International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER

M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011

Study and Control of a Variable-Speed Wind-
Energy System Connected to the Grid

Mohamed Mansour

, M. N. Mansouri , M.F. Mmimouni

National Engineering School oI Monastir , Electrical Engineering Department, 5019 Monastir Tunisia


Mohamed MANSOUR; Address : National Engineering School oI Monastir, 5019 Monastir Tunisia,
Tel: (216) 73 500 511, Fax: (216) 73 500 514, e-mail: med.mansouryahoo.Ir

Received.15.04.2011 Accepted.17.05.2011

Abstract- Wind energy is a prominent area oI application oI variable-speed generators operating on the constant grid
Irequency. This paper describes the operation and control oI one oI these variable-speed wind generators : the direct driven
permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). This generator is connected to the grid by means oI an IGBT rectiIier, a
DC bus, an IGBT inverter and a Iilter. The modelling oI the converters is made by using the concept oI instantaneous average
value. We have used an aleatory proIile oI wind speed in order to illustrate the diIIerent controls realized, especially with
maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) and Pitch control at wind turbine level. To control the voltage oI the
continuous bus and the exchanges oI active and reactive powers, we have used proportional integral correctors. The simulation
results under Matlab\Simulink obtained and commented in order to validate the control strategy adopted.
Keywords- Variable-speed wind turbine, MPPT, Pitch control, PMSG, Control, Grid.

1. Introduction
Nowadays, the extraction oI power Irom wind
at a large scale became a well recognized
industry. This Iast development oI the wind
power industry was possible due to several
reasons, like: the increasing resistance regarding
the use oI coal, oil or uranium, the high price oI
oil and the climate change problem. By the end
oI 2008, the world total installed capacity oI
wind turbines reached 122 GW and it is
predicted that will exceed 300 GW by the year
2013 |1|.
Because oI the rapid development oI power
electronic devices and thus decreasing
equipment costs, the variable speed wind turbine
concept with Iull-scale Irequency converter has
an increasing market share. The most common
generators used in this topology, the doubly Ied
induction generators (DFIGs) and permanent
magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs), allow
the extraction oI maximum power Irom a large
wind speed interval. |2|,
The PMSG with a high pole number Ior low
speed, are also used in order to avoid having a
mechanical gearbox. It has some valuable
advantages over the DFIG such as : better
eIIiciency, easier controllability, no need Ior
reactive magnetizing current and they are
smaller in size.
The PMSG wind turbine, in general, is
connected to the power grid using a Iull-size,
properly controlled Irequency converter
technology. Two types oI converter topologies
are available these days. One, in which, the
Irequency converter is composed oI a diode-
rectiIier, DC-chopper, DC bus, and DC/AC
inverter. In the other topology, the Irequency
converter is composed oI an IGBT-rectiIier, DC
bus, and DC/AC inverter.
International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011
97

udc
i
1
i
2
Wind
C
(R,L)
G
r
i
d
Wind turbine
PMSG
Rectifier DC bus Inverter Filter


Fig. 1. ConIiguration oI a PMSG wind turbine

In |3|, the control oI a variable-speed
permanent-magnet generator with a diode-
rectiIier Iollowed by a dc chopper is shown. With
this conIiguration the control oI the generator
power Iactor is not possible, which in turn,
aIIects generator eIIiciency. Also, high harmonic
distortion currents are obtained in the generator
that reduce eIIiciency and produce torque
oscillations.
This paper describes the modelling and control
system oI a direct-drive variable-speed
permanent-magnet generator with an IGBT-
rectiIier, connected to the grid. The presented
topology is subjected to a number oI control
schemes : Pitch angle control Ior limiting the
output power above rated values, MPPT
(Maximum Power Point Tracking) control Ior
extracting oI the maximum power and grid side
inverter control Ior active, reactive power Ilow
control, and constant DC bus control.
The proposed global model can easily be
simulated with the help a soItware like Matlab-
SIMULINK. Simulations are carried out by
considering a 750 kW wind generator.
The conIiguration oI the studied generation
system in this paper is represented in Fig 1

2. Wind turbine

2.1. Wind turbine modelling

The aerodynamic power at the rotor oI the
turbine is given by the Iollowing equation :
2 3
1
( , )
2
t t p
P R v C r p l b = (1)
where (kg.m
-3
) is the air density, R
t
(m) is the
turbine radius, v (m.s
-1
) is the wind speed and
C
p
(,) is the power coeIIicient which represents
the aerodynamic eIIiciency oI the turbine and
also depends on speed ratio and the pitch angle
.
The speed ratio , is given by :
t t
R
v
l
W
=
(2)

t
is the mechanical turbine speed (rad/s).
The mechanical torque produced by the turbine is
expressed as Iollows |4| :
3 2
1
( , )
2
t e m
C R v C r p l b =

(3)
C
m
(,) is the torque coeIIicient :
( , )
( , )
p
m
C
C
l b
l b
l
=

(4)
For diIIerent values oI , the C
p
(,) curves are
shown in Fig.2.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0
0 .1
0 .2
0 .3
0 .4
0 .5
P
o
w
e
r

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

C
p
Speed ratio


Beta=-2
Beta=0
Beta=2
Beta=3
Beta=5
Beta=10
Speed
ratio-opt
Cp-max

Fig. 2. Power coeIIicient characteristic versus speed ratio
and pitch angle
International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011
98

We note the existence oI the maximal value oI
power coeIIicient C
pmax
corresponding to the
optimal value oI the speed ratio
optimal
Ior each
value oI pitch angle . The maximum value oI C
p
,
that is C
pmax
0.44, is achieved Ior -2 and Ior
5. This particular value
opt
results in the point
oI optimal eIIiciency where the maximum power
is captured Irom wind by the wind turbine.

2.2. Mechanical shaft modeling

The evolution oI the mechanical speed oI the
synchronous generator can be easily determined
using the dynamic equation. The simpliIied
model oI this equation is given by:
t
T t em t s
d
J C C f C
dt
W
= - - W -
(5)
where J
T
(kg.m
2
) is the total inertia which
appears on the shaIt oI the generator,
t
(rad/s) is
the turbine speed, C
t
(N.m) is the mechanical
torque, C
em
(N.m) is the electromagnetic torque,
C
s
(N.m) is the dry Iriction torque and f
(N.m.s.rad
-1
) is a viscous Iriction coeIIicient.

2.3. Pitch angle control

The pitch control is an essential method Ior
controlling the rotational speed oI wind turbine.
It activates when the rotor speed exceeds the
maximum rotor speed oI turbine
tn
, by giving
the order to increase the pitch angle to reduce the
turbine torque C
t
. The Fig 3 shows the speed
limit.

0 5 10 15 20 25 3 0
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

P
i
t
c
h

a
n
g
l
e

(

)
Turbine speed (rpm)


Fig. 3. ReIerence Pitch angle

For variable-speed wind turbines, a mechanical
actuator is usually employed to change the pitch
angle oI the blades in order to reduce power
coeIIicient C
p
and maintain the power at its rated
value. This speed actuator is an actuator
proportional presenting a not linearity. The
torque has been supposed proportional to
rotational speed oI the turbine by linearization oI
the model to order 1 |4-6|. The control strategy
implemented is as Iollows :
0
0
2 Ior 0
( ) Ior ~
ref t tn
ref t tn t tn
b b
b
b b
= = - W W

D
= W -W + W W

DW

(6)
with 0 () is the initial pitch angle (optimal
value) and tn (rad/s) is the Nominal mechanical
turbine speed.
AIter, to take into account the orientation
system oI the blades which can be oI type
hydraulic or electric, we introduce a transIer
Iunction oI the Iirst order. The purpose oI this
system is to control the position oI the blades
according to a reIerence.
1

1
ref
b
s
b b
t
=
+

(7)
s is the Laplace operator and b is the time-
constant oI the orientation system oI the blades.
Fig.4 shows the block diagram oI the Pitch
angle control system implanted in the simulation
soItware Matlab-Simulink.

1
(1 )
b
s t +
( )
3
1/2
t
R r p
l

( ) ,
m
C f l b =
t
W

( )
t
f b = W


Fig. 4. Scheme oI the implemented pitch control method

3. Permanent-Magnetic Synchronous
Generator (PMSG)

3.1. Modelling

The model generally used oI the PMSG is the
Park model. By considering only the Iundamental
harmonic oI the Ilux distribution in the air-gap oI
the machine and by neglecting the homopolar
component, the theory oI the space vector gives
International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011
99

the dynamic equations oI the stator currents as
Iollows :
( )
( )
1
1
sd
sd s sd s t sq
s
sq
sq s sq s t sd t a
s
di
v R i L p i
dt L
di
v R i L p i p
dt L
f

= - + W

= - - W - W

(8)
where
s
R is the phase resistance oI the stator
winding (), L
s
is the stator cyclic inductance
(H),
a
is the Ilux oI the permanent magnetic
(Wb), v
sd
and v
sq
are the d-q components oI the
stator voltages respectively (V), i
sd
and i
sq
are the
d-q components oI the stator currents
respectively (A), and p is the number oI pairs oI
poles.
The electromagnetic torque is given by :
em a sq
C p i f =
(9)

3.2. Control

In a variable-speed wind turbine, maximum
power is a cubic Iunction oI rotational speed. To
maximize eIIiciency, losses Ior a given load must
be minimized. A stator q-axis current component
is used to develop generator torque, but a
Ireedom degree remains to set direct current. A
direct-axis current component can be set at zero
to minimize current Ior a given torque, and
thereIore, minimize resistive losses |7|. Thus, the
generator torque may be controlled directly by
the quadrature current component.
Fig 5 shows the schematic diagram oI the
control loops oI the permanent-magnet generator-
side converter. The required dq components oI
the rectiIier voltage vector are derived Irom two
proportional plus integral (PI) current controllers:
one oI them controlling the d-axis component oI
the current and the other one the q-axis
component. Compensation terms are added to
improve the dynamic response. The control
requires the measurement oI the stator currents,
dc voltage, and rotor position. Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) is used to generate the
switching signals Ior the power converter
semiconductors.


4. Control of the wind generator

To control the generator power, it is enough to
control the PMSG electromagnetic torque C
em
, by
regulation oI the stator current and to know the
rotational speed oI the shaIt. The pitch control
system intervenes to limit this rotational speed.
The reIerence electromagnetic torque C
em-ref
, can
be developed in two diIIerent methods |8| :
The Iirst method Ior an operating at maximum
power, aims at improving the aerodynamic
output oI the turbine in order to extract the wind
power maximum. This power is extracted when
the turbine operates at maximum power
coeIIicient.
Equation 10 gives the expression oI the
maximum power obtained using the strategy
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), which
permit to adjust automatically the ratio speed at
its optimum value
opt
, in order to obtain the
maximum power coeIIicient C
pmax
(Fig. 2). This
equation shows the relationship between turbine
power and turbine speed at maximum power.
When regulating the system under the
speciIication oI maximum power, it must be
taken into account that turbine power must never
be higher than generator rated power. Once
generator rated power is reached at rated wind
speed, output power must be limited.
max
5
3 3
3

2
e p
MPPT t t
opt
R C
P K
r p
l
= W = W (10)
2 MPPT
em ref t
t
P
C K
-
= = W
W

(11)
The second method Ior a nominal operating oI
the wind generator, is used to maintain the
generator power at its rated value in the case oI
high winds. This operating mode is obtained with
the pitch angle control.
The control structure oI the wind generator is
given in Fig. 5.

5. Modeling of Power Converters

The power converter consists oI two back-to-
back insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)
bridges; the one connected to the generator works
International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011
100

as a pulse rectiIier; the other one, connected to
the grid.
The modeling oI the converters is made by
using the concept oI instantaneous average value
|9| |10|. Indeed, this type oI modeling is
interesting
PARK
is1 is2
isd isq
isd-ref =0
PI Current
Controller
PI Current
Controller
vsd-ref vsq-ref
isq-ref
C
p

uwd1 uwq1
udc-mes
Cem-ref
Rectifier DC bus
MPPT
PARK
-1
PWM
uwa1 uwb1 uwc1
Dynamic
linearization
Decoupling
i1
-
+
-
+
1
q
2
t mes
K W
-
1
a
pF
t mes -
W
ref
( )
ref t mes
f b
-
= W
Pitch Control
Wind turbine
PMSG

Fig. 5. Control structure oI the wind generator
since it adapts well to a numerical integration so
it is not necessary to choose a step oI integration
lower than the period oI operation oI the
converters. Moreover, it makes it possible to
simulate the total dynamic behaviour oI the
system.Thus, in the model oI Park, the modulated
tensions (AC side) by the two converters are
connected to the the DC bus voltage u
dc
by :
1
1
2
2
2
2
sd wd
dc
sq wq
od wd
dc
oq wq
v u
u
v u
v u
u
v u

=

(12)

with
1 1 wd wq
u u

and
2 2 wd wq
u u

are
respectively the Park components oI the
reIerence voltages oI rectiIier and inverter. v
od

and v
oq
are the Park components oI the
modulated voltages at the output oI inverter.
By neglecting the losses in the converters, the
equality oI the average power DC side with the
active power AC side Ior each converter gives :

( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
2
1
2
sd wd sq wq
rd wd rq wq
i i u i u
i i u i u

= +

= +

(13)
i
rd
and i
rq
are the Park components oI the
modulated currents at the output oI inverter.

6. Control of the powers exchanged with the
AC grid

The provided energy by the PMSG-based
variable-speed wind turbine and transmitted on
DC current is applied to an inverter which makes
it possible to control the continuous voltage and
the active and reactive powers exchanged with
the grid characterized by a voltage v
r
and
Irequency f 50 Hz |11| |12|. An inductive Iilter
has been designed to limit harmonic current
injection into the grid.
The dynamic model oI the grid connection when
selecting a reIerence Irame rotating
synchronously with the grid voltage space vector
is |13| :
rd
rd od rd r rq
rq
rq oq rq r rd
di
v v Ri L L i
dt
di
v v Ri L L i
dt
w
w

= - - +

= - - -

(14)
where L and R are respectively the grid
inductance and resistance, and
r
w is the grid
Irequency.
The active and reactive powers delivered to grid
can be expressed as :
r rd rd rq rq
r rq rd rd rq
P v i v i
Q v i v i
= +

= -

(15)
Because the d-axis oI the reIerence Irame is
oriented along the grid voltage, the grid voltage
vector is :
0
r rd
v v f = + (16)
International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011
101

Thus, the active and reactive powers can be
expressed as :
r rd rd
r rd rq
P v i
Q v i
=

= -

(17)
Active and reactive power control can be
achieved by controlling direct and quadrature
current components, respectively. The control oI
this converter (inverter) is quite similar to that oI
the generator. Two control loops are used to
control the active and reactive power,
respectively |14|.
An outer dc voltage control loop is used to set
the d-axis current reIerence Ior active power
control. This assures that all the power coming
Irom the rectiIier is instantaneously transIerred to
the grid by the inverter.
The second channel controls the reactive power
by setting a q-axis current reIerence to a current
control loop similar to the previous one. We
impose zero reactive power as reIerence (Q
r-ref

0) in the system control, to ensure unitary power
Iactor operation. The current controllers will
provide a voltage reIerence Ior the inverter that is
compensated by adding compensation terms. All
controllers are PI.

7. DC bus modeling and control

From Fig 1, the evolution oI the DC voltage
can be deduced :
( )
1 2
1
dc
du
i i
dt C
= - (18)
Classically, the active power reIerence value is
determined by the continuous voltage controller.
This power reIerence depends in Iact on the
active power consumed or generated by the wind
generator which can be estimated Irom (13) as
Iollows :
1 w ref dc ref
P u i
- -
= (19)
u
dc-ref
is the DC voltage reIerence value. Fig 6
shows the continuous voltage control and the
active power reIerence value determination
taking into account (19). The DC voltage control
compensates the converter losses which are
neglected in (19).

P D

Fig. 6. DC voltage control and active power reIerence
value generation

The control scheme oI inverter is presented in
Fig. 7.

8. Simulation process and results

In this section, to show the principle oI power
control oI PMSG-based variable-speed wind
turbine connected to the grid, it is controlled in
order to capture the maximum wind energy and
its behavior subjected to a variable speed wind
will be illustrated using numerical simulations
carried under the Matlab - SIMULINK. The wind
speed varies according to the proIile in Fig 8.
We will show the PMSG speed N
t
(rpm), the
pitch angles
ref
and , the power coeIIicient C
p
,
the electromagnetic torques C
em-ref
and C
em
, the
wind power P
w
, the DC bus voltage u
dc
, the
active powers P
r
and P
r-ref
, the reactive powers
Q
r
and Q
r-ref
, and the grid currents i
rabc


0 50 100 15 0 20 0 250 30 0
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Time (s)
W
i
n
d

s
p
e
e
d

(
m
/
s
)

Fig. 8. Wind speed proIile



International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011
102

PWM
C
DC bus Inverter Filter
ir
Vr
Calcul of ird-ref
and irq-ref
u
dc-ref
Q
r-ref
= 0
v
r
-
+
-
+
i
rd
i
rq
i
rd-ref
i
rq-ref
i
r1
i
r2
( R,L)
PARK
-1
uwa2 uwb2 uwc2
Dynamic
Linearization
Decoupling
v
od-ref
v
oq-ref
PARK
PI Current
Controller
PI Current
Controller
uwd2 uwq2
r
w

u
dc-mes
G
r
i
d
i
2


Fig. 7. Control scheme oI inverter


0 50 100 15 0 20 0 250 30 0
10
15
20
25
30
Time (s)
P
M
S
G

s
p
e
e
d

(
r
p
m
)

Fig. 9. PMSG speed N
t

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
Time (s)
P
i
t
c
h

a
g
l
e
s

(

)


Beta
Beta-ref
118.76 118.78 118.8 118. 82
-1. 2655
-1.265
-1. 2645



Fig. 10. Pitch angles
ref
and

0 50 100 15 0 20 0 250 30 0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

Fig. 11. Power coeIIicient C
p
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
x 10
5
Time (s)
E
l
e
c
t
o
m
a
g
n
e
t
i
c

T
o
r
q
u
e
s

(
N
M
)


Cem
Cem-ref
85.916 85. 918
1.9884
1.9884
1.9884
x 10
5



Fig. 12. Electromagnetic torques C
em-ref
and C
em

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
200
400
600
800
Time (s)
W
i
n
d

p
o
w
e
r

(
k
W
)

Fig. 13. Wind power P
w

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
500
1000
1500
2000
Time (s)
D
C

b
u
s

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
0 0.2 0.4
0
500
1000
1500

Fig. 14. DC bus voltage u
dc



International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011
103

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Time (s)
A
c
t
i
v
e

p
o
w
e
r

o
f

g
r
i
d

(
k
W
)


Pr
Pr-ref
85.238 85.2385 85.239 85.2395
341.018
341.02
341.022




Fig. 15. Active powers P
r
and P
r-ref

0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Time (s)
R
e
a
c
t
v
e

p
o
w
e
r

o
f

g
r
i
d

(
k
V
A
R
)


Qr
Qr-ref


Fig. 16. Reactive powers Q
r
and Q
r-ref

0 5 0 100 150 200 250 300
-10 00
-5 00
0
5 00
10 00
Time (s)
G
r
i
d

c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s

i
r
a
b
c

(
A
)

ira
irb
irc


Fig. 17. Grid currents i
rabc

200 200.00 5 200 .01 200.0 15 200.02 200.0 25 200.03 200.035 200.04 200 .045 200.0 5
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
Time (s)
G
r
i
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s

i
r
a
b
c

(
A
)


ira
irb
irc


Fig. 18. Zoom on grid currents i
rabc

The wind generator is controlled in order to
capture the maximum wind energy. When
rotational speed is low than the nominal value
(25 rpm) (Fig 9), the conversion system operate
under MPPT control. But when the wind speed
exceeds the nominal value, the Pitch angle
increases to reduce the turbine torque (Fig 10)
and the power coeIIicient decreases (Fig 11)
with keeping constants rotational speed and
power generated.
Fig 10 shows also that the Pitch angle Iollows
well its reIerence. Consequently, we prove the
eIIiciency oI the implanted actuator.
It is easy to check that the PMSG speed (Fig
9), the electromagnetic torque (Fig 12) and the
wind power (Fig 13) are deeply correlated with
the wind speed.
The wind power is optimized with MPPT
strategy and keeps at his nominal value when the
turbine speed exceeds the nominal value (Fig
13).
The DC bus voltage is represented in Fig 14
which demonstrates that this voltage is perIectly
constant equal to 1500 V and thus proves the
eIIectiveness oI the established regulators.
The Fig 15 shows the active power oI grid
which is substantially equal, except Ior the
losses, to the generated power by wind source.
The reactive power reIerence value is
maintained equal to zero (Fig 16). Then, we
operate with unitary power Iactor.
The injected currents to the grid are
represented in Fig 17 and 18. It is easy to prove
that they are three sinusoidal currents with
constant Irequency equal to 50 Hz, and variable
amplitude according to the wind speed variation.

9. Conclusion

The main Iocus oI this paper has been the
study and control oI a direct-driven PMSG used
in variable speed wind-energy system connected
to the grid. This wind system was modelled
using d-q rotor reIerence Irame and is interIaced
with the power system through an inverter and a
Iilter modeled in the power system reIerence
Irame. The control strategy developed insured
power optimization with conventional MPPT
strategy and limitation over the rated turbine
speed by Pitch angle control. The inverter
control allowed, through grid current regulation,
to achieve a decoupled active and reactive power
control Ior operate with unitary power Iactor.
The proposed global model was simulated
with the help a soItware like Matlab-Simulink.
International Journal OI Renewable Energy Research, IJRER
M.Mansour, M.N.Mansouri, M.F.Mmimouni, Jol.1, No.2, pp.96-104 ,2011
104

The simulation results showed the eIIectiveness
oI the control strategy adopted.

Appendix

Wind turbine
Radius: R
e
24 m
Number oI blades : 3
Nominal rotational speed : N
tn
25 rpm

optimal
5
C
pmax
0.44
Density oI air : 1.22 kg.m
-3

Dry Iriction torque : C
s
953 Nm
Viscous Iriction coeIIicient : f 0 N.m.s.rad
-1

Total inertia oI the mechanical transmission :
J
T
10
5
kg.m
2


PMSG
Nominal power : P
n
750 kW
Nominal speed oI the turbine : N
tn
25 rpm
Stator resistance : R
s
0.01
SelI-inductance : L
s
7.79 mH
Permanent magnetic Ilux :
a
7.3509 Nm/A
Number oI pole pairs : p 42

DC bus and filter
DC bus voltage : u
dc
1500 V
Equivalent capacitance: C 10 mF
Filter resistance : R

0.01
Filter inductance : L

1 mH

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