2.

Badeshi [bdz] Bishigram valley upper reaches, east of Madyan,

Swat Kohistan; small groups in

Swat, Tirat and Pooran Chakesar valleys; Alai. No known L1 speakers. Ethnic population: 2,825
(2000).Status: 9 (Dormant). Alternate Names: Badakhshi Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Unclassified Comments: No known speakers for three or more generations. Now they use dominant languages of the area: Torwali [trw], Pashto or Ushojo [ush]. Muslim (Sunni). More Information 9.Bateri [btv] Extreme south,

Kohistan district, Indus River east bank, some north of

Besham; Batera area. Also in India. 28,300 in Pakistan (2000). Population total all countries:
29,100. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Batera Kohistani, Baterawal, Baterawal Kohistani, Bateri Kohistani Dialects: More similar to Indus Kohistani [mvy] than to Kohistani Shina [plk], but distinct from both. Lexical similarity: 58%61% with Indus Kohistani, 60% with Gowro [gwf], 54% with Chilisso [clh], 29% with Kohistani Shina [plk] and Torwali [trw], 27% with Kalami [gwc]. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani More Information 13.Chilisso [clh] 1,000 (1992 SIL). Ethnic population: 1,6003,000. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Chiliss, Galos Dialects: Lexical similarity: 70% with Indus Kohistani [mvy], 65%68% with Gowro [gwf], 54% with Bateri[btv], 48%56% with Kohistani Shina [plk], 26% with Torwali [trw], 25% with Kalami [gwc]. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani More Information 14.Dameli [dml] Kunar river east side, south Chitral district, south of Drosh, Damel valley. 4 main and several smaller villages. 5,000 (Cacopardo and Cacopardo 2001), increasing. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Damedi, Damel, Damia, Damiabaasha, Gidoji, Gudoji Dialects: 2 groups: Shinteri-Dondideri and Swati-Aspar, but no significant dialect variation. Lexical similarity: 44% with Gawar-Bati [gwt], Savi [sdg], and Palula [phl]; 33% with Kamviri [xvi]; 29% with Kati [bsh]. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kunar Comments: Speakers probably of mixed origin. Language influenced by Nuristani languages. Muslim (Sunni). More Information 15.Dari

Indus river east bank, Indus Kohistan, Koli, Palas area.

[prs] Southeast Chitral, Shishi Koh Valley, Madaglasht village; Peshawar,

Rawalpindi, Lahore, Karachi, and other large cities. 1,000,000 in Pakistan. 2,000 to 3,000 in Madaglasht (Chitral), and many Afghan refugees (1992 SIL). Status: 5 (Dispersed). Alternate Names: Afghan Persian, Badakhshi, Madaglashti, TajikClassification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Southwestern, Persian Comments: Madaglasht community in Chitral came from Badakhshan, Afghanistan 200 years ago. Other communities in Pakistan are primarily refugees or settlers from Afghanistan. Muslim. More Information 20.Gawar-Bati [gwt] South Chitral, Arandu; along Kunar river south of Arandu . 1,500 in Pakistan (1992). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names:Arandui, Gowar-Bati, Gowari, Narisati, Narsati, Satre Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic,

Kunar Comments: Refer to themselves as Kohistani, as do other ethnolinguistic groups in the region. Muslim (Sunni). More Information 23.Gowro [gwf] Indus Kohistan east bank, Kolai area, Mahrin village. 200 (1990), decreasing. Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names:Gabar Khel, Gabaro Dialects: Lexical similarity: 65% 68% with Chilisso [clh], 62% with Indus Kohistani [mvy], 60% with Bateri [btv], 40%43% with Kohistani Shina [plk], 25% with Torwali [trw], 24% with Kalami [gwc]. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani Comments: Ancestral language of the Gabar Khel, a clan residing primarily in Mahrin (Indus Kohistan). Different from Gawri, an alternate name for Kalami[gwc]. More Information 25.Gujari [gju] Widespread in the north, east Hazara district, NWFP, Kaghan valley, Azad Kashmir; scattered in south Chitral, Swat Kohistan; Dir Kohistan, NWFP; Gilgit. 300,000 in Pakistan (1992). 2,910 in Chitral (1969), 20,000 in Swat Kohistan (1987), 200,000 to 700,000 in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1989). Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Gogri, Gojari, Gojri, Gujer, Gujjari, Gujuri, Gujuri Rajasthani, Kashmir Gujuri Dialects: Eastern Gujari, Western Gujari.Classification: Indo-European, IndoIranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Rajasthani, Unclassified Comments: Some move seasonally with herds. Muslim. More Information 28.Hindko, Northern [hno] Hazara division, Mansehra and Abbotabad districts, Indus and Kaghan valleys and Indus valley tributaries, NWFP. 1,880,000 (1981 census). Total Hindko in Pakistan 3,000,000 (1993). Status:5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Hazara Hindko, Hindki, Kagani, Kaghani Dialects: Also related to Panjabi [pnb], Seraiki [skr], and Pahari-Potwari [phr]; which have all been called, Greater Panjabi, forming part of Lahnda. Lexical similaritiy: 82%92% with Northern Hindko dialects, 67%82% with Northern and Southern Hindko [hnd]varieties. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda Comments: Muslim (Sunni). More Information 34.Kalami [gwc] Upper Swat Kohistan, between Peshmal and Kalam north to Kalam area upper valleys; Dir Kohistan in Thal, Lamuti, Biar, and Rajkot villages. 100,000 (Baart and Sagar 2004), increasing.Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Bashgharik, Bashkarik, Baskarik, Dir Kohistani, Diri, Dirwali, Gaawro, Garwa, Garwi, Gawri, Gowri, Kalami Kohistani, Kohistana, Kohistani Dialects: Dashwa, Kalam, Lamuti (Lamti), Rajkoti (Patrak), Thal, Ushu. Dialect differences do not hinder communication, except speakers of other dialects have difficulty with Rajkot. Lexical similarity: 90%93% among main dialects; Rajkoti has 75% with Kalami; Dashwa has 77% with Kalami [gwc], and 74% with Rajkoti. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani Comments: Most widely understood indigenous language in north Swat and Dir Kohistan. Muslim. More Information 35.Kalasha

[kls] South Chitral district, Rumbur valley, Balanguru village. Southern Kalasha dialect:
Urtsun valley; Northern Kalasha: Rumbur, Bumboret, and Birir valleys. 5,000 (Heegrd Petersen 2006).Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kalash, Kalashamon, Kelash Dialects: Northern Kalasha (Birir, Bumboret, Rumbur), Southern Kalasha (Urtsun). An eastern dialect may be on the east side of Chitral River, south of Drosh. Related to Khowar [khw]. Little contact between Northern and Southern dialects. Lexical

similarity: 75% southern dialect with northern dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, IndoAryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Chitral Comments: Traditional religion, Muslim. More Information 36.Kalkoti

[xka] Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province, Dir Kohistan, Kalkot village. 6,000

(2006). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Dialects: Lexical similarity: 69% with Kalami [gwc], 59% with Palula [phl], 60% with Savi [sdg]. Kalkoti, Palula and Savi form a cluster of closely related varieties within the Shina group. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina Comments: Muslim. More Information 37.Kamviri [xvi] South Chitral district, Langorbat, Lamerot, Badrugal, and Urtsun valley. 2,000 in Pakistan (2004). Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Kamdeshi, Kamik, Lamertiviri, Shekhani Dialects:Kamviri, Shekhani. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani More Information 39.Kati [bsh] Eastern Kativiri dialect: Chitral district, Gobar in Lutkuh valley, Kunisht in Rumbur valley, Shekhanan Deh in Bumboret valley and Urtsun valley. 3,700 in Pakistan (1992). Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Bashgali, Kativiri, Nuristani Dialects: Eastern Kativiri (Shekhani), Mumviri, Western Kativiri. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Nuristani Comments: Eastern Kativiri dialect often called Shekhani in Pakistan, but different from Kamviri [xvi] dialect also called Shekhani in Southern Chitral. More Information 41.Khowar [khw] Chitral; Ghizr valley, Shandur pass to Gupis; Gilgit district, Yasin and Ishkhoman valleys, north Swat valley, Ushu; Peshawar and Rawalpindi. Also in India. 223,000 in Pakistan (1992). Population total all countries: 242,200. Status: 3 (Wider communication). Alternate Names: Arniya, Chitrali, Chitrari, Citrali, Kashkari, Khawar, Patu, Qashqari Dialects: East Khowar, North Khowar, South Khowar, Swat Khowar. Northern dialect considered more pure. Related to Kalasha [kls] but different. Lexical similarity: 86%98% among dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Chitral Comments:Muslim (Sunni), Muslim (Ismaili). More Information 42.Kohistani, Indus [mvy] Indus Kohistan district, west bank Indus river. 220,000 (1993).Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Khili, Kohistani, Kohiste, Mair, Maiy, Maiyon, Shuthun Dialects: DuberKandia (Khili, Manzari), Indus (Jijal, Mani, Pattan, Seo). A separate language from nearby varieties: Bateri [btv], Chilisso [clh], Gowro [gwf], Shina [plk], Torwali [trw], and Kalami [gwc]. Lexical similarity: 90% among dialects, 70% with Chilisso, 61% with Gowro [gwf], 58% with Bateri[btv], 41% with Kohistani Shina [plk], 28% with Kalami [gwc] and Torwali [trw]. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, IndoAryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Kohistani Comments: Mani and Manzari are not used for dialects, but refer to legendary brothers whose descendants settled in the 2 dialect areas. More Information 53.Ormuri [oru] Kaniguram, a pocket in

Mahsud Pashto area northwest of Dera Ismail Khan, Wazirstan. Also in Afghanistan. 6,000 in Pakistan (2004 Burki).

Population total all countries: 6,050. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Baraki, Baraks,
Bargista, Ormui, Ormur, Urmuri Dialects: Kanigurami, Logar. Lexical similarity: 27% with Waneci [wne], 25%33% with Pashto dialects. Classification:Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Ormuri-Parachi More Information 55.Pakistan Sign Language [pks] Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names: Isharon Ki ZubannDialects: Related to Nepalese Sign Language [nsp]; may be identical to Indian Sign Language [ins]. Classification: Deaf sign language More Information 56.Palula [phl] Lower east Chitral river, Ashret and Biori, 12 villages; some in main valley, Kalkatak, and Shishi Koh valley, Purigal; reportedly some in Dir Kohistan. Ashreti dialect: Ashret Valley; Northern Palula dialect: Biori Valley, Kalkatak, and Purigal. 10,000 (Liljegren 2008). Population of Ashret and Biori Valleys is almost completely monolingual (Liljegren 2008). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Biyori, Dangarikwar, Palola, Phalulo, Phalura Dialects:Ashreti, Northern Palula. No, or limited, intelligibility of Kalkoti [xka]and Savi [sdg]. Lexical similarity: 92% with Ashreti and Northern Palula dialects, 56%58% with Savi [sdg] in Afghanistan, 38%42% with Kohistani Shina [plk]. Palula, Kalkoti [xka] (spoken in Dir Kohistan) and Savi [sdg] (spoken in Afghanistan) form a cluster of closely related varieties within the Shina group (Liljegren 2008).Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina Comments: Muslim (Sunni). More Information 59.Pashto, Northern [pbu] Afghanistan border, most of NWFP, Yusufzai, and Peshawar. Also in Afghanistan, Canada, India, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States. 9,590,000 in Pakistan (1993). Includes all Pashto varieties. Population total all countries: 11,430,000. Ethnic population: Possibly 49,600,000 Pashto in all countries. Status: 4 (Educational). Alternate Names: Pakhto, Pashtu, Pushto, Yousafzai Pashto, Yusufzai Pashto Dialects: Eastern Afghan Pashto, Ningraharian Pashto, Northeastern Pashto. Much similarity with Northwestern Pashto in Afghanistan. Subdialects of Northeastern Pashto are Kohat (Khatak), Yusufzai (Peshawar), Afridi, Shinwari, Mohmand, Shilmani. Lexical similarity: 80% between Northeastern and Southwestern Pashto. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pashto Comments: Muslim (Sunni), Muslim (Shia). More Information 63.Savi [sdg] Sau,

Kunar valley; Dir, many in refugee camps near Timargarha; Chitral, near Drosh; a few in Jalalabad. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Sau, Sauji,
Sawi Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina Comments: Muslim. More Information 64.Seraiki

[skr] South Punjab and north Sind, Indus river valley, Jampur area. Derawali dialect: Dera Ismail Khan, Tank, Bannu, and Dera Ghazi Khan; Jangli dialect:
Sahiwal area. Also in India, United Kingdom. 13,900,000 in Pakistan (1998 census). Population total all countries: 13,968,000. Status: 5 (Developing). Alternate Names:Bahawalpuri, Multani, Riasiti, Saraiki, Siraiki, Southern PanjabiDialects: Bahawalpuri (Reasati, Riasati), Derawali, Jangli, Jatki, Multani (Khatki). Dialects blend together into Panjabi east and Sindhi [snd] south. Until recently it was considered a dialect of Panjabi.

80% intelligibility of Dogri [dgo]. Lexical similarity: 85% with Sindhi [snd]; 68% with Dhatki [mki], Od [odk], and Sansi [ssi].Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Lahnda Comments: Muslim, Hindu. More Information 65.Shina [scl] North, Gilgit District, scattered villages in Yasin and Ishkoman valleys, Punial, Gilgit, Haramosh, lower Hunza Valley; Diamer district, Chilas area, Darel and Tangir valleys, Astor Valley; scattered in Baltistan district, Satpara, Kharmang, Kachura, and other small valleys; NWFP, east Kohistan district, Sazin, Harban. Also in India. 337,000 in Pakistan (1998 census), increasing. Population total all countries: 371,400. Status: 6a (Vigorous).Alternate Names: Brokpa, Shinaki, Sina Dialects: Astori (Astor, Dras, Gurezi, Kharmangi, Satpara), Chilasi Kohistani (Chilas, Darel, Harban, Sazin, Tangir), Gilgiti (Bagrote, Bunji, Gilgit, Haramosh, Hunza-Nagar, Punial, Rondu). Gilgit functions as the language standard. Shina is the primary language in Gilgit and Diamer districts. Lexical similarity: 79%99% within Gilgiti (Northern) dialect subgroup, 81%96% with Astori (Eastern) subgroup, 84%98% with Chilas (Diamer) subgroup. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina Comments:Ethnonym: Brokpa in Baltistan and Ladakh. Glossonym: Brokskat, name also used semiofficially in India to refer to a highly divergent variety of Shina spoken by Buddhists. Muslim (Sunni), Muslim (Shia). More Information 66.Shina, Kohistani [plk] Kohistan district, NWFP, east bank Indus river, Jalkot, Palas, and Kolai valley areas. 200,000 (1981 census), increasing. Status:6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Kohistani, Kohistyo, Palasi-Kohistani Dialects: Jalkoti, Kolai, Palasi. A somewhat divergent variety of Shina linguistically and socially. Similar to Shina [scl] of Chilas, but more distant from Gilgit [scl] dialect. Classification: IndoEuropean, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina Comments: Muslim (Sunni). More Information 69.Torwali

Swat Kohistan, both sides of Swat river, past Madyan north to Asrit (between Mankjal
and Peshmal); Chail valley east of Madyan. Bahrain and Chail are centers. 60,000 (1987). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Turvali Dialects: Bahrain, Chail. Lexical similarity: 44% with Kalkoti [xka] and Kalami [gwc], 89% with Bahrain and Chail dialects. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, KohistaniComments: Muslim (Sunni). More Information

70.Urdu

[urd] Widespread. Also in Bahrain, Bangladesh (Bihari), Botswana,

Canada, Denmark, Fiji, Germany, India, Malawi, Mauritius, Nepal, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Zambia. 10,000,000 in Pakistan (1998 census). Population total all countries: 63,431,800. Status: 1 (National). Statutory national language (1973, Constitution, Article 251(1)). Alternate Names:Bihari Dialects: Intelligible with Hindi, but formal vocabulary borrowed from Arabic and Persian. Dakhini dialect of Urdu [urd] in India has fewer Persian and Arabic loans than Urdu. Rekhta is a form of Urdu used in poetry. Classification: IndoEuropean, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, HindustaniComments: Muslim. More Information
71.Ushojo [ush] Swat Kohistan, upper reaches of Bishigram valley, east of Madyan . 12 villages. 2,000 (1992). Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Ushuji Dialects: Lexical similarity: 50% with

Kolai Shina [plk], 48% with Palas Shina [plk], 42% with Gilgiti Shina [scl], 35% with Chail Torwali [trw], 31% with Palula [phl], 27% with Bateri [btv], 23% with Kalami [gwc], 22% with Kalkoti [xka]. Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Northwestern zone, Dardic, Shina Comments: Not known by linguists until 1989. Reportedly came from Kolai, Indus Kohistan several hundred years ago via Ushu, Swat, hence the name Ushojo. Muslim (Sunni). More Information

73.Wakhi [wbl] Northeasternmost Chitral, Baroghil area, in glacier area. Gojal dialect: upper Hunza valley, Gulmit to Chinese and Afghanistan borders, Shimshal and Chupursan valleys, upper Yarkhun valley of Chitral, and upper Ishkoman valley. 9,100 in Pakistan. 4,500 to 6,000 Gojal, 2,000 Ishkoman, 200 Yasin, 900 Yarkhun (1992), plus refugees. Status: 6a (Vigorous). Alternate Names: Vakhan, Wakhani, Wakhigi Dialects: Gojal, Ishkoman, Yarkhun, Yasin.Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir Comments: Muslim (Ismaili). More Information 75.Yidgha [ydg] Chitral,

Upper Lutkuh valley, west of Garam Chishma. 6,150 (2000). Status: 6b (Threatened). Alternate Names: Lutkuhwar, Yidga, Yudga, Yudgha Dialects: No significant dialect variation. Lexical similarity: 56%80% with
Munji [mnj] in Afghanistan.Classification: Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir Comments: Muslim (Ismaili).