforts of others and constantly take on more challenging, yet manageable exercises. You learn more effectively, and are more likely to attend regularly, if you are having fun. Therefore, we try to keep the atmosphere light as well as interesting. The emphasis is on participation rather than endless discussion of the problem. I you approach it as an opportunity to interact and communicate with others in a supportive environment, the experience can be enjoyable as well as therapeutic. If you view it strictly as therapy and are impatient for results, this attitude will adversely affect your progress. However, boredom may also signal the time for you to begin weaning yourself from the group to begin facing new challenges. 6. Finances
Is the program worth the financial investment? That, of course, depends on the return, which is entirely dependent on your efforts. However, as opposed to traditional talk therapy, this program offers quantifiable results at a fraction of the cost. 7. Time Management
You cannot do everything. If you add an activity to your busy life, you may have to sacrifice another. If your favorite television program airs the same time the group is scheduled, you will have to decide if
the pleasure and relaxation garnered from the show outweigh the benefits of the training. If so, it is better not to make the commitment, because a half hearted effort will yield far less than half the results. Note that, although the therapy decreases anxiety in the long run, initially your stress level will rise. Facing fear is never easy. You may feel uncomfortable doing the exercise and suffer anticipatory anxiety often days before the sessions. If you are already overloaded with stress, you may need to eliminate a stressor from your life before making the commitment. This ware is won in a series of small battles, not by onslaught. Just getting yourself to the group will be a battle each and every time. Given a choice of facing anxiety or fleeing from it, the human animal will naturally choose the latter. An anxiety free evening with the pleasures of hearth and home is an irresistible lure. Thee same hesitation and temptation will be there every single week. And every week you will have to muster the character to resist. However, if you are successful at fighting this weekly battle, you will be successful in the therapy. Getting yourself to the group is the most difficult and most important variable in the equation. Thats right! Just SHOWING UP is the most important variable. It is more important tan how much you learn or how well you do the exercises. All of those things will fall into place eventually if you just get yourself there, week in and week out. There is nothing difficult about the program. Anyone can do it. Getting to the sessions on a consistent basis is the challenge. 8. Performance vs. Practice
When you follow someone who has done a particularly interesting or entertaining exercise, the inclination is to feel pressure to elevate your performance. This is the time to remind yourself you are not competing in a talent contest. Perceiving your efforts as performance rather than practice undermines the process. It is natural to want to do well and gain the respect of your peers. However, you should focus on the doing of the exercise rather than the outcome. Some of the exercises are not inherently entertaining from an audiences1 standpoint. You must be willing to be less than scintillating in order to get the most from what you are learning. Ironically, focusing on the task rather than the outcome is more effective. 9. They Dont Like Me
It is very difficult to be comfortable in an environment where you feel unappreciated, and tough to continue if those feelings persist. Below are suggestions to avoid facing that unpleasantness: 1. Man an effort to acknowledge others before and after the session. Just saying hi and bye sends a totally different message than darting in and out of class. 2. As a member of a support group, you should willingly offer support, as well as receiving it.
3. Bring a degree of enthusiasm to your work. Your attitude is one of the most important variables and has a potent affect on those around you.
The term audience is used very loosely in this context. An audience usually implies a group waiting to be entertained. Fellow members are there to support, not judge you.
4. Dont be selfish. You create resentment if the group becomes about you. Respect the time restraints, and keep comments brief and pertinent. 10. Future Thinking
The most uncomfortable aspect of social phobia is the anticipatory anxiety of the dreaded event. If you were able to limit anxiety to the time in which you actually speak, rather than obsessing about it for weeks in advance, the problem would be greatly minimized. Anticipatory anxiety is the result of future thinking (projecting into the future). The word anticipate implies a future expectation. An assessment is made of how you will perform in an upcoming situation based on past experience. If those experiences are negative you will anticipate a negative future outcome, resulting in heightened anticipatory anxiety. The less manageable you feel the task to be, the more anxiety you will experience anticipating it. Anticipatory anxiety is the bulwark of phobic avoidance. The natural tendency is to look ahead; however, focusing on the here and now is most effective in reducing anxiety. The best way to deal with future thinking is to prepare well, and then get involved in other activities that shift attention from obsessing about the upcoming event. Each small success increased confidence, reduces dread and the inclination to ruminate over the outcome.
Conclusion
Any one of the obstacles outlined above can easily derail the most committed person. Taken together, they are formidable. Whenever you think you have one under control, another will surface to challenge your resolve. It is a constant battle, but develop the habit of consistently facing your fear in manageable steps, and the struggle becomes less taxing. Identifying the obstacles beforehand aids your plan of attack and steels you against them. Setbacks and disappointment are diminished with the awareness that they are part of the process of moving forward. Read the preface over from time to time, for it is easy to lose sight of exactly what is required in order to achieve your goals. You have chosen a difficult path requiring a courageous and sustained effort, but the rewards far outweigh the sacrifice. Remember, you will be successful if you stick to the program. I wish you the very best in your endeavor. Charles di Cagno
10 Tips for Public Speaking

1. Be prepared Preparation may not eliminate anxiety, but without it, you risk having anxiety spiral out of control. Familiarize yourself with the space, the time parameters (your place in the program, amount of time allotted, etc.), and practice with notes, props and visual aids to avoid surprises. 2. Get sufficient rest It is much easier to concentrate when you are well rested. The more able you are to focus on your message, the less anxiety you will experience. 3. Eat something It is important to get something into your stomach before a stressful event in order to keep blood sugar at an optimum level. The brain needs glucose to function properly and deficiencies lower stress tolerance. Select foods high in protein, since they are slowest to convert to glucose and remain in the blood stream longer than refined sugars or carbohydrates. 4. Allow yourself to be anxious Fighting anxiety does not reduce it. Rather, expect and allow anxiety to surface, get involved with your message and anxiety will lessen. 5. Good appearance increases confidence Communication is a visual as well as verbal medium, so it is important to look presentable. Sloppy appearance heightens anxiety. 6. Be on time Rushing creates undue stress and may cause anxiety to spiral to panic levels. Avoid this by planning and leaving for your destination a few minutes earlier. 7. Focus on something in the present Focus on something in the present while waiting for your turn to speak. Listen to what is being said. Observe the colors in the room. Notice what people are wearing, etc. Do not go over your presentation in your heard. If you are not prepared, this will not help; and if you are, it only increases anxiety. 8. Breathe, stretch, vocalize Do what the situation allows. Breathing and stretching have a relaxing effect, and vocalizing warms up the voice. 9. Limit stress Do not schedule other stressful activities the same day as your presentation unless it is unavoidable. Postpone the fight with your spouse or the meeting with the IRS for another time to avoid stress overload. 10. Do only what is manageable Forgo any situation that causes you extreme anxiety, unless it is absolutely mandatory. Work on your fear in manageable steps. Forcing yourself into situations that are too challenging may undermine confidence and retard progress. What is not manageable today will become manageable with practice. These are common sense suggestions for optimizing performance. Each item has a marked affect on reducing overall anxiety. Taken together, they can mean the difference between success, or, a confidence draining experience.
Most Frequently Asked Questions

Q. How long does it take to get better?
A. Obviously, that varies with the individual. However, there is a direct correlation between motivation and commitment, and the speed with which you see results. With that said, the more patient and diligent you are, the more fruit your efforts will bear. In this race, the tortoise almost always beats the hare. Q. Does it work?
A. Again, that depends on you. In our experience, the people who get better are the ones determined to do so. If you work diligently, in manageable steps, and show up even when you would rather not, you will make dramatic progress. You either get into the habit of attending regularly, or reinforce avoidance. Sounds a lot like exercise doesnt it? Each session will challenge you to do things you were not able to do the session before. Q. Will it get rid of my anxiety?
A. The goal is learning to function with anxiety and appreciating the accomplishment. Fortunately, with practice, you gain confidence that you can function regardless of fear, and anxiety does actually recede. Q. If I get comfortable in the group, which is a safe environment, how will that help me in the real world? A. This program is designed to teach you how to expand your zone of comfort. The more you know about what drives your fear, and the more skill you acquire in public speaking and social interaction, the more likely you are to face new challenges in your daily life. When you are ready, you will be encouraged to move on to other arenas such as Toastmasters2, acting class, participation in community groups, etc., which may be too intimidating at present.
Toastmasters International is an organization that provides a forum in which to practice public speaking.
Six Points of Contextual Therapy

(For Controlling Fear and Eventually Overcoming Your Phobia) 1. EXPECT, ALLOW AND ACCEPT THAT FEAR WILL ARISE.
This reaction is automatic now because of past experiences. 2. WHEN FEAR ARISES, WAIT AND LET IT BE.
Do not try to stop fear from coming or try to push it away. 3. FOCUS ON AND DO MANAGEABLE TASKS IN THE PRESENT.
These are tools that can help you control fear. 4. LABEL YOUR FEAR LEVEL FROM 0 TO 10.
Study what makes your fear go up and down. Your emotional reaction is affected naturally by thoughts and by other changes in the situation. 5. FUNCTION WITH A LEVEL OF FEAR AND APPRECIATE YOUR ACHIEVEMENT.
You are now controlling the process that generates fear. This is the road to recovery. 6. EXPECT, ALLOW AND ACCEPT THAT FEAR WILL REAPPEAR.
Getting well is a learning process that takes time, marked by periods of advances and occasional setbacks. The most important factors in getting better are making a commitment and sticking to it.
BEGINNING LEVEL
Exercise One: Getting Started
OBJECTIVE: Use your descriptive powers with and without visual cues. EXERCISE: While seated, describe your surroundings. As you begin to feel more comfortable, describe something familiar, such as your car, pet, or family member. NOTE: Take your time. Simply look at what is in front of you and identify it. Make no attempt to be humorous or engaging. If you get stuck identifying an object, skip it and go on to the next. This is not a test to see if you can name every object in the room, but a means to break the ice and allow you to begin to feel comfortable hearing your own voice in public. When describing something from memory (i.e., your car), take time to visualize it first. Once you have the image clearly in mind, simply describe what you see. Alert the instructor if your anxiety gets too high at any point during the exercise. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Comments: Feelings After Completing Exercise
Exercise Two: Speaking while Standing
OBJECTIVE: To get comfortable speaking while standing in front of a group. EXERCISE: The entire group will stand up, and one by one, each person will be asked to sit while you remain standing, responding to simple questions. Eventually, as your anxiety subsides, you will be the only one left standing. You will continue responding and then discuss any anxiety or physical discomfort you experienced. NOTE: The questions will be elementary, and should not present a problem. Keep your comments brief, get to the point, close and move on to the next question. If you are thrown by a question, do not linger, admit it and move on to the next one. Your verbal skills are not being tested here. You are merely getting used to speaking while standing up. Do not be discouraged if this exercise presents problems. You may feel exposed, find your body tensing and be unsure of what to do with your hands. Stay with it. All these issues will be resolved in future exercises. As perception changes, you will begin to view standing as a position of power, rather than one of vulnerability. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Three: Gestures and Movement

OBJECTIVE: To get comfortable employing gestures and movement to enhance your descriptive power. EXERCISE: Describe something familiar, (i.e., your car, your home, a favorite painting) using gestures to heighten communication. Upon completing the description, move to the opposite side of the room and describe another familiar item. Then, finally, move to the center of the room and describe a third familiar object, incorporating gestures. NOTE: Briefly describe something easily visualized, using gestures to underscore your comments. Keep narrative to a minimum. In this exercise, it is not important what you say, but that you get physically involved with the object you are describing. Keep the hands occupied appropriately and you will never be uncertain about where to place them. When not in use, keep hands comfortably at your sides and never clasp them in front or back, or hold on to anything. By moving to different areas of the room you gain freedom and economy of movement. You should never move unless you have a destination or reason to do so. Motion for the sake of motion (i.e., pacing, shuffling of feet, swaying, etc.) wastes energy and dilutes your message. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Four: Demonstration

OBJECTIVE: Continue to increase comfort level employing gestures and movement. EXERCISE: Demonstrate an activity you are very familiar with. If you are a tennis player, show the class the proper form for the forehand and backhand. If you make gourmet coffee in the morning, take us through your daily routine of brewing it. And if you know how to disarm an attacker, demonstrate the movements involved. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Five: Narrative with Gestures and Movement

OBJECTIVE: Learn to weave gestures and movement seamlessly into a narrative. EXERCISE: Relate an incident in your life which you either experienced or witnessed, using gestures and movement to heighten your narrative. Describe how you swerved your car to avoid oncoming traffic when you entered a one way street going the wrong direction, or how you stepped all over your partners feet at the school prom. If you have difficulty thinking of a personal experience, describe something you witnessed, like the bullfight in Spain, or the winning basket in the overtime basketball championship. NOTE: It is recommended you decide on your topic before arriving at the session to reduce anticipatory anxiety, but do no practice or rehearse your talk. The quality and organization of the speech is not important at this juncture. You are merely learning to get comfortable using your body while being observed by others. The more you are able to get involved with what you are doing, and the less pressure you put on yourself to perform and be perfect, the more you will get out of this exercise. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Six: Questions and Answers on Familiar Topic

OBJECTIVE: To respond to question on a familiar topic of your choice. EXERCISE: Select a non-technical topic you are interested in, conversant with, and fill you with enthusiasm. NOTE: Decrease the degree of difficulty by selecting a subject you are comfortable with. At this stage, stick to something simple. Field questions on movies if you are an aficionado. Respond to inquiries on sports, if that is your strong suit. Steer clear of complex issues, subject matter you know well, but are not excited about; and the reverse, a thrilling topic you know little about. The task is easiest when you settle on areas more graphic and visual in nature. Discussing highlight reel football plays is less taxing than delving into steroid use and the legal ramifications in the sport. You control the pace of questioning. Keep it moving with direct, concise responses. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Seven: Speak without Preparation Familiar Topic

OBJECTIVE: To gain experience thinking on your feet. EXERCISE: You will be assigned a familiar subject (work, family, hobbies, etc.) to address at the session. NOTE: There is no way to prepare for this exercise since you will not know the topic in advance. Although you are not selecting the subject, it will be familiar and should not pose a problem. If you felt comfortable during the Q&A exercise, think of this as an extension of it. The key is to trust yourself, take time to organize your thoughts, use graphic personal examples, and resist the impulse to cover too much ground. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Eight: Speak without Preparation Current Events

OBJECTIVE: To master the ability to think on your feet. EXERCISE: You will be given a non-personal, current events type question to address for 3-4 minutes without preparation. NOTE: You have already done variations of this exercise in prior sessions, by answering questions spontaneously, and addressing a personal topic without preparation in exercise eight. You will now be given a topic outside your personal frame of reference. Do not be alarmed. The exercise is not designed to test your knowledge of world events, but to give you the opportunity to explore a broader topic range, while learning to communicate your thoughts clearly and concisely. You are welcome to request another issue if the one you are given is unfamiliar. Open forcefully, develop one or two main points, fortified with galvanizing examples whenever possible and close on a memorable note. Be careful not to veer too far from the main theme, and avoid rambling or repetition. Expect to experience more anxiety during this exercise. While you are an expert in your personal matters, it is likely you are less familiar with world events. Do the best you can. The goal is not to be impressive, but to gain experience with the format.
Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Nine: The Prepared Speech

The prepared speech is typically viewed as a formal exercise, with low margin for error given the time to prepare. In fact, the prepared speech is no more difficult than the preceding exercises when broken down into bite sized components and approached with a level head. Just thinking about organizing a speech can cause a rush of anticipatory anxiety high enough to curtail the process, and a systematic approach is required to circumvent avoidant behavior. Break the preparation process down into the essential components: Decide what to speak about Outline the speech Practice the speech Deliver the speech Selecting a Topic Limit the field to your interests and you should have no problem deciding what to speak about. The group setting is a place to practice, not a performance venue; therefore, you need not concern yourself with the entertainment value of your talk. If you like cars, talk about cars. If you like shopping, talk about shopping. The more interested you are in the topic, the easier it will be to deliver your speech, and the less anxiety you will feel. Writing the speech need not be an arduous process. In this exercise you will learn how to easily organize your theme and outline it for delivery. Practicing the speech can be a draining experience when you feel uncertain about the material and guard against failure by memorizing every word. A more spontaneous approach is recommended, since there is no pressure to be perfect in the supportive environment of the group. Organize your thoughts clearly and there is no need for memorization. DO NOT FEEL PRESSURED TO PRESENT A POLISHED PRODUCT. You are free to stop and discuss your feelings at any point during the exercise. THIS IS PRACTICE, NOT PERFORMANCE.
OBJECTIVE: EXERCISE:
Learn how to select a topic, outline and present a speech. Select a topic, outline, review and present to the group.
NOTE: Settle on a topic but do not prepare anything before hand. You will outline and present the speech in class. Dont panic. It is much easier than it sounds. In fact, the point of this exercise is to show just how easy it is to design and present a basic prepared speech. Select a topic that interests you. If you love basketball, talk about basketball. Incorporate a personal experience, i.e., the first time you beat your dad in one-on-one, or watching Michael Jordan play in person. BASIC OUTLINE 1. 2. OPENING BODY A. Point One Example that Illustrates Point One. B. Point Two Example that Illustrates Point Two 3. CONCLUSION
This is the basic structure for most speeches. Then just fill in the blanks with concise memory tags. Using the Michael Jordan example you might script the following: 1. 2. OPENING BODY A. Amazing physical gifts What sets Michael Jordan apart from all other basketball players.
Example: Describe how he jumped from the foul line, glided past the opposing team, switched hands in mid-air and jammed the ball through the rim. B. Poise
Example: Describe how he demanded the ball with seconds on the clock, and scored the winning basket. 3. CONCLUSION When a player can match his physical prowess with unshakable confidence, you have the makings of a champion.
The outline is your road map. Keep the points concise and to the point. The less your write, the more spontaneous and engaging your delivery will be.
Exercise Ten: Prepared Speech

OBJECTIVE: To learn to prepare and present a speech on your own. EXERCISE: Prepare a speech at home on a topic you feel comfortable with, and present it to the class. NOTE: Many find this exercise to be a major step; so do not be alarmed if you experience resistance. Common pitfalls are: 1. Selecting a topic, organizing and writing the speech will likely increase anticipatory anxiety and may lead to procrastination or outright avoidance. 2. Feeling more is expected of you because there was time to prepare and practice. Review Exercise Nine before proceeding. Select a topic of interest, keep it simple; and remember this is just a practice and not a performance. Outline a couple of points with examples to support them, but do not write it out. Spend no more than 5 minutes putting this together. Do not practice it. Just look it over once or twice and trust you will be able to talk about a topic you are very familiar with. You are learning a new skill, therefore, attempt only what is manageable. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
CONGRATULATIONS! You have now completed the Beginning Level in the workbook, and should have a solid foundation for moving onto the Intermediate Level. Continue to attend regularly and move forward in manageable steps, and you will progress steadily. You may find your anxiety increasing as the tasks become fore difficult. That is a natural part of the process. Keep in mind, you are learning to FUNCTION WITH FEAR, not attempting to abolish it. Each time you do so, the fear will become less daunting. It is also common to suffer setbacks at this stage of the process; and although it is very discouraging to make progress, experience practice sessions of moderate to low anxiety, and then unexpectedly suffer panic levels during the next session, this does not mean you are regressing. Inform the instructor when this happens. You may simply be giving a bad day, or may need to ease back to a more comfortable exercise temporarily. The best way to handle the inevitable setback is to identify it, reflect on what might have contributed to it, learn from the experience and move on. This is difficult to do since a setback usually dampens motivation. But this is exactly where desire and character factor prominently into the equation. Pick yourself up, dust yourself off and get back to work on the problem, even though you may not particularly feel like it. Keep fighting, never quit and you will be rewarded. Perseverance is the key to overcoming the problem.
INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
Exercise One: Prepared Speech (Effective Use of Movement and Gestures)

OBJECTIVE: To learn to use movement and gestures effectively in a prepared speech. EXERCISE: Select a topic and prepare and deliver a speech that requires you to move and gesture to enhance the message. NOTE: Not knowing what to do with your hands and body during a presentation is a preoccupation you must shed in order to gain a greater level of confidence and control in front of an audience. The best way to do this is to begin by describing a graphic visual, or action oriented event. Start with you feel shoulder width apart and your hands extended comfortably at your sides. When you are not in motion, you should return to this relaxed position, rather than fidgeting, clutching the hands or pacing needlessly. Movement and gestures is not the same thing. You can gesture standing in one spot, and you can move without gesturing. Move only if you have a destination. For example: move from point A to point B to illustrate the distance from your front gate to the front door, or jump for joy to show your reaction to winning the lottery. Do not be discouraged if you feel tense and awkward at first. Body control gets easier with experience. Get in motion. This will animate and energize you, while also reducing anxiety. Gesture with conviction and move away from your starting point at least twice during the exercise to illustrate a point or address a certain segment of the audience. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Two: Prepared Speech Projection and Vocal Variety

OBJECTIVE: Use volume, tone and pitch to maximize the effectiveness of your delivery. EXERCISE: Prepare a speech on a topic of interest, concentrating on projecting and modulating your voice for emphasis and contrast. NOTE: The trembling voice is one of the most pervasive concerns of the anxious speaker, and can easily be remedied by proper breathing and projection. You will feel and sound more assertive and reduce anxiety when you pause, take time to breath deeply, and, on the exhale, make a conscious effort to speak louder. Take your time. Use your voice for emphasis and dramatic effect. The dull speaker is barely audible and characterized by a droning monotone. Always speak loudly enough to reach every person in the room, and vary pitch, volume and tone to accent your message. Pacing and judicious use of pauses also heightens the effect. Do not be afraid to experiment. Recreate the sound of the wind or the roar of the lion. Imitate a friends speech pattern. Shedding vocal inhibition renders you more confident and the speech more interesting. Remember, you are not being judged in this setting.
Exercise Three: Questions and Answers on Topic of Expertise

OBJECTIVE: To respond to question on a technical topic of expertise. EXERCISE: Select a technical topic you know well. NOTE: This exercise has a higher degree of difficulty than the previous Q&A exercises, and is designed to simulate a more formal or work related interchange. You might select a challenging area of your work to discuss, or a particular field of interest. Open the floor to questions on retirement accounts if you are an accountant, discuss microorganisms if you are a biologist, or explore astronomy if you are an enthusiast. You control the pace of questioning. Keep it moving with direct, concise responses. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Four: Rapid Fire Questioning

OBJECTIVE: To sharpen impromptu skills by addressing a variety of topics. EXERCISE: You will be given different topics to address in rapid succession. Attack each issue and continue speaking until the instructor signals you to move to the next. NOTE: This exercise is designed to improve your ability to free associate and not nearly as harrowing as it sounds. The subjects will be familiar. You are not expected to respond eloquently and can stop at any time if anxiety spirals upward. Reacting, rather than thinking, is the best approach. Go with your initial inclinations and trust ideas will unfold as you speak. Do not be overly concerned with content. Allow your mind to flow without censor. The volume of information you retain and the facility with which you are able to tap into it may surprise you. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Five: Prepared Speech Energy and Enthusiasm

OBJECTIVE: To bring your speech alive by infusing it with energy and enthusiasm. EXERCISE: Deliver a speech on a subject of particular interest and inject it with passion. NOTE: Enthusiasm is infectious and one of the most potent tools of communication. When your dog greets you with wagging tail, you do not need words to understand how glad he is to see you. Infuse your talk with the same enthusiasm and you cannot fail as a speaker. Enthusiasm is not, however, simply a matter of volume and gestures. Heartfelt passion is evident in your overall demeanor. Allow the passion to overtake you and dont worry about overdoing it. It is far easier to reign in a speaker than to unlock the shackles of inhibition.
Exercise Six: Prepared Speech - Persuasion

OBJECTIVE: To influence your audiences thinking or cause them to take action. EXERCISE: Select a familiar topic you feel strongly about and prepare a speech designed to affect your listeners viewpoint or behavior. Incorporate all the techniques you have learned to organize, present and heighten your message. NOTE: This exercise is far easier than it sounds. When you recommend a movie, or argue for the right to use the family car, you are using persuasion. Be passionate about the benefits of regular exercise, the downside of watching too much television, or your reasons for supporting a particular candidate. A logical, well-organized argument is important; but conviction moves people. Do not burden yourself with lofty expectations or you will experience heightened anticipatory anxiety and resistance to the preparation process. Your effort and willing ness to face the fear is what matters, not the caliber of your performance. You may feel pressured to produce a more polished product because you have unlimited time to prepare and this may increase resistance to the task. If you find yourself procrastinating, remember to keep it simple, jot down a few numbered or bulleted points, back them up with examples and stick to what you know.
Exercise Seven: Reading Aloud

OBJECTIVE: To master the ability to read in public. EXERCISE: Select an article, poem, or excerpt from a short story to read to the group. NOTE: Reading is a skill acquired with practice. The selection should interest you and contain language you are comfortable with. Avoid reading material you have written, as this adds extra pressure. In order to communicate effectively, you must understand the text and incorporate the speaking skills you have learned thus far. Mark the places where eye contact is appropriate. Practice looking up to complete a thought and return easily to your text. This comes more naturally when you understand the material. You create a greater bond with your listeners the less you appear to be reading. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Eight: Prepared Speech: Technical

OBJECTIVE: To learn to present technical information. EXERCISE: Prepare a speech on a technical subject NOTE: The definition of technical is quantitative information from scholarly or scientific material. This may sound intimidating, but for most, talking about their work will meet the criteria. Examples: 1. An accountant explaining the difference between the 2003 and 2004 tax forms. 2. An insurance broker outlining coverage under a Homeowners policy. 3. A stockbroker explaining why price/earning ratios are important in stock analysis. Consider the technical aspect of your hobbies if you do not have work related experiences to share. Explain harmony and chord structure if you play a musical instrument, or describe a zone defense on the basketball court if that is where your interest lies. Select a topic from a newspaper or magazine, if you are having difficulty. Articles on stock market trends, political demographics, or the latest treatment for AIDS are just some suggestions of subjects worth exploring. Once you have selected your topic, approach it as you would any other. Organize your speech with a graphic opening, a body supported by data, and a forceful conclusion. Technical does not mean hard t understand. Your goal is to make the material as clear as possible, so it is imperative you understand it before attempting to enlighten your listeners. To accomplish this, you might use visual aids such as graphs, charts, or handouts. Do not try to cover too much ground. One of two major points supported by data should suffice. Humanize your talk. Do not make the common mistake of treating the technical speech as a mere recitation of facts. Judicious use of humor and personalization makes it easier on you and your audience. A vivid personal account of how you got interested in the subject will certainly help draw in your listeners. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise Comments: Feelings After Completing Exercise
Exercise Nine: Prepared Speech: Followed by Questions from Audience

OBJECTIVE: To answer question on information you have just presented. EXERCISE: Use the techniques you learned to present a speech, and then respond to questions on the subject. NOTE: This exercise may sound like foreign territory, but is a combination of two previous exercises, the Prepared Speech, and the Question and Answer. You must have a firm grasp of your material in order to succeed. Select a familiar topic that does not require extensive research and approach it as two separate, manageable, tasks rather than one daunting exercise.
Exercise Ten: Prepared Speech in Question and Answer Format

OBJECTIVE: To give a prepared talk using an outline consisting of questions to which you will respond. EXERCISE: Select a topic you are comfortable with and outline it with a series of 3 or 4 questions pertaining to that topic. Introduce your talk with a strong opening and organize the questions so your responses follow a theme, creating a sense of cohesion leading to a conclusion. Outline: Opening Question #1 Question #2 Question #3 Conclusion Filling in the blanks, an example of a persuasive speech touting the benefits of bicycling through Europe might look like this: Opening: Bicycling through Europe can be a wonder for the eyes, the pocketbook and the waistline. Question: What can you explore that you wouldnt be able to by train? Question: What kind of shape do you have to be in to do it? Question: You may save on transportation, but isnt that gear awfully expensive? Conclusion: Given that you can visit out of the way country inns, while exercising and saving money, biking through Europe is an all around winner. Now all you have to do is get up there, introduce your topic with a strong opening, then simply ask the questions in your outline, and answer them from your own experience, just as you would in normal conversation. Wrap it up with a strong conclusion, and you have just delivered a perfectly organized and cohesive speech with very little prep time.
NOTE: This exercise may change your perception of the prepared speech forever. For most, the give and take of question and answer sessions is more manageable than the open-ended formality of the public address; therefore, it makes sense to take advantage of that format to render speech making less daunting. Just as in a Q&A session, a question will be asked to which you will respond without having rehearsed the response; only instead of an audience member asking the question, you will read it from your outline and respond accordingly. You defeat the purpose of this exercise by writing out or rehearsing responses, since that luxury is not available in the normal Q&A format. If you have selected a topic you know well, it should not be difficult to trust yourself to answer intelligently without having scripting answers. If you are more comfortable with Q&A, and are able to get the same feel and flow from this exercise, use it to your advantage in future talks by utilizing this format.
ADVANCED LEVEL
Exercise One: Conversation
OBJECTIVE: To sharpen conversational skills by interacting with a cross section of people. EXERCISE: Approach a group member, greet and engage them in conversation. The instructor will signal when to proceed to the next person. NOTE: Begin by discussing what you have in common (i.e., social anxiety), and progress to what you know or want to know about the person you are speaking with. You probably know many of the people in the group by now, have heard them speak and know a bit about their interests. Ask the gentleman who mentioned his passion for the slopes if he has been skiing lately. Or talk about travel with the lady who has just returned from vacation. You are most effective when focused on what interests you. Sustain the conversation by asking a follow-up question or commenting on the reply. Keep questions and comments succinct and resist the temptation to be charming. This is not an exercise to gage your charisma, but to afford you the opportunity to speak with receptive people in a supportive environment. Making an effort to turn on the charm creates undo pressure and derails the effort. The fear of not knowing what to say worries people most about this exercise. Try not to let that interfere with your effort, since there is no downside to going blank in the group setting. If it happens, simply alert the instructor and he will work you through it.
Exercise Two: Respond to Questions on an Array of Topics

OBJECTIVE: To learn to respond to questions on a variety of topics in a thoughtful, organized and concise manner. EXERCISE: While standing, respond to questions on any topic directed to you. NOTE: Listen carefully to the questions and organize your responses before speaking. Anxiety can spiral if you have difficulty narrowing response options. Settle on one or two points, state them and close. You are less likely to get lost when you keep responses brief and to the point. Obviously you cannot know everything. When confronted with an issue you are not comfortable with, try to respond, but if you cannot, admit it and move on. Try not to view this as a test of your intelligence or knowledge of current events. It is merely an exercise designed to strengthen your ability to think on your feet.
Exercise Three: Defend Your Responses

OBJECTIVE: Learn to develop poise when challenged. EXERCISE: Respond to questions on any topic and defend your responses. NOTE: This exercise is as much about listening as it is about responding. Listen carefully to the questions, and challenges posed by the audience, and think before you speak. Do not try to win the argument or top your challenger; instead, state your case clearly, employing reason, logic, facts and diplomacy. Resist becoming hostile or defensive and you are less likely to get ruffled. Strive instead, for sincerity, clarity and brevity. Master of this skill is essential in any leadership or managerial position.
Exercise Four: The Debate

OBJECTIVE: Practice defending your position in a discussion. EXERCISE: Select a controversial topic and debate the issue with a partner. NOTE: This is an informal debate on a topic of your choice. Select a controversial, yet familiar nontechnical subject with which you are comfortable. The objective is not to win the debate, but to sharpen listening, organizational, and presentation skills in a non-scripted, confrontational format. Anchor your responses in logic and clarity, the same a when your replies were challenged by the group. Be diplomatic and respectful of your opponents viewpoint, even as you disagree, avoiding common pitfalls such as irritation, impatience and condescension. Restate your opponents position to clarify your understanding before launching your rebuttal. Readily acknowledge a valid argument and dont be afraid to admit your lack of knowledge on a particular point. You can reduce some of the anxiety triggered by conflict by aiming to learn something from your partner instead of vanquishing them. Place the ego aside and strive for a substantive dialogue and you further the pressure inherent in this form of discussion.
Exercise Five: Defend Your Responses Under Pressure

OBJECTIVE: To retain the ability to think, reason and respond when challenged aggressively. EXERCISE: Open the floor to questions on any topic. The audience is encouraged to challenge your responses aggressively. NOTE: This exercise prepares you for the eventuality of having to face a non-receptive, and possibly hostile audience. For example, a manager facing unruly striking workers must be able to maintain his poise and retain the ability to communicate effectively under duress. The best way to handle this exercise, and most confrontational situations, is to stay above the fray. See Let the abuse to roll past you without allowing it to become personal. This situation requires diplomacy, not an iron hand. Responding with sarcasm or condescension will only fan the flames. Respect your opponents views, no matter how alien they may be to your own. Be firm, but fair, stating your case using logic, fact and reason. Conflict can heighten public speaking anxiety, so signal the instructor if the experience becomes unmanageable at any time and he can modify or terminate the exercise.
Exercise Six: Read for Meaning with Eye Contact

OBJECTIVE: Add conviction to your reading by understanding the text and using eye contact to connect with the audience. EXERCISE: Select a short piece to read and concentrate on the meaning of the text, using emphasis, energy and eye contact to infuse the material with life. If, for instance, you are reading Little Red Riding Hood to a group of school children, alter your pitch and volume to emphasize just how big and bad the wolf really is. Facial expressions (surprise, joy, sadness), movement and gestures also augment communication and help diffuse anxiety. Eye contact is an acquired skill. Raise your head and look at the audience periodically to maintain contact and add a personal touch. Mark the last three words of each paragraph with a highlighter. Place your finger next to the highlighted phrase when you reach it to avoid losing your place, look up and direct the words to one area of the room, then comfortably return to your place in the text. Pay particular attention to the message you are conveying as you direct the comment to the audience. NOTE: The procedure may feel awkward at first, but becomes more natural with practice. Direct your words to a different person or area of the room each time you look up and use eye contact sparingly. It is not necessary to include everyone with each glance. Before attempting the exercise in class, practice reading for meaning. Understanding what you read lends a smoother, more natural flow to your words. Experiment with voice, phrasing and inflection to dramatize your message. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Seven: Reading Aloud and Summarizing What You Read

OBJECTIVE: To read text cold, and report on what you have read. EXERCISE: You will be given an article to read aloud, incorporating all the skills you have learned to date. Upon completing the reading you will give an overview on the content of the article. NOTE: Obviously, you will have to pay attention to and understand what you are reading. This may seem like a daunting proposition while standing in front of a room full of people, but, by concentrating on the meaning of the text, it may actually divert your attention away from your anxiety. In any event, try to get a general feel for what the article is saying and do not attempt to memorize and recall every detail. Relax and let the facts sink in, and you will be surprised at how much information you are capable of retaining. Try to incorporate the skills you have learned such as vocal projection and physical poise, but do not be discouraged if, say, your eye contact is less than perfect, since the main focus here is to strengthen reading comprehension and recitation skills. Do not try to cover too much when reporting on the content. Organize your recitation by outlining the main thrust of the piece, backing this up with one or two examples (from the article), or facts that spring to mind.
Exercise Eight: Lead Panel Discussion

OBJECTIVE: To moderate a panel discussion. EXERCISE: You will lead and participate in a discussion on an issue of common interest. NOTE: The role of the panel moderator is to lead the discussion, get all participants involved, regulate the tempo and keep the flow of information moving. To do this you must take control and maintain it throughout the exercise. An effective moderator sparks the debate by asking probing questions and making his views clear without dominating the discussion. Take the discussion in another direction if it gets mired in controversy, and seek other viewpoints if one participant monopolizes the format Your role is to initiate and foster lively, interesting and orderly interaction between panel members.
Exercise Nine: Prepared Speech with Visual Aids

OBJECTIVE: To gain experience employing visual aids in a prepared speech. EXERCISE: Prepare a speech requiring you to make use of power point, a slide projector, chalkboard, or other visual aids such as props or handouts. NOTE: Visual aids are ubiquitous in boardrooms, classrooms and seminar halls because they get the message across clearly and graphically, which benefits the audience as well as the presenter. You should be fairly comfortable using a podium or lecture stand, at this point, and experience with visual aids is the next logical progression. When properly utilized, they facilitate communication, and reduce anxiety by deflecting attention from the speaker, while anchoring him to stark visual, as well as written cues. Their use, however, is never to be taken for granted, for without the proper forethought and practice, the advantages can suddenly transform to mishap and result in embarrassing interludes. Practice with your aids until you are confident you can handle them comfortably. A slide projector can be a trusted cohort, providing clarity, and support for anxiety reduction; or a springboard for spiraling angst if it malfunctions. Careful preparation insures against that. Use a checklist to account for every item (slide, pointer, handouts, etc.) before you leave for your presentation, and when you arrive at your destination. Arrive early to allow extra time for a test run to insure circuits are in order and all parts are functioning. Do not hesitate to ask for help if you need it. Visual aids should aid the communication; therefore, make sure they are positioned properly so they are clearly visible. And finally, if you are afraid your hands will tremble, avoid holding up a prop for an extended period of time. In essence, put as much forethought and effort into the visual portion of your presentation as you do into the content, and you will make effective use of a powerful communication tool, while avoiding problems. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Ten: Prepared Speech (Putting it all Together)

OBJECTIVE: To incorporate all the speaking skills learned thus far. EXERCISE: Prepare a speech utilizing gestures, movement, vocal variety, eye contact, enthusiasm and all other sills mastered to date. Review previous lessons to extrapolate the communication enhancing techniques you have covered, and incorporate them in your speech. NOTE: Select a simple, non-technical subject, since your primary focus will be on your presentational skills and not the text per se. Make judicious use of your notes. Highlight phrases you plan to emphasize vocally, or with gestures and movement to drive home a particular point. The aim is to practice your skill set, not present a polished speech. Expect the presentation to be somewhat ragged the first time through this exercise since several variables will be vying for your attention. Once you have mastered the aforementioned techniques and can incorporate them seamlessly into your presentations, your focus will naturally shift to the content of your message. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
MASTER LEVEL
Exercise One: Rant
OBJECTIVE: Break down inhibition and gain freedom of expression using emotion. EXERCISE: Address and react viscerally to an issue of common annoyance. The exercise is over only when you are sufficiently fervent in your appeal. This is a particularly good exercise if you have difficulty expressing anger, and the instructor will prompt you if you have trouble getting untracked. NOTE: Let loose! Dont worry about getting the words right. Tap into gut feeling and let the message gush out. Work yourself into frenzy over the topic and see what happens. Talk about the rude person who ruined your commute home by talking incessantly on his cell phone. Or ruminate on why the transit authority cannot seem to build a subway seat that can accommodate a normal sized person. If SUVs polluting the environment makes you crazy, tell us about it in no uncertain terms. Select an issue that truly annoys you to really get yourself going. Experiment. Let the emotion soar and communicate your angst through voice, body and gestures. It is much more difficult to be fearful when genuinely angry or enthusiastic, and by sending energy outward you diffuse tension and anxiety. This is a breakthrough exercise for many, once they realize empowering emotions can displace their performance anxiety.
Exercise Three: Improvisation

OBJECTIVE: To learn to improvise unscripted dialogue in an imaginary conflict with a partner. EXERCISE: You and a partner will assume a relationship (siblings, spouses, business partners, etc.) and a conflict to explore. And since the scene is not scripted you must improvise the interchange by reacting to one another. For example you might confront your lover with their infidelity, or reprimand a subordinate for their slovenly work habits. Tell your husband he needs to make more money, or spend less time at the pub. Select a conflict and relationship you can identify with. If you are not a heavyweight boxer in real life, dont choose a scenario where you confront your manager for shortchanging you on the purse. Choose something closer to home. If your real boss makes you stay late without paying overtime, you have a custom made disagreement to probe. You must accept whatever reality your partner throws at you. If your partner says you were drunk for 3 days, defend yourself, but dont deny it. Whatever scenario you select, present your case forcefully and stand your ground. NOTE: Settle on a relationship and conflict of significance to you. Dont choose a distant aunt to have this battle with when more meaningful relationships are at your disposal. If your spouses snoring doesnt bother you, then pick something that exasperates you. The exercise takes flight when you are able to invest real emotion into the interchange. This expends nervous energy, helps you focus and generally contributes to a more spontaneous exchange. Your goal is not to resolve the conflict, but to plumb its depths. So dont give up, dont give in and dont be polite. Use every weapon in your arsenal (logic, guilt, guile, etc.) to get what you want. This exercise is not nearly as daunting as it may appear on paper if you resist the temptation to act or entertain the audience. Focus on what you want from your partner and how you are going to get it, not on how you are being perceived by the audience. This is not a performance or an audition. In effect, it is nothing more than a conversation where the participants hold differing views. The key to making the exercise manageable is not to preplan what you are going to say, but to present your case and then react to what your partner sends back. If you do that you will be surprised how naturally you flow through the exercise. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise Comments: Feelings After Completing Exercise
Exercise Four: Explore Personal Conflict Present Case to Group

OBJECTIVE: To transfer the freedom gained in the improvisational setting to public presentation. EXERCISE: Explore a relationship and conflict with a partner. Upon completion, stand and direct your argument to the group in a forthright, concise manner. Make your point, backed up by an example if possible, and then close. For example: if you were to confront a patron of a restaurant for flaunting the no smoking rule, you would state your case, react to their response and stand your ground. Then you might turn to the audience and make the argument that smoking in the presence of others, is not only a selfish, but aggressive act since cigarette smoke contains carbon-monoxide, tar and ammonia, which are harmful to a second party breathing it. You might also add that personal freedom is not an inherent right, when that freedom infringes upon another. Dont hesitate to repeat any of the points you made during the personal interaction, as long as you organize them in a clear, concise manner. NOTE: Generally, people feel far more comfortable speaking with an individual than addressing a group; yet, the difference is largely perceptual. A group is, in effect, a collection of individuals, and far less intimidating if you are able to perceive it that way. When taken in a series of gradual steps, the power, freedom and naturalness gained in the personal interaction is easily transferred to group presentation. Once you have finished your exchange with your partner, rise, face the audience, select a person to direct your comments to, and sum up your argument. As your comfort level increases, direct another portion of the summation to some other listener, and then to another. Finally, (when you are sufficiently at ease) repeat the summation to the audience at large. You will be tempted to adopt a more formal aspect when speaking to the group, but with each gradation, strive to maintain the conversational tone you used interacting with your partner. The personal feel will carry over to the group dynamic and go a long way to reducing anxiety. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Five: Speak without Preparation on a Social Issue

OBJECTIVE: To learn to present a cohesive and persuasive argument on a social issue without notes or lead-time to prepare. EXERCISE: Present your views on a controversial current event or social issue, such as abortion, gun control, school prayer, etc. without preparing your remarks in advance. NOTE: Organization is key, and defining the topic is an effective way to begin. For instance, discussing gun control, you might start by explaining the conflict: those against want stricter laws to control the sale of firearms, and gun enthusiasts feel it is an infringement on personal freedom. Once you have clearly outlined the controversy, you can then weigh in with your position. Your aim is to present an impassioned, persuasive argument, without alienating your listeners. Build your case with energy, facts and logic. Utilize all the communication skills you have mastered (i.e., projection, gestures, enthusiasm, etc.), while maintaining a diplomatic tone. Whenever possible use examples to buttress your statements. Making the point that stricter gun control lowers the murder rate, you might point to the Columbine massacre, and other related school shootings to illustrate how many young lives would have been spared if the teens involved in the crimes hadnt had such easy access to guns. Once you have clearly defined the issue, present your case, and offer solutions; again using examples whenever possible. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Six: Lead Seminar

OBJECTIVE: To utilize organizational and presentation skills in an extended format. EXERCISE: Present a seminar (10 12 minutes) on a topic you know well, feel passionate about, and can address at length and in detail. NOTE: A Seminar is a longer, more in depth speech, which may be comprised of different segments. For instance, the talk might begin with a formal presentation, followed by group interaction and ending in a question and answer period. Structure your presentation to suit the material. If you are leading a seminar on fly-fishing, you might start with a speech on the subject, followed by a demonstration, leading into group participation or discussion, and followed by a question and answer session. The important point is that the segments are organized, with you controlling a seamless flow from one to the next. To insure this, every part of the talk should be worked out in advance. Practice with any props or visual aids when rehearsing, and carefully mark the time allotted for each segment. You are also responsible for keeping any group participation under control and within the appropriate time parameters. Be firm with longwinded participants, keep your comments concise when responding to questions, and most importantly, keep the information flowing smoothly to insure maintaining the audiences attention over the extended time. Any topic that lends itself to the format outlined above is suitable choice; however, it is especially important for this exercise, you feel at home with your selection. You will be in front of the group for an extended period and want to be on solid footing the entire time. This is not the time to experiment with a technical subject that makes you uncomfortable. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Seven: Risk Being Less than Perfect

OBJECTIVE: To weather a sub-par performance. EXERCISE: Purposely allow yourself to be inexpert by presenting without preparation or passion. NOTE: You dont have to be perfect to be effective. In fact perfectionism is one of the primary drivers of public speaking, performance and social anxiety. By striving for perfection instead of doing the work well, you are creating self-imposed pressure to attain standards that are seldom if ever met. We are programmed to compete and excel and dread the thought of being less than stellar in front of others. This exercise is designed to test the theory that there are catastrophic consequences resulting from sub-par performance. Expectations will be lowered and you are encouraged to perform below your normal skill level. Take a relaxed attitude to the podium, have fun with the exercise and make a conscious effort to discount the audiences reaction and you are likely to find yourself in a pressure free zone and completely at ease. Interestingly, the fact that you are so relaxed may limit your earnest efforts to perform poorly. For in public speaking, demeanor and confidence are more potent communicators than perfect delivery. We are wired to always give our best effort, so it may be difficult for you to purposely do otherwise. It may help you to drop your guard if you remind yourself it is just an exercise, and the objective is reduce the tendency toward perfectionism. Once you have mastered this exercise, and understand the distinction between perfectionism and a job well done, you will develop a more relaxed attitude toward public speaking, and will of course put forth your best effort in future presentations.
Exercise Eight: Confront Inhibition

OBJECTIVE: To become less inhibited in front of others. EXERCISE: Attempt something out of the ordinary, which would generally cause you discomfort in front of the group. Sing a song, tell a joke, do the tango or risk taking an unpopular stance on a sensitive issue. Whatever you decide on should make you mildly uncomfortable. If you are mortified with embarrassment at the thought of singing in public, select something less daunting. NOTE: This exercise is about freedom breaking free of what others think of you. Inhibition, much like anxiety, does not allow you to use your full capabilities. This is uncomfortable and quite frustrating. Inhibition serves a valuable purpose. It is a safe guard against embarrassment, a feeling most people would do anything to avoid. The accompanying feelings of humiliation, awkwardness, and even shame may also trigger their own wave of anxiety. Since most people would do anything to avoid these feelings, they naturally avoid situations that may trigger them. However, when avoidance becomes too pronounced, you limit yourself as a communicator. On one hand, we dont want to step out of our comfort zone and on the other - we all have deep-seated desire to break loose. Rock musicians draw huge audiences, in part, because they provide a cathartic way to do just that. First you must decide you want to break free. Then you need a systematic approach to reach your goal. Similar to the battle against anxiety, identify the problem areas and attack them in manageable steps. Start by asking yourself What makes me uncomfortable? Consider telling a joke if you are uncomfortable with humor. If movement is your issue, contemplate dancing; and if you are unsure vocally, consider singing a song. Once you have identified your sensitive zone, you need to chart a hierarchy of least to most inhibiting actions, and start by attacking the lowest rung. If you have chosen to sing a song, your hierarchy might look like this. Sing with someone else Sing a short simple song Sing while reading the lyrics Sing a popular song Sing a song that is vocally taxing. It is even possible to attack several rungs in one practice session. If anxiety drops rapidly into the manageable range, move up a rung in the hierarchy and attempt the next step, staying within the time parameters of the exercise.
Freedom breeds growth, but with it comes responsibility. It is fine to explore unrestrained behavior within bounds in this exercise, but in the real world, always respect your audience and exercise discretion when pushing the envelope.
Exercise Nine: Prepared Speech with Reading

OBJECTIVE: To burnish your reading skills within the prepared speech context. EXERCISE: Present a speech requiring you to refer to excerpts or quotes that must be read aloud. NOTE: This exercise allows for practice in nimbly toggling between public speaking and reading in the same presentation. This type of presentation is quite common in many fields. For instance, college professors often quote from the course text during a lecture, and attorneys frequently refer to previous testimony during a cross-examination. Obviously, reading from text is different than speaking, and requires a different approach. It is common to speed up or become monotone when reading text; however, this can be avoided by using the skills you learned in the previous reading exercises. Remember to slow down appreciably when reading aloud, allow yourself to breathe, say each word clearly - enunciating each syllable, and project your voice. When you switch back to speaking, resume your normal tone, volume and cadence. This speech requires practice. All excerpts and quotes must be cross-referenced and easily accessible in order for the transitions from speaking to reading, and the overall speech, to flow smoothly. Remember, the attention span of the average listener is short, so whenever possible, limit reading, especially when the text is technical in nature. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
Exercise Ten: Prepared (Mini) Speeches

OBJECTIVE: To perfect speech preparation and presentation and change your perception of the degree of difficulty of the process. EXERCISE: Using the standard speech outline (see Exercise Nine Beginning Level), you will prepare (at the session) and present, 3 two-minute speeches. NOTE: Since you have progressed to this point in the workbook, your perception of the prepared speech has likely changed from dreaded event to a manageable affair. This exercise is designed to reinforce how far you have come, and the ease with which you are able to outline and present a speech with little or no lead-time. It may sound daunting to prepare and present three speeches in one session, but they will be brief (2 minutes or less for each), and you will be using the same outline you are accustomed to. Take it one speech at a time and you will get through it without difficulty. The only challenge may be selecting three different topics to address. The key to overcoming this hurdle is to talk about things you know and are comfortable with, and not hold out for the most impressive subjects to showcase your knowledge. If you are still having difficulty the instructor can help you decide on appropriate topics. You will be using the same outline you have used for past speeches with one variation. Since your speeches should not exceed 2 minutes, you will present one main point, illustrated by one example, instead of the customary two. Your outline will look like this: Opening Body: Main Point: Personal Example Conclusion Aside from the length of the talk and number of points, the process is exactly the same, and you should use all the skills you have learned to date, voice, gestures, energy, etc. to get your point across in an organized manner. You will also have the option of presenting the speeches in succession, or interspersed during the session. Your confidence will soar once you see the ease with which you are able to jot down and present a speech on the spot. This change in perception will reinforce the progress you have made in turning a dreaded event into the routine. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise
SPECIALTY EXERCISES
Exercise One: Employment Interview
OBJECTIVE: To learn how to present yourself most effectively in an employment interview. EXERCISE: Simulate an employment interview (with a partner) in the field of your choice. NOTE: The employment interview presents many obstacles, most of which are eliminated by proper preparation. The first step is to research the company and the position you are applying for. Without this information it will be difficult to answer coherently why you are interested in the opportunity. This does not require exhaustive research. You are on good footing if you understand what the company does and the job requirements. The research should not take long, just as long as you understand what the company does, and what the job requirements are you are on good footing. You should anticipate and prepare for the questions you are most likely to be asked. Some standard questions are: Tell us about your strengths and weaknesses. Why do you want the position? Talk about your prior work experience. Where do you see yourself in 5 years? Always be ready for the generic questions, but anticipate several others related specifically to the position in question. Applying for a position as a corporate attorney you should be prepared to answer questions on your experience with contracts. As a computer programmer looking for work, you will likely be asked about your proficiency in the most popular programs of the day. Once you have identified the questions, script your responses in outline form and practice them. Answers should be organized, concise, full of information, and most importantly, answer the question asked. Do not regurgitate the information on your resume. A resume reads like a laundry list of accomplishments and if they want the information they can read it. The best way to showcase your enthusiasm and knowledge of the field is by using the same outline format you have been using in the prepared speech. Illustrate your response with a personal example from your bank of experience. Therefore, asked about leadership skills, rather than listing the leadership positions that appear on your resume, select a particularly gratifying experience where you used those skills to motivate people to get the job done in record time. For example, if you organized a committee to cut down on absenteeism, give details on how you delegated responsibility and were able to increase productivity. A graphic account of the action you took energized your response and is far more interesting than a list
of accomplishments. And it is always easier to deliver a narrative rather than having to remember items on a list. Your response, including example should be organized, detailed, yet, concise. Remember the twominute rule. Get to the point and wrap it up within two minutes or you run the risk of losing your listeners attention. Along with your responses you should also prepare a short list of questions to ask the interviewer. Asking questions demonstrates assertiveness and an interested in the job. Use common sense here and limit the questions to the nature of the work, and not vacation time. You can iron out those details if you make it past the first round of the interview process. Ultimately you want to project a poised and competent demeanor, and the more prepared you are the more likely it will be that you will do so. You have worked diligently to this point on eye contact, speaking forcefully and clearly with a measured unrushed pace, and sitting/standing up straight without fidgeting. The employment interview is the time to put all of these elements into play because your demeanor is as important, if not more so, than the content of your responses. Finally, the job interview is a formal situation requiring a degree of rectitude, however, try to be natural within the parameters dictated by the circumstances.
Exercise Two: Jury Duty

OBJECTIVE: To gain proficiency in the skills required for jury duty. EXERCISE: You, along with several group members, will simulate the jury selection and deliberation process. NOTE: Receiving a jury duty summons can be a major shock for someone with a public speaking or social anxiety. Facing an entirely new situation causes most people anxiety, but for the socially anxious, it can be overwhelming. Most of our knowledge of courtrooms comes from what weve seen on television or in the movies. We envision a packed room with an intimidating cast of characters including judges, attorneys and litigants entrenched in a high stakes confrontation ripe with tension. However, most court cases are not quite so intense. And although there are similarities and various challenges, it is important to remember Hollywood dramatizes the highest profile cases for entertainment value. The open-ended nature of the task is one of the most challenging aspects of the experience. When giving a presentation, no matter what your anxiety level, you know it will be over in several minutes. If you are selected for a case, the proceedings could last months, testing your stamina, listening, speaking and reasoning skills. This is stressful for most, but may be impossible for someone with social anxiety without proper guidance. First there is the jury selection process, where you wait in a large hall with others until you are called to a separate room to allow the attorneys to question you and decide on your suitability for the case. You will likely be speaking in front of a larger group than you are used to and answering questions you havent prepared for. In a criminal case, you might be asked if youve been arrested, the victim of a crime, or are related to a police officer. It is best to answer as forthrightly and concisely as possible. The attorneys have many people to question and limiting the length of your responses makes the process more manageable, especially when you are anxious. If waiting heightens anxiety, sit near the front to increase the likelihood you will be called on sooner. You might also consider asking a question early in the proceedings, or offering information relevant to your suitability as a juror, in order to break the ice and give you some control over when you speak. But it is also wise to have a strategy for dealing with delay. Try to place your attention outside yourself by listening to others speak. If that does not work for you, then read or do anything that arrests your attention and keeps you anchored in the present. Once you get the gist of the questions being asked, you will no doubt begin to formulate your own responses. Make a mental note of what you might say, and then go back to anchoring yourself in the present. Fight the temptation to ruminate over the best responses possible. Your aim is not to be brilliant, but to get the information across as clearly and concisely as possible.
If you are not selected your service ends at this point and you go home. If you are, then you face other challenges. As the attorneys present their cases your listening and concentration skills will be tested. If you are faced with highly technical and complicated information, try to relax and absorb what you can. There is no need to remember everything. You can always have the court transcript read back to you if you have any questions. Interacting with your fellow jurors is another challenge. You will be together for many hours a day, over the course of several weeks possibly. Avoiding conflict whenever possible, and being cordial and considerate even to those who irritate you makes the adjustment easier and reduces overall stress. If the case is not settled and you must deliberate, more challenges await. At this point you should have digested the basics of the case and be ready to discuss them. A vote is taken and if the decision is unanimous, the judge renders the verdict and your work is done. However, if there is just one dissenting vote, the discussion begins. Now it is time to put your ego aside, focus on the details of the case and keep an open mind. You must listen to and respect the arguments put forth by others, but also, be ready to explain your vote. After some time, another vote is taken and if there is still no unanimity, the discussion goes on. With no end in sight, your anxiety may increase. Stay in the present; try to keep focused on what is happening, and pace yourself for an extended deliberation. Discussing complicated technical issues for an extended time can be taxing, especially when you are not used to it. Keep in mind you are not required to be an attorney, an expert on the subject, or to remember every detail. Your only responsibility is to use your judgment to reach a fair verdict. Therefore, try to adopt a relaxed attitude, absorb what you can, and concentrate on the big picture. You are also not expected to be a debating champion, but only to offer your opinion on the case as it was presented. Have a notepad handy, allow yourself to refer to your notes, and as always, keep comments concise and to the point. Discussion with diverse people with differing views can get confrontational at times. Here it is critical to keep the interchange on a non-personal level; which is difficult when being challenged in an aggressive manner. Employ the facts, reason, logic, and as much diplomacy as you can muster to keep the proceedings civil. Your responsibility is to reach a fair and equitable ruling on the case, not to win the debate. As you can see jury duty is a challenging enterprise. This exercise will prepare you for the experience. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise Comments: Feelings After Completing Exercise
Exercise Three: Table Topics (Impromptu Speaking)

OBJECTIVE: To master the art of impromptu speaking. Prepares you to make the transition to Toastmasters. EXERCISE: You will be asked three question to which you will respond by speaking extemporaneously for a minimum of two minutes per question. NOTE: Expand Zone of Comfort Once you grow comfortable in your current practice environment it is time to think about expanding your zone of comfort and making the transition to a more challenging arena. This is the only way to continue to grow and eventually feel confident in all situations of every day life. Toastmasters International is a public speaking organization, with branches world wide, affording the opportunity to practice on a consistent basis. Though not recommended as a first step, (groups can be large and include polished speakers), it is an ideal environment to continue your growth. The program you are in at present will provide the fundamentals and confidence required to make the transition comfortably. Each Toastmasters session has time allotted for prepared speeches, impromptu speaking and evaluations. The impromptu portion of the program is called Table Topics. Each eligible member, not already on the program as a speaker, participates by standing and responding to a question extemporaneously for one to two minutes. It can be nerve wracking formulating a response on the spot, but this becomes more manageable with practice. The questions fall into three general categories. This first is straightforward questions related to your opinions and personal experience. For example - What is your favorite season of the year and why? The second is the current events type question, i.e. Do you think the country is ready for a female President? The third category tests your imagination by asking something like What would you do if you suddenly grew two feet taller overnight? The first class of question is easiest for most, with the second and third causing more anxiety. Below are techniques for handling any question you encounter. Techniques Pause Allow a moment to pause and gather your thoughts. Do not start speaking before you have a direction, unless you have confidence in your ability to free associate. Go to your memory bank and draw on your own experience whenever possible. Use specific and graphic examples rather than talking in generalizations.
Define If you are really stuck, buy some time by defining the subject. For instance, if you are asked about the economy in Greenland and havent much to say on the subject, you might start by defining Greenland as an island in the northern hemisphere with a very cold climate. This allows you to begin speaking while gaining time structure your response. At this point, if you really have nothing further to say on the issue, you could incorporate the following technique. Segue - When all else fails, segue to a related, yet more familiar topic. For instance, once you have exhausted your resources defining Greenland, you might carryover and talk about the book you just read on arctic exploration, or the film you saw on penguins. While this technique is useful in surviving a Toastmasters table topics session, it is important to use common sense when implementing it in the real world. If you boss asks you why your sales decreased in March, it is not recommended you segue too far a field and respond that your local Toyota dealer is running a clearance sale in the same time period. Politicians and attorneys are adept at steering responses away from the intended tone of the question. This technique, although useful when used judiciously, can appear deceitful when abused. Comments: Anxiety Levels Anticipating Exercise Comments: Feelings After Completing Exercise
Exercise Four: Social Interaction

OBJECTIVE: To practice social interaction and conversation skills. EXERCISE: Group members will simulate a social setting, such as a party. You will start by interacting with one person and, once comfortable, will be instructed to circulate and relate with different people in varying size groups. NOTE: The easiest way to break the ice with others is to talk about what you have in common; therefore, it makes sense to start by talking about your experiences in the group. Not having anything to say, going blank, or reaching an impasse in the conversation are the usual concerns; however, it takes a mutual effort to sustain the dialogue and you should not feel obligated to move it forward on your own. Fear of a lull heightens anxiety and may cause you to over-think and pre-plan question to avoid it, instead of going with the flow and reacting to your partners cues. Experiment with allowing the conversation to wane and observe your reaction. It is only a problem if it causes you discomfort. When you learn to ride with the gaps and relax through them, you will notice an increased ability to focus and get back on track. With that said, it is always important to be prepared when entering any area of interpersonal communication. Certainly, it would not be practical to prep for every potential conversation. The following are suggestions for giving your interactions purpose and direction. As mentioned, start by addressing the areas you have in common. When you have exhausted that line, think about what you already know about the person and steer the discussion in that direction. If you know your partner is an avid golfer, you might pursue that topic. If they have just returned from Cancun, you might ask about their trip. Once sink their teeth into a topic they are interested in, loosen up and get animated you will notice it opens up endless opportunities to expand and expound on their musings. Curiosity and general interest offer an advantage in this field. Sincerely wanting to know about the person you are speaking with always enlivens the intercourse. To Recap: Talk about 1. Common Experience 2. What you know about your partner 3. What you would like to know about that person Armed with this strategy, you enter each conversation with a distinct advantage.
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Public Speaking Workbook By Charles di Cagno

Prelude To Getting Started

Contract With Myself

Most Common Obstacles

10 Tips for Public Speaking

Most Frequently Asked Questions

Six Points of Contextual Therapy

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Exercise Two: Speaking while Standing

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Exercise Three: Gestures and Movement

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Exercise Four: Demonstration

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Exercise Five: Narrative with Gestures and Movement

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Exercise Six: Questions and Answers on Familiar Topic

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Exercise Seven: Speak without Preparation Familiar Topic

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Exercise Eight: Speak without Preparation Current Events

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Exercise Nine: The Prepared Speech

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Exercise Ten: Prepared Speech

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Exercise One: Prepared Speech (Effective Use of Movement and Gestures)

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Exercise Two: Prepared Speech Projection and Vocal Variety

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Exercise Three: Questions and Answers on Topic of Expertise

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Exercise Four: Rapid Fire Questioning

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Exercise Five: Prepared Speech Energy and Enthusiasm

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Exercise Six: Prepared Speech - Persuasion

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Exercise Seven: Reading Aloud

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Exercise Eight: Prepared Speech: Technical

Exercise Nine: Prepared Speech: Followed by Questions from Audience

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Exercise Ten: Prepared Speech in Question and Answer Format

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Exercise Two: Respond to Questions on an Array of Topics

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Exercise Three: Defend Your Responses

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