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Unit - V: Electrical Machines

The document discusses electrical transformers. It provides three key points: 1) A transformer is a static device that transforms electrical energy from one voltage level to another without changing frequency. It works based on Faraday's law of mutual induction. 2) Power is generated at high voltages, stepped up further for long distance transmission, and stepped down to required voltages for end uses like homes, farms, and industries. 3) Transformers have various applications in power systems, electronics, and communication circuits by allowing voltage adjustments as needed.

Uploaded by

Aneesh Kaushal
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
81 views

Unit - V: Electrical Machines

The document discusses electrical transformers. It provides three key points: 1) A transformer is a static device that transforms electrical energy from one voltage level to another without changing frequency. It works based on Faraday's law of mutual induction. 2) Power is generated at high voltages, stepped up further for long distance transmission, and stepped down to required voltages for end uses like homes, farms, and industries. 3) Transformers have various applications in power systems, electronics, and communication circuits by allowing voltage adjustments as needed.

Uploaded by

Aneesh Kaushal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit - V

Electrical Machines

Transformer
Transformer is a highly efficient static device which transforms electrical energy from one voltage level to another voltage level without change of frequency. The working principle of transformer is based on the Faradeys law of mutual induction. Electrical power is normally generated at about 11-37 kV-stepped up at high voltage (400 kV or above) to transmit it over a long distance-again stepped down to the required voltage (230-400 V) for domestic, agriculture, industrial and commercial purposes.

Faradeys Law of Induction


Whenever there is a change in the flux-linkage of a coil, an emf is induced in the coil. The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional to the time rate of change of the flux-linkage and has the polarity such as to oppose the cause responsible for this change. e d/dt : flux-linkage = .N; N: no. of turns e N .d/dt e = N .d/dt (1)

Construction of Transformer

Transformer Core

Core & Shell type Transformer

The core-type transformer is more common in distribution network and shell-type transformer is used in transmission network for various techno-economical reasons.

Ideal Transformer
No copper losses. Winding resistance is zero. No core (Iron) losses The core has maximum permeability hence mmf required to maintain the main flux is very small. No leakage flux

Equation of EMF Induced in X-mer


e1 = N1 .d/dt = m sin t
Putting the value of in (1) e1 = N1. . m . sin (t 90) e1 = E1m . sin (t 90) E1m = N1. . m E1 = E1m/2 = N1. . m /2 = 4.44 f .N1. m Similarly E2 = 4.44 f .N2. m E1/E2 = N1/N2

Phasor Diagram
Primary mmf = secondary mmm I1N1 = I2N2
m m

At no load

on load

Applications of Transformer
Primarily in Electrical Power Systems, as stepup or step-down transformer. In television or computer monitor, to supply heater power to the filament of vacuum tube. Radio and television circuits, as input, interstage and output transformer. Communication circuits

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