Petrulis D, Petrulyte S. Tensile Properties of Knotted Line Flax Spun Yarns.

FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2012; 20, 6A(95): 48-53.

48
Tensile Properties of Knotted Line
Flax Spun Yarns
Donatas Petrulis,
Salvinija Petrulyte
Kaunas University of Technology,
Department of Textile Technology,
Studentu str. 56, Kaunas, LT-51424, Lithuania
E-mail: donatas.petrulis@ktu.lt
salvinija.petrulyte@ktu.lt
Abstract
The various tensile properties of knotted line fax spun yarns have been studied by applying
a tensile test for four different structures of knots, namely the square knot, overhand knot,
weavers knot, and fshermans knot. Four types, i.e. 50 tex (A bleached, B grey) and 68
tex (C bleached, D grey) samples, each spun from line fax, were used for experiment.
In this study, the values of breaking force, tenacity, elongation at break, work of break,
and specifc work of break of the knotted yarns are presented. In addition, the coeffcients
of retention for the breaking force, elongation at break and work of break are discussed.
According to this study, the tensile behaviour of knotted yarns is highly affected by the
knot structure. Meanwhile the bleached knotted yarns and the grey knotted yarns exhibited
rather similar tensile properties or only small differences were established.

Key words: knot, knotted yarn, line fax spun yarn, tensile test.
tigations of spliced joints of wool, cotton
and polyester (PES)/cotton spun yarns.
In addition, similar coeffcients of reten-
tion may be applied for other mechani-
cal indices, where the different tensile
behaviour of knotted yarns is compared
with original specimens. Lewandowski
& Drobina [16] used an analogous coef-
fcient for values of elongation at break.
The tensile behaviour of knotted textiles
is highly affected by the knot type and
other factors of knot making. Handbooks
on knots and manuals on ropes give in-
formation on appropriate knots to use [2,
10, 17, 18]. Different names, categories
and information about the typical use of
knots have been reported. Rock climbers
and anglers know that a simple overhand
knot tied on a mountaineering rope or a
fshing line weakens it substantially [10].
Friction, pressure, adverse angles and
sharp turns weaken ropes with knots [2].
Sharp bends in knots result in some fbres
being loaded much more than others a
stress concentration occurs. Thus knots
with more gradual bends, causing less
stress concentration, must be used. Ten-
sile tests of some rope structures showed
that the percent of breaking strength rated
ranges from 80 - 90% for an anchor bend
to 43 - 47% for a square (reef) knot [2,
3]. Pieranski et al. [13] performed studies
demonstrating that the main reason for
the weakening of a knotted string is the
curvature thereof.
Some data on knot structures and tensile
behaviour for textile knotted yarns are
presented in works [4, 9, 11, 19 - 22]. In
the opinion of Lawrence [4], the fsher-
mans knot is suitable for most yarns.
The high durability of the fshermans
knot was also noted by Matukonis et al.
[19]. Meanwhile, the weavers knot is
Literature survey on tensile
performance studies
of various knotted structures
Various factors such as knot structure
and yarn type, among others, are the
basic reasons why knotted structures
differ from initial yarns with respect to
their tensile properties. Yarn geometry,
as an important factor of the mechanical
properties of yarn, is the subject matter
of many scientifc discussions [1]. Knots
are especially important for many us-
ers - textile workers, surgeons, climbers,
etc. The mechanical properties of knot-
ted materials may be identifed as critical
to usability. For instance, suitable tensile
behaviour for textile yarns is a basic re-
quirement for good processability, i.e.
weaveability and knittability. Therefore
study of the infuence of knot structure
on strength and other tensile properties
of various kinds of yarns such as flament
yarns, spun yarns, ropes, etc., has been
attempted by various researches over the
years [2 - 12]. Slippage, untying, and
breaking are important phenomena for
the performance of knotted yarns. The
tensile forces exerted on a tied yarn are
converted into shear forces by the con-
fguration of the knot and fnally rupture
the yarn. This infuence is very complex
and diverse in the individual knot struc-
tures and types of yarns. Another prob-
lem concerns the localization of break-
age points. This localization results from
joint contributions of loading, bending
and friction forces into a complex proc-
ess of knot breakage [13].
To evaluate the knot strength, a breaking
force is applied as a rule. However, a co-
effcient of strength retention was applied
by Cheng & Lam [14, 15] and also by
Lewandowski & Drobina [16] in inves-
n Introduction
The linking of two ends of yarn by mak-
ing knots is a rather widespread opera-
tion of winding, warping, tying or weav-
ing processes after yarn break or package
end. Other methods of producing a yarn
joint (e.g., splicing, gluing, wrapping,
and welding) are rarely used and are also
not suitable for all possible cases to re-
place the linking by means of knots. For
instance, during winding, when a detect-
ed fault is cut from a yarn, the resulting
yarn ends are pieced together by knotting
or splicing. The splicing technique of
the ends is a very promising way for the
winding operation of some types of spun
yarns, such as worsted or cotton yarns,
but for some other textile yarns and man-
ufacturing operations, such as the elimi-
nation of warp break on a weaving ma-
chine, this technique is impossible. Other
possible ways of knotting application
deal with the use of knots for connecting
the ends of rope structures, performing
surgical operations, etc.
49
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2012, Vol. 20, No. 6A (95)
more appropriate for short-staple yarns
as it is smaller, but it slips more easily
when under tension [4]. As an additional
geometrical feature, a length of knot tails
can be mentioned. For instance, Busova
& Minenko [20] noted that the maximum
possible length of knot ends for linen
spun yarns is 1 cm. Some automatic tying
machines [21] can knot extremely short
tails of yarns (5 mm). Hlavata & Pokorna
[11] studied cotton yarn structures with
the weavers knot and fshermans knot
with tails of 11 mm and 7 mm, respec-
tively. Adanur [21] noted that improper
knotting can become critical to good
weaving performance. Kovaevi et al.
[22] investigated various mechanical and
geometrical properties of three types of
textile knots, namely the weavers knot,
overhand knot, and square knot. Based
on the mechanical yarn properties and
knot dimensions, it was concluded which
knot type is for which yarn most suitable.
In this study, cotton, wool spun yarns as
well as PES flament yarns before knot-
ting and after knotting were compared. In
this paper, the weavers knot showed the
highest breaking force for each type of
yarn. Cybovskij & Milasius [9] reported
on an investigation of knots of various
technical yarns and their strength. In this
report, the weavers knot, which is often
used in textiles, is not the most powerful
knot. The strength for this knot is only
14 - 40% of the original yarn strength.
The fshermans and shoemakers knots
have been recommended for usage in
high strength yarns, such as paraaramid,
blended para- and metaaramid, high-
strength PES and polyamidimid.
One more series of investigations [5 - 8,
23] focused on the properties of knots for
medical application. Such knots as the
previously mentioned square knot, fsher-
mans knot and also other modifcations
of knotted structures may be suitable
examples for this area of use. Hocken-
berger & Karaca [5] studied the knot per-
formance of monoflament and braided
polyamide (PA) sutures. In this study, the
square and granny knots were chosen for
comparison. The effect of knot geometry
on the strength of laparoscopic slip knots
was also discussed in a work published
by Sharp et al. [6]. As evident from this
study, the 4S knot and fshermans knot
showed the highest strength. The infu-
ence of the surgeons tying technique on
knot security was studied by Batra et al.
[23]. Using an Instron (R) tensile tester
and a portable tensiometer, knot security
was tested for monoflament and multifl-
these yarns, especially with defects such
as knots, is a matter of great importance.
Here we present some experiments on
knotted yarns made from line fax and
examine various tensile features of knot
performance for some types of structures.
n Experimental
Samples
The current study deals with the inves-
tigation of four different structures of
knots: the square (reef) knot, overhand
knot, weavers knot, and fshermans
knot, as these types are usually used for
textile yarns [4, 9, 19]. The types of knot-
ted structures (models) are shown in Fig-
ures 1.a, 1.b, 1.c, and 1.d, respectively.
The square knot (Figure 1.a) is a simple
binding knot with visually appealing sym-
metry. The overhand knot (Figure 1.b)
is an easily tied asymmetric structure.
Contrary to the square knot with paral-
lel tails, the weavers knot (Figure 1.c)
has crossed tails. In this structure, both
free ends are arranged on the same side
of the knot. In the fshermans knot (Fig-
ure 1.d), each line is tied in an overhand
knot around the other line.
In our experimental research, sixteen
variants of knotted samples comprising
ament PA sutures using four-throw square
knots. A study of the knot performance of
four different sutures silk, PES, PA, and
polypropylene (PP) by applying square
knots with two and three throws was
presented by Bayraktar & Hockenberger
[7]. In this paper, the results are given as
stress-elongation graphic, knot slippage,
and knot break values. Some studies of
the tensile performance of non-sterile
suture monoflaments affected by test
conditions are also given by Heward et
al. [8]. This study showed that the high-
est mean ultimate strain of each knotted
monoflament type at all gauge lengths
and crosshead speeds was exhibited by
the granny knot. The results for this knot
differed from all other samples, such as
the square knot, surgeons square knot,
and surgeons granny knot.
The current survey on various studies of
knotted structures showed that the type
of knot as well as the yarn structure af-
fect the tensile behaviour in a rather
complex way. However, there is lim-
ited experimental data to understand the
tensile properties of knotted linen spun
yarns. Since the mechanical properties
of linen spun yarns are not suitable for
very good performance during weaving
or in other processes of textile materials
manufacturing, the tensile properties of
Figure 1. Models of knotted structures: a - square, b overhand, c weavers,
d fshermans.
a)
b)
c) d)
Table 1. Variants of knotted samples.
Type of spun yarn
Variants of knotted samples
a square
knot
b overhand
knot
c weavers
knot
d fshermans
knot
A 50 tex bleached spun yarn Aa Ab Ac Ad
B 50 tex grey spun yarn Ba Bb Bc Bd
C 68 tex bleached spun yarn Ca Cb Cc Cd
D 68 tex grey spun yarn Da Db Dc Dd
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2012, Vol. 20, No. 6A (95)
50
original and knotted yarns. The specimen
length was set at 500 mm, and a standard
pretension was applied [24]. The number
of measurements, from which the results
were obtained, was 60 for each combina-
tion. A constant rate of specimen exten-
sion of 100% per minute [24] was used.
For the knot strength test, the specimens
were mounted in the clamps in such a
way that a knot of the yarn was exactly
in the middle of the clamp distance in the
tensile tester. While performing the tests
of properties of knotted structures we
took into account only those measure-
ments in which the rupture of yarn was
situated exactly at the place of the knot.
During the test, the slippage of speci-
mens was checked as described in [24],
and the conventional atmospheres for
testing were as specifed in [25].
We determined the following quantities
of original and knotted yarns: breaking
force cN, tenacity cN/tex, elongation at
break %, work of break J, and specifc
work of break J/tex. Force-elongation
curves were also recorded. If calculation
of tenacity or specifc work of break was
required, the actual linear density of each
sample was determined in a conventional
way [29]. To observe the remainder of
the tensile properties of the yarns after
knotting, the coeffcients of retention (%)
for the following indices: breaking force,
elongation at break and work of break
were studied.
The results obtained were compared ac-
cording to the Students test value t [27,
28]. The t value calculated was compared
with that of the Students test t

, where
is the confdence level. The values t

for = 0.95 and = 0.99 were applied in
the current study. If t < t
95
, the difference
between the results is not signifcant. A
case of t > t
99
was treated as an indication
of a signifcant difference. If t
95
t t
99
,
the difference between the data discussed
is not proved.
n Results and discussion
Different variants of knotted samples
showed rather dissimilar behaviour with
respect to the quantities of the tensile test.
The properties are listed in Tables 2 - 6.
The main trends for the results listed are
in line with the geometry of the above-
mentioned types of knotted structures
from Figure 1, where the tails of knots
a and c interact to a smaller degree com-
pared with those of knots b and d.
It is evident from Table 2 that among the
various kinds of knots, square knot a is
generally the weakest knot with respect
to the breaking force. The average values
of the breaking force for other knots are
greater on a different scale compared with
the above-mentioned variants. For in-
stance, the average breaking force for the
weavers knot c differs from the weakest
one by 7% only. In this case, we have t
< t
95
. Meanwhile, the breaking force of
the overhand knot b was observed to be
greater than 55%, and Students test val-
ue is t > t
99
. In this study, the fshermans
knot d is the most powerful. The values
of the breaking force differ from those
of the weakest knot by approximately
four types of commercially available line
fax spun yarns of different linear den-
sity, as well as bleached or grey (natural)
samples, i.e. A, B, C, and D, as shown
in Table 1 (see page 49), were used.
The specimens with four types of differ-
ent knots were tied for the test, namely
a the square knot, b - the overhand
knot, c - the weavers knot, and d - the
fshermans knot. Knot ends with a length
of 7 mm were prepared for each speci-
men. Knots a and c were tied manually,
and the samples with knots b and d were
prepared by means of a hand knotter.
n Test conditions methodology
A Zwick (Germany) tensile tester was
used to test the tensile properties of all the
Table 2. Breaking force of knotted samples.
Type of spun
yarn
Values of breaking force, cN
for knot a for knot b for knot c for knot d
A 475.5 724.6 596.4 792.2
B 473.1 708.6 432.4 728.2
C 681.2 1069.5 699.4 1105.3
D 665.7 1056.2 743.8 1210.0
Table 3. Breaking tenacity of knotted samples.
Type of spun
yarn
Values of breaking tenacity, cN/tex
for knot a for knot b for knot c for knot d
A 9.1 13.8 11.4 15.1
B 9.5 14.3 8.7 14.7
C 9.9 15.5 10.1 16.0
D 9.3 14.7 10.4 16.9
Table 4. Elongation at break of knotted samples.
Type of spun
yarn
Values of elongation at break, %
for knot a for knot b for knot c for knot d
A 1.1 1.7 1.6 2.0
B 1.5 2.2 1.6 2.3
C 1.7 2.0 1.5 2.3
D 1.8 2.5 2.1 2.5
Table 5. Work of break of knotted samples.
Type of spun
yarn
Values of work of break, J
for knot a for knot b for knot c for knot d
A 0.0162 0.0310 0.0250 0.0380
B 0.0213 0.0369 0.0192 0.0409
C 0.0346 0.0499 0.0298 0.0598
D 0.0367 0.0589 0.0420 0.0742
Table 6. Specifc work of break of knotted samples.
Type of spun
yarn
Values of specifc work of break, J/tex
for knot a for knot b for knot c for knot d
A 0.00031 0.00059 0.00047 0.00073
B 0.00043 0.00074 0.00038 0.00082
C 0.00050 0.00072 0.00043 0.00087
D 0.00051 0.00082 0.00059 0.00103
51
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2012, Vol. 20, No. 6A (95)
67%. Thus a signifcant difference was
observed.
Variants of knotted samples with less lin-
ear density (Table 2): A and B, exhibited a
smaller degree of breaking force, whereas
other variants with a greater linear densi-
ty: C and D, showed higher strength, i.e.
these values are in strong dependence on
the linear density. Comparing the results
of knotted samples for bleached spun
yarns A and C with those for grey spun
yarns B and D, we can see that mostly the
breaking force for bleached samples only
slightly exceeds that for grey variants. As
a rule, the breaking force of the samples
tested differed in the margins of errors,
i.e. the bleached samples have a break-
ing force of the order of the grey samples
(t < t
95
).
As might be expected, Table 3 shows
that the same above-mentioned trends
for different types of knots as well as
for bleached and grey samples were also
observed for tenacity. However, contrary
to the previous results for the breaking
force, tenacity is very similar for all types
of yarns, i.e. A, B, C, and D. Evidently,
for the most part this trend is conditioned
by the same type of line fax.
Table 4 demonstrates how knot geometry
contributes to the elongation at break.
From the data presented it is evident that
the elongation is lowest for samples with
a square knot a and weavers knot c. As
t < t
95
, insignifcant differences were
observed. This property may be condi-
tioned by the minimum quantity of yarn
length necessary for making knots a and
c. Meanwhile the elongation at break for
other knots such as the overhand knot b
and, especially, the fshermans knot d
tends upwards signifcantly (t > t
99
). This
unique trend is related to the additional
elongation of knotted specimens dur-
ing the tensile test. Obviously the actual
length of a yarn in the specimen with a
fshermans knot is greater when com-
pared with that for other types of knots.
Besides this, additional frictional resist-
ance acts on the tensile process. We can
also expect that because of the shortest
length of a yarn for the square knot, this
specimen has the lowermost elongation
at break. One more reason for the has-
tened breakage of the knotted specimen
may be stress concentration at the place
of the knot.
We also observed different elongation at
break of bleached and grey knotted yarns.
Despite the very similar elongation at
break of the original spun yarns, the grey
knotted samples had a tendency to break
at greater elongation as compared to the
bleached knotted samples. Perhaps the
phenomena of friction with different knot
slippage are connected with these results.
In other words, bleached yarn has higher
surface evenness than that of grey yarn.
As seen from Table 4, the elongation at
break for yarns C and D is greater if com-
pared with yarns A and B. This peculiar-
ity may be conditioned by the different
actual length of thin and thick yarns used
for tying the knots.
In Table 5 (see page 50), results of the
work of break of the knotted samples are
given. With respect to this index, it is evi-
dent that the samples with a square knot
a, i.e. Aa, Ba, Ca, and Da have the small-
est values. The values for samples with
a weavers knot c have a rather small
deviation (7%) from samples for knot a,
as confrmed by the Students test. Mean-
while other knots such as the overhand
knot b and fshermans knot d exhibited
considerably greater values of work of
break, i.e. t > t
99
. These knots show a dif-
ference of about 63% and 95%, respec-
tively, when compared with the square
knot a. Results of the work of break for
samples of different linear density differ
in a larger scale than the linear density.
This fact is visible from Table 6, where
values of the specifc work of the knotted
samples are given. Tables 5 and 6 also
show that in many cases the grey knot-
ted yarns (B and D) have, to some extent,
greater values of work of break as well as
quantities of specifc work of break com-
pared with those for the bleached spun
yarns (A and C). Obviously this trend is
connected with the above-mentioned dif-
ferent slippage of these samples.
The tensile properties of the knotted
yarns discussed above are also visible
from the graphs (Figure 2.a, 2.b, 2.c,
and 2.d), where typical force-elongation
curves for samples Aa, Ab, Ac, and Ad
are shown. These curves have evident
quantitative and qualitative differences if
compared with that for knotless variant A
(Figure 2.e). For instance, in the graphs
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5
Elongation, %
0
200
400
600
800
F
o
r
c
e
,

c
N
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5
Elongation, %
0
200
400
600
800
F
o
r
c
e
,

c
N
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5
Elongation, %
0
200
400
600
800
F
o
r
c
e
,

c
N
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5
Elongation, %
0
200
400
600
800
F
o
r
c
e
,

c
N
Figure 2. Force-elongation curves
of knotted structures: a) Aa, b) Ab,
c) Ac, d) Ad, e) A.
a) b)
c) e)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.5
Elongation, %
0
200
400
600
1400
F
o
r
c
e
,

c
N
1200
1000
800
d)
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2012, Vol. 20, No. 6A (95)
52
of knotted variants, rather visible fuctua-
tions of the force were observed.
The values of coeffcients of retention for
the breaking force, elongation at break
and work of break of different knotted
samples are shown in Figures 3 - 5, re-
spectively. In the current stage of the
study, values for the knotless samples,
i.e. the initial parameters have been as-
sumed at a level of 100%.
Figure 3 shows that the percentage of
the initial breaking force ranges from 37
- 49% for a square knot a to 61 - 80% for
a fshermans knot d. Hence the square
knot for line fax spun yarns exhibited a
coeffcient of retention close to the rope
structures mentioned earlier [2 - 4]. The
strength of the weavers knot c (Fig-
ure 3) is 43 - 49%; this index for the
overhand knot b fuctuated between 56%
and 74% of the original yarn strength.
Examination of the weavers knot for the
breaking force also shows (see Figure 3)
that the line fax spun yarns have higher
retention than the various technical yarns
previously mentioned [9].
It is evident from Figure 4 that the values
of coeffcients of retention for elongation
at break are greater compared with those
for the breaking force (see Figure 3).
This trend was observed for all samples
tested. The samples with a weavers knot
c have a tendency to break at an elon-
gation smaller than that of the original
yarns. In this case, the values of coeff-
cients of retention were 80 - 88%. Other
knotted samples, such as with a square
knot a, overhand knot b and fshermans
knot d, sometimes have values of elonga-
tion higher than the initial values. In our
opinion, additional elongation may be
infuenced by the slippage of knot ends
during stretching.
Earlier analysis of Figures 3 and 4 had
shown that the knot type could have a
strong infuence on the values of coeff-
cients of retention for the breaking force
and elongation at break. Figure 5 shows
that all these trends, to a certain extent,
have been revealed in the values of the
coeffcient of retention for the work of
break of the knotted samples tested. As a
prevailing trend for the knotted samples,
a reduction in the work of break was ob-
served. However, because of additional
elongation of some knotted samples (for
instance, knot d), this reduction was not
so markedly displayed as it had been for
the breaking force.
It is also evident from Figures 3 - 5 that
mostly the bleached knotted samples
have fewer smaller coeffcients of reten-
tion compared with those for the grey
knotted samples. In our opinion, these
differences may be connected with the
frictional behaviour of the yarns tested.
n Conclusions
According to this study of line fax spun
yarns, the tensile behaviour of knot-
ted yarns is greatly affected by the knot
structure. The fshermans knot shows
the best tensile properties for line fax
spun yarns, while other knots, such as the
overhand knot, weavers knot and, espe-
cially, the square knot, exhibited consid-
erably worse properties than the fsher-
mans knot.

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

o
f

r
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
,

%
Figure 4. Coeffcients of retention for the breaking force of different knotted samples: A, B,
C, D types of spun yarns; a, b, c, d types of knots.
Figure 5. Coeffcients of retention for elongation at break of different knotted samples: A,
B, C, D types of spun yarns; a, b, c, d types of knots.

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

o
f

r
e
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
,

%
53
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 2012, Vol. 20, No. 6A (95)
Analysis had shown that the tensile
properties of all the knotted line fax
spun yarns tested essentially differ from
the original (without knots) spun yarns.
However, the values of coeffcients of
retention are different for the tensile in-
dices tested. For instance, the coeffcient
of retention for the breaking force ranges
between 37% and 80%. The values of co-
effcients of retention for the elongation
at break are greater compared with those
for the breaking force. For instance, for
a weavers knot these values were 80 -
88%. Moreover because of the additional
slippage of tails in the knot structure,
some types of the knotted samples tend
to break at higher elongation compared
with that of the original samples. As a
prevailing trend for the knotted samples,
a reduction in the work of break was ob-
served.
The bleached knotted yarns exhibited a
breaking force similar to that of the grey
knotted yarns. In many cases, the grey
knotted structures have, to some extent,
greater values of work of break, specifc
work of break and elongation at break
compared with those of the bleached
knotted structures.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank M. Venciute
for practical help while preparing the samples
of the current research. Received 18.01.2012 Reviewed 07.05.2012
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Figure 6. Coeffcients of retention for work of break of different knotted samples: A, B, C,
D types of spun yarns; a, b, c, d types of knots.

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