Grade 7 Math LESSON 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION

TEACHING GUIDE

GRADE 7 MATH TEACHING GUIDE

NOTE TO THE TEACHER: !"#$% &'$$()% &((*$% '+$,% +)-% .+$/% /(% /'+0"% 12/% -()3/% 1'% -'0'#4'-5% !"'% #)/6(-20/(6,% 0()0'7/$% +6'% +&8+,$% 0620#+&5% 9"+/%-#..'6')/#+/'$%+%$'/%.6(:%+),%;6(27%#$%/"+/%+%$'/%#$%8'&&%-'.#)'-5%<:7"+$#='%/"#$%/(%/"'%$/2-')/$5% You may vary the activity by giving them a different set of objects to group. You may make this into a class activity by showing a poster of objects in front of the class or even make it into a game. The idea is for them to create their own welldefined groups according to what they see as common characteristics of elements in a group.

AUTHOR: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

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Grade 7 Math LESSON 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION

TEACHING GUIDE

Lesson Proper: A. I. Activity Below are some objects. Group them as you see fit and label each group.

a. b. c.

Answer the following questions: How many groups are there? Does each object belong to a group? Is there an object that belongs to more than one group? Which one?

AUTHOR: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

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Grade 7 Math LESSON 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION

TEACHING GUIDE

NOTE TO THE TEACHER: You need to follow up on the opening activity hence, the problem below is important. Ultimately, you want students to apply the concepts of sets to the set of real numbers. The groups are called sets for as long as the objects in the group share a characteristic and are thus, well defined. Problem:Consider the set consisting of whole numbers from 1 to 200. Let this be set U. Form smaller sets consisting of elements of U that share a different characteristic. For example, let E be the set of all even numbers from 1 to 200. Can you form three more such sets? How many elements are there in each of these sets? Do any of these sets have any elements in common? Did you think of a set with no element? NOTE TO THE TEACHER: Below are important terms, notations and symbols that students must remember. From here on, be consistent in your notations as well so as not to confuse your students. Give plenty of examples and non-examples. Important Terms to Remember The following are terms that you must remember from this point on. 1. A set is a well-definedgroup of objects, called elements that share a common characteristic. For example, 3 of the objects above belong to the set of head covering or simply hats (ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat). 2. The set F is a subset of set A if all elements of F are also elements of A. For example, the even numbers 2, 4 and 12 all belong to the set of whole numbers. Therefore, the even numbers 2, 4, and 12 form a subset of the set of whole numbers. F is a proper subset of A if F does not contain all elements of A. 3. The universal setU is the set that contains all objects under consideration. 4. The null set! is an empty set. The null set is a subset of any set. 5. The cardinality of a set A is the number of elements contained in A.

AUTHOR: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

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Grade 7 Math LESSON 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION

TEACHING GUIDE

Notations and Symbols In this section, you will learn some of the notations and symbols pertaining to sets. 1. Uppercase letters will be used to name sets and lowercase letters will be used to refer to any element of a set. For example, let H be the set of all objects on page 1 that cover or protect the head. We write H = {ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat} This is the listing or roster method of naming the elements of a set. Another way of writing the elements of a set is with the use of a descriptor. This is the rule method. For example, H = {x| x covers and protects the head}. This is read as the set H contains the element x such that x covers and protects the head. 2. The symbol ! or { } will be used to refer to an empty set. 3. If F is a subset of A, then we write . We also say that A contains the set F and write it as then we write . 4. The cardinality of a set A is written as n(A). II. Questions to Ponder (Post-Activity Discussion) NOTE TO THE TEACHER: It is important for you to go over the answers of your students to the questions posed in the opening activity in order to process what they have learned for themselves. Encourage discussions and exchanges in the class. Do not leave questions unanswered. Let us answer the questions posed in the opening activity. 1. How many sets are there? There is the set of head covers (hats), the set of trees, the set of even numbers, and the set of polyhedra. But, there is also a set of round objects and a set of pointy objects. There are 6 well-defined sets. 2. Does each object belong to a set? Yes. . If F is a proper subset of A,

AUTHOR: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

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Grade 7 Math LESSON 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION

TEACHING GUIDE

3. Is there an object that belongs to more than one set? Which ones? All the hats belong to the set of round objects. The pine trees and two of the polyhedra belong to the set of pointy objects. III. Exercises Do the following exercises. Write your answers on the spaces provided: 1. Give 3 examples of well-defined sets. Possible answers: The set of all factors of 24, The set of all first year students in this school, The set of all girls in this class. 2. Name two subsets of the set of whole numbers using both the listing or roster method and the rule method. Example: Listing or Roster Method: E = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, .} O = {1, 3, 5, 7, } Rule Method: E = {2x | x is a whole number} O = {2x+1 | x is a whole number} 3. Let B = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. List all the possible subsets of B. { }, {1}, {3}, {5}, {7}, {9}, {1, 3}, {1, 5}, {1, 7}, {1, 9}, {3, 5}, {3, 7}, {3, 9}, {5, 7}, {5, 9}, {7, 9}, {1, 3, 5}, {1, 3, 7}, {1, 3, 9}, {3, 5, 7}, {3, 5, 9}, {5, 7, 9}, {1, 5, 7}, {1, 5, 9}, {1, 7, 9}, {3, 7, 9}, {1, 3, 5, 7}, {1, 3, 5, 9}, {1, 5, 7, 9}, {3, 5, 7, 9}, {1, 3, 7, 9}, {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 32 subsets in all. 4. Answer this question: How many subsets does a set of n elements have?There are2n subsets in all.

AUTHOR: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

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Grade 7 Math LESSON 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION

TEACHING GUIDE

B. Venn Diagrams NOTE TO THE TEACHER: A lesson on sets will not be complete without using Venn Diagrams. Note that in this lesson, you are merely introducing the use of these diagrams to show sets and subsets. The extensive use of the Venn Diagrams will be introduced in the next lesson, which is on set operations. The key is for students to be able to verbalize what they see depicted in the Venn Diagrams. Sets and subsets may be represented using Venn Diagrams. These are diagrams that make use of geometric shapes to show relationships between sets. Consider the Venn diagram below. Let the universal set U be all the elements in sets A, B, C and D. )! *! +! (!

Each shape represents a set. Note that although there are no elements shown inside each shape, we can surmise how the sets are related to each other.Notice that set B is inside set A. This indicates that all elements in B are contained in A. The same with set C. Set D, however, is separate from A, B, C. What does it mean?

AUTHOR: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

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Grade 7 Math LESSON 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION

TEACHING GUIDE

Exercise Draw a Venn diagram to show the relationships between the following pairs or groups of sets: 1. E = {2, 4, 8, 16, 32} F = {2, 32} Sample Answer -! .!

2. V is the set of all odd numbers W = {5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55,.} Sample Answer /! 0!

3. R = {x| x is a factor of 24} S={} T = {7, 9, 11}

AUTHOR: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

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Grade 7 Math LESSON 1: SETS: AN INTRODUCTION

TEACHING GUIDE

Sample Answer: 3! ! 4! ! ! 2!

NOTE TO THE TEACHER: End the lesson with a good summary. Summary In this lesson, you learned about sets, subsets, the universal set, the null set and the cardinality of the set. You also learned to use the Venn diagram to show relationships between sets.

AUTHOR: Catherine P. Vistro-Yu, Ed.D.

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