Astm C 1055
Astm C 1055
Astm C 1055
Di;signation : C 1055 - 99
of energy fre
involve a bre
1 . Scope
3 . Terminology
3 .1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard : Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard :
3 .1 .1 skin:
3 .1 .2 epidermis-the outermost layer of skin cells . This
layer contains no vascular or nerve cells and acts to protect the
skin layers. The thickness of this layer averages 0 .08 mm .
3 .1 .3 derrnis-the second layer of skin tissue . This layer
contains the blood vessels and nerve endings . The thickness of
this layer averages 2 mm
.1 .4 necrosis-Iocalized
.3 death of living cells . A elinical
term that defines when permanent damage to a skin layer has
occurred.
3 . 1 .5 burns:
3 .1 .6 first degree burn-the reaction to an exposure where
the intensity or duration is insufficient to cause complete
necrosis of the epidermis . The normal response to this 1eveJ ;tif
exposure is dilation of the superficial blood vessels (reddeniRg
of the skin) .
3 .1 .7 second degree burn-the reaction to an expo~,r~ie
where the intensity and duration is sufficient to cause comPlde
necrosis of the epidennis but no significant damage toldldermis . The normal response to this exposure is blisteriri ;~,<'f
the epidermis
.1 .8 third.3 degree burn-the reaction to an exposure wsignificant dermal necrosis occurs. Significant dermal nec7
has been defined in the literature (3) as 75% destmction o :
dermis. The normal response to this exposure is open sore- leave permanent scar tissue upon healing
.
3 .1 .9 contact exposure-the process by which the surf~
skin makes intimate contact with a heated surface such C' ~'
insulating layer, film, moisture, etc ., interferes with the ^
transfer of available energy.
3 .1 .10 insulation system-the combination of an insu'
material or jacket, or both that forms a barrier to the rapitl . ;
2 . Referenced Documents
2 .1 ASTM Standards:
' This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Cornmittee C-16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.24 on Iiealth and
Safety Hazard Potentials .
Curzent edition approved March 10, 1999 . Published May 1999. Originally
published as C 1055-86. Last previous edition C 1055-92 .
' The boldface numbers in parentheses refcr to the list of references at the end of
this guide.
copyright ASTM, 100 narr Harbor Orive, West Conshohockeu, PA 19420-2959, tlnited States .
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580
3 .1 .11 jac.
side of an ins
or abuse . Th
metal, canva
materials .
3 .1 .12 thei
Marzetta (13:
the human fil
4 . Summar)
4 .1 This g
designer, or
temperature c
made with a
4 .2 The pi
listed below :
4.2 .1 The
exposure tim
particular sys
4 .2 .2 Seco:
surface temp
direct measur
design condit
C 680.
4 .2 .3 Nextt
surface tempt
detennines tht
below the inju
is required .
4 .2.4 If th.
analysis of tht
siometer (a di
methods are d
4 .2 .5 If afte
the injury levt
Ihe criterion s
40 C 1055
oE energy from a heated surface . The insulation system may
h,,, )ve a broad range of types and configurations of materials,
"3 :1 :11 jacket-the protective barrier placed on the exposed
side of an insulation to protect the insulation from deterioration
oj abuse . The jacket material can be made of paper, plastic,
o etal, canvas cloth, or combinations of the above or similar
materials
.1 .12.3 thermesthesiometer-a probe device developed by
Tqarie[ta (13) that simulates the thermal physical response of
jhe huinan finger to contact with heated surfaces .
"Loss and
3quipmenl
.tact Tem.
thematical
.': Descrip-
:ells . This
protectthe
)8 mm.
This layer
uckness of
A clinical
i layer has
mre where
complete
iis level of
(reddening
exposure
e complete
age to the
listering of
sure where
mi necrosis
:tion of the
n sores that
4 . Summary of Guide
d .( This guide establishes a means by which the engineer,
designer,'or operator can detennine the acceptable surface
temperature of an existing system where skin contact may be
madewith a heated surface .
4 .2 The process used in the analysis follows the outline
Gsteit below :
4 .2.1 The user must first establish the acceptable contact
expb5ure time and the level of acceptable injury for the
particnlar system in question
the maximum operating
.2:2 Secondly, the user determines
.4
surface temperature. This determination is made either by
direct measurement (if possible) or by use of a calculation at
design conditions using a method conforming to Practice
C 680 .
4 .2:3 Next, utilizing the contact time (4 .2.1), the maximum
surface temperature (4.2.2), and the graph, Fig . 1, the user
deterinines the potential injury level . If the operating point falls
below the injury level specified (4.2 .1), then no further analysis
is required .
4.2.4 If the injury level exceeds that specified, further
analysis of the system is required using either the thermesthesiorneter (a direct method) or an additional calculation. Both
methods a're described in Practice C 1057
.2.5 If after this additional analysis the.4 system still exceeds
the injury level criterion, then the system is unacceptable for
the criterion specified and the design should be revised .
No-rE I-An overview of the medical research leading to the development of this guide was presented at the ASTM Conference on Thermal
Insulation, Materials and Systems on Dec. 7, 1984 (14).
70
Threshold A 7/- Complete Transepidermal Necrosis (Death)
60 7
: surface of
uch that no
h the rapid
Threshold B
- Reversible Epidermal Injury
t insulalion
e rapid loss
40-i
1
10
100
1000
10000
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581
0 C 1055
radiant fluxes may cause human injury with no direct contact .
5 .6 This guide is not intended to cover hazards for cold
temperature exposure, that is, refrigeration or cryogenic applications .
5 .7 The procedure found in this guide has been described in
the literature as applicable to all heated surfaces . For extremely
high-temperature metallic surfaces (>70C, damage occurs
almost instantaneously upon contact .
6. Procedure
. 6.1 This procedure requires the user to make several decisions that are based upon the results obtained . Careful documentation of the rationale for each decision and intermediate
result is an important part of this evaluation process .
6.2 The first phase in the use of this guide is to establish the
acceptable limits for contact exposure time and the acceptable
level of injury for the system in question . Where no available
standards for these limits are prescribed, the following limits
are recommended based upon a survey of the existing medical
literamre .
6.2 .1 Acceptable Contact Times :
6.2 .1 .1 Industrial Process-5 s .
6.2 .1 .2 Consumer Items- 60 s .
6 .2 .2 Acceptable Injury Levels-The acceptable injury level
is that of first degree bums as defined in 3 .1 .6 and is the limit
represented by the bottom curve in Fig . 1 .
6 .3 The next phase in the process is to establish the
maximum operating surface temperature under worst case
conditions . This evaluation may be made either by direct
measurement (but only at worst case conditions) or by using a
calculation approximation . The steps required for determining
the maximum surface temperature are as follows :
6 .3 .1 The initial step is to establish the operating system
parameters . This step provides input information to the analysis and may preclude any further work conceming bum hazard.
The items that need to be identified and recorded are as
follows :
6 .3 .1 .1 System Description--Shape, size, materials, including jacket material, thickness, and surface emittance.
6 .3 .1 .2 Operation Conditions-Temperatures of heated sys- tem, times of year, cycle, etc
.
6 .3 .1 .3 Ambient Conditions-Worst case design temperature for burn hazards would be summer design dry bulb . Or, for
inside conditions, the maximum expected room ambient air
temperature . Include the ambient air velocity, if known .
acceptable burn chosen in 6 .2.2 . If the burn level is first degree; use
threshold line B in Fig. 1 . If second degree burns are acceptablgSUme
threshold line A in Fig . 1 .
6.7 If, however, the point falls above 4he: curve, the system
may meet the selected criterion only if certain combinatioAs :of
insulation or jacketing, or both, are used . Analysis procedutes
for the jacketing/insulation effects are outlined in Pra,gtice
C 1057. Two methods provided in Practice C 1057 are ;bngfly
described below.
.
.7 .1 The calculation technique pmvided in Practice G,1 ;457:6
uses system geometry, material properties, and tempera[ute
. conditions to estimate the maximum contact temperaturebsed
in Fig. 1 when the heat capacity effects of the surface are to be
considered . Once this maximum contact temperature is determined, the user retums to steps 6 .5-6 .7 for the refined an0s .
6 .7 .2 An alternative to calculation of the contact temp?sa'
ture is available for those systems that are already operati.ng
The thermesthesiometer (13) provides an analogue measute"
ment of the same phenomenon as the computer method models
(6 .7 .1). Care should be used in applying the thermesthesi,ometer since it must be applied at worst case conditions if the
hazard potential is to be evaluated . Practice C 1057 outlin?l0he
correct procedures for nse of this device for surface hta~
evaluation . The output from the thermesthesiometer is~ .,*
maximum contact temperature of the skin that can be related to
Fig . I with no corrections for surface type needed.
6 .8 If, after analysis using Practice C 1057, the systeID
temperature still fails to meet the selected criterion, ?h~
increasing insulation, changing jacketing, or other means taos
be used to lower the surface temperamre . PracGce C 680 ~
be helpful in determining the levels required .
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6.9 Once ;
the analysis a
conditions .
582
2067646758
%1 .1 Backgr
X1 .1 .1 Ma
touching hot
times. He wt
than with th
occurrence, f
iasulation for
vlas exposed .
since the indc
lure power at
modem insult
d o protect p
gy expandec
processes, ant
mganizations
mereased use
X1 .1 .2 At
more hazard(
products that
fai hazards ft
more insulati
Protection nor
PAunples inc
washers, light
X1 .1 .3 The
patt and thus
he fandom al
sometime
e loss is d
ro of the pr
I w~cess systen
t0gt of the ins
UsNg this cr
' I `ach, that is
aD
1055
;,pprt
, Any report citing the use of this guide should include the
. wing infonnation :
I System description,
.'~2 System operating conditions (either measured or de-
,3 ;
- :^1,3 Ambient conditions (either measured or design),
.7r:1A Method of surface temperature evaluation used, cal,:e,l:~t,ion or measurement,
.~.-;i-1 .5 Method of analysis of hazard potential, calculation,
tG: :anesthesiometer, contact time, and hazard level selected,
9 . Keywords
9 .1 bums ; epidermal injury; heat; injuries ; skin contact
temperatures ; thermal insulation
APPENDIX
tempera- j
g . 1) an ~d
nperature
threshold
ie limits of ~ $~ "`
1.1
(Nonmandatory Information)
%1 . RATIONALE
Background-General
. .v .n
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583
2067646759
RD C 1055
xansfer of heat into the skin were also subjects of research .
XL2 .2 The first significant research on the subject was
~onducted by Henriques and Moritz at the Harvard Medical
School (2, 3, 8, 9, 10, 11) . The results were released for
publication in 1946 through 1948 . This research, performed
primarily on swine (which happen to have similar skin properties to humans), with some human subjects added later, ,
helped define the significant parameters controlling the flow of
heat into the skin . Later, the relationship between temperature
. and duration of exposure to the extent of damage observed was
established to serve as a guide for future work . Some of the
significant results of this initial work (2) are :
X122 .1 The burning of human skin occurs as a complex,
- nonsteady heat trwsfer between a contacted medium, that is, a
hot surface, and the surface of the skin . The rate of heating
depends upon the temperature and heating capacity of the
source and the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the
skin layers (see Fig. XI .1) . Neglected in these studies were the
flow of blood to carry heat away and the physiological changes
in skin properties as the damaged zone traverses the outer skin
layers .
- X1 :2 .2 .2 Factors that cause increased complexity of the
_ problem include : (1) site variations with respect to the thickness of the different skin layers ; (2) variations of initial
: conditions within the skin with respect to time, position, and
physical condition of the subject ; (3) the unknown average rate
of blood flow through the skin layers and variations within the
layers with respect to location and ambient temperatures (warm
- ambient causes increased flow near surface and cold ambient
- results in less flow near surface) ; and (4) the appearance of
' watery fluids in variable quantities upon exposure that result in
alterations of skin density, heat capacity, thickness, and theimal
- conductivity .
- X1 .2 .2 .3 Analysis of the experimental results showed that it
- was possible to assume average conditions and to develop an
approximate first order Fourier's law equation to describe the
transient heat flow in the contact problem . The modeling work
' by Henriques neglected the influence of contact resistance and
' blood flow and assumed that both the skin and touched surface
_ could be treated as serni-infinite . Succeeding experiments
-. showed that the assumption of semi-infinite solids and neglecting ing blood flow were valid for the time/temperature conditions
of interest. The experiments performed at Harvard used a direct
`contact water bath which avoided the issue of contact resistance .
X1 .2 .3 After their initial work was complete, Moritz and
Henriques extended their work to include the effects on human
skin of hyperthermia of varying duration and varying degrees
-of intensity. These studies (3) led to a clearer definition of the
. Hi~ la F ment, as uming contac betw en two semi- nfi te bo&a of in te hermal inertia ( s measured by the square o t of t re ti9l
ditfusivity) at different temperatures, showed that source~of '
low inertia , for example, wood; insulafion , and some pjas`fidS
cause a slower rise in skin temperature than a source
thermal inertia, for example, steel and aluminum, aLtlie
N!
temperature . In short, this is explained by observing tFibrtn'gH ;
thermal inertia materials can make more ener available ~lttbe _ O
surface in a given time than those of lesser therznal iri'dfFiy'`V~
X1 .2 .3 .8 Wu also pointed out that cell death (necro?is`T~`a 0) i
sr?
Epfdermis
Skin
Dermis
2000
Tissue Depth-Microns
FIG . Xl .t Cross Section of Human Tissue
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584
FIG. X7
QM C 1055
i'rreversible thermal denaturation of the protein present
Schematic of Heat Transfer Model
'ie cell . This denaturation is a rate process having a very
HeareE ' f' ~ .aWa6on '1 ssuenperature coefficient that corresponds to a very high
hertuia ex. .
-s~nace_-'
-'_
T
n 47 .5- an(
, n .energy. In short, the higher the temperature of
~
the faster damage occurs . This explanation confirms
rrelate wiQ . I
tlts of Henriques and Moritz . Wu also developed the
ty betweei
;'f",i,011rtion presented in Fig . X1 .2 that outlines the relationbetween the pain sensation, exposed skin color, tissue
nis (outsid,
:pr,tture
at 80 pm depth, and cell process .
when it [
t= ;jl
extrapolate
3 .9 Stoll (4) on the other hand, looked at the relation'-x~--~ ~x, -f- z,-
x,=o
tight canse
shif,' .i'etween pain, reaction times, and injury and found
x=o
,,l,ptoyjmately 10% day-to-day variation in pain thresholds
FIG. Xt .3 Schematic of Heat Transfer Model
.
This
research
established
a
;ndividual
human
subjects
ease abov
{r,r
nately 50%
ruinirunmtime to sense the pain and react to it at any
X12.3.12 Finally, McChesney (7) added a final point to the
i'JiJl,:rature to be a minimum of 0 .3 s . For those situations
pressure of
,,f-. .1c pain was reached beyond 0 .3 s Stoll found that complete
understanding of burn prevention when he suggested that some
: to collaps 111(e
factor be included in the analysis to account for the heating
, .J.dcitital necrosis occurred at a time approximately 2 .5 times
:)ility of the
theame'for initial pain sensation .
wave which continues to penetrate the skin for some time after
the contact is removed . He did not, however, venture a guess as
. :};1,:2.3 .10 Several years after his initial work, Wu (5)
:e oI injmy
to what that factor should be since it would depend upon the
grogosed .a third model, composed of three layers (see Fig .
;action time
.3)_aiso
that
the
properties
of
the
surface
layer
and
the
method of cooling the contact location on the skin .
7[1
:h) such that ~ ' snbstr'atecould be different . This model describes the identical
X1 .3 Background-C-16 Activity
. the level of
case;to-:that of an insulation covered by a jacket material . The
epa,tions Wu developed are a basis for establishing an
XI .3 .1 In 1983, members of Committee C-16 requested that
extrapolaCton of Moritz's work to real insulated systems .
a task group be established to study the problem of bum hazard
uration and e following ! ..
evaluation . The initial task group was established within the
X1 .2.3 .11 Wu also recommended that a 1-min exposure
should not '
Iimit be used for design purposes for persons who have slow
C16.24 Health and Safety subcommittee with the charter to
.posures be- bums and
reactions (infants, elderly, or infirmed) or who freeze under
establish "a guide for the deterntination of safe surface
severe hazard conditions . The influence of contact resistance
operating conditions for heated systems ." The scope of this
was shown to also have significant effect . Hatton et al . (6)
work included : (I) to establish a uniform definition of the
res at levels is that cause
demonstrated that the results of Stoll on pain and blistering
human bum hazard ; and (2) to establish a usable practice for
times.were better correlated if a finitecontaet resistance was
design or evaluation, or both, of heated systems to prevent
included in the model . He defined pain as the point in which
serious injury upon contact with exposed surfaces . After initial
ove, several extend the vlost signifithe''interface between the epidermis and dermis reaches a
review of thescope and objectives, a second area was
. temperature of 44C . His improved correlations were accomidentified which was necessary to support the work of the first
and source
plished nsing a surface coefficient of 1000 (W/m2-K) ; however,
group . At the fall 1983 Committee C-16 meeting, a task group
(1) took the
depending upon skin conditions, this coefficient could range
within Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurements, was
f adding the
down to as low as 10 (W/m2-K) .
established with the objective to develop the analytical tools
y. His treatte bodies of
Tissue
ot of thermal
Sensation
Skin Color
Process
Injury
Temperature
't sources of
were forg
OWS :
Ime plastics,
urce of high
, at the same
ing that high
ailable atthe
ral inertia.
recrosis) is a
deg . C
deg . F
White
Numbness
72
162
Protein
Coagulation
Irreversible
68
Mottled
Red and White
Thermal
Inactivation
64
140
60
Maximum Pain
Bright Red
56
52
Severe Pain
Light Red
Threshold Pain
of
Tissue
Contents
Reversible
Normal
None
48
11t
44
40
Hot
Possibly
Reversible
Flushed
36
Warm
93
Metabolism
32
FIG . X1 .2 Thermal Sensations and Associated Effects Throughout Range of Temperatures Compatible with Tissue Life
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585
XL4 Summary
X1 .4.1 Personal injury resulting from contact with' heated
surfaces can be .prevented by proper design of insulapon
systems or other protective measures . The work of Subcommittee C16 .24 on Health and Safety and Subcommittee C16 .30
on Thermal Measurements has established a guide foravhat
constitutes safe surface conditions and has standardizedrlhe
tools by which proposed or existing systems can be examined
for potential bumm hazard . These standards, supported by
significant research into both the physical and medieaF'prncesses involved, provide the, designer the tools he needsto
balance the expected exposure times, operating condition5, and
system geometry to obtain the safest yet most economical
systems .
'
REFERENCES
(1) Wu, Yung-Chi, "Materlat Properties Criteria for Thermal Safety,"
Journal of Materials, Vol 1, No. 4, December 1972, pp. 573-579 .
1942
(10) Henriques, E C ., "Studies in Thermal Injury V The PredictaLili=y md
Significance of Thermally Induced Rate PPocesses Leadmg.iii I;;=versible Epidermal Injury," Archives of Pathology, Vol 43, L'~'= l, :'p .
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586
40 C 1055
TheAmerican Society forTes6ng and Materials takes no position respecting the validity ofanypatent rights asserted in connection
with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infrirtgemem of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility .
ted surFacc -I
sy to ase,it
for test and
second tool
Ictice C 680
le modelfng
the expecteA .
erature is a
of both the
esigner theu
the snrfaee-
This standard is subject to revision at any timd by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
it not revised, eitherreapproved or withdrawn . Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard ortoradditional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428 .
with heated
If insulatiop
of Subcotn .
iittee CI6 .30
de for what
3ardized the ~t
be examined
.tpported by
nedical pmhe needs to inditions, and 'r
econonucal
I skin Sodaze
7.
.zard in Humao i
)esign," ASb1C'
Winter Meefiat
rment for Bwc ..~
dical Engineer
ated SudacesMaterials anJ svrs, cds., 1986. No. 3,878,728, .,
Manual for 1,
"onsumer 11Prod
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