International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)

Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022, pp. 256~266

ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v13.i1.pp256-266  256

Optimal control of a high gain DC- DC converter

Lopamudra Mitra1, Ullash Kumar Rout2

1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology (CET), Bhubaneswar, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Different types of power conditioning systems are mostly used with
renewable energy systems. As the output of solar photovoltaic (PV) is low
Received Nov 12, 2020 high voltage converters are required. These converters can be used for both
Revised Jan 24, 2022 standalone and grid tied systems. A high voltage gain DC-DC converter is
Accepted Jan 31, 2022 proposed which can be used with photovoltaic modules to get high output
voltage. This converter can provide a high voltage gain and a proportional
integral derivative (PID) controller is used to maintain the high output
Keywords: voltage of the proposed converter coupled with solar photovoltaic module.
The PID controller is first designed using classical Ziegler Nichol’s method
Bacteria foraging algorithm (ZN) and optimal control of the converter is obtained by using different
High gain DC-DC converter optimisation methods like particle swarm optimisation (PSO), bacteria
Particle swarm optimisation foraging algorithm (BFA) and its comparison is presented in this paper.
Photovoltaic systems
PID controller This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Lopamudra Mitra
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology
Bhubaneswar, India
Email: lopamudra.mitra2015@gmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION
As there is fast depletion of fossil fuels owing to its higher cost, renewable energy systems have to
be deployed to meet the power demand. But these renewable energy sources have to be integrated to the
power system network. For integration of these renewable energy systems power conditioning systems like
DC-DC converters or inverters are used. Renewable energy systems can be standalone type or grid tied type.
The high voltage, high power converters are required as the efficiency and the output of the solar
photovoltaic (PV) systems is low, hence high gain converters with higher power and efficiency are required.
There are different topologies of high gain DC-DC converters, both single stage and multi-stage are found in
literature. All these converters have both the advantages and limitations.
Mostly the high gain DC boost are used which are either non-isolated type or isolated type with
transformer. The topologies with isolation transformers suffer from lower efficiency and higher cost, weight
and volume in comparison to non-isolated type [1]. A switched capacitor topology of boost converter is used
to get high output voltage gain and efficiency, component count is high and has higher value of input ripple
current [2]. Other hybrid topologies found in literature with combination of switched capacitor and inductor
have low voltage stress on diodes and switches, also has low ripple current. But the main drawback is that
high output voltage cannot be gained [3], [4]. Other topologies found in literature have transformers for
isolation and high voltage stress on switches. The major drawback of high frequency transformer is the loss
due to parasitic capacitance. Also, the leakage inductance of the transformer leads to increase in voltage
spikes ultimately increase in operating volage, due to the switching operation of the converter. Undesired
volage regulation occurs due to drop across the leakage reactance with change in load. As for high voltage
applications, magnetic materials size cannot be reduced as I will require high insulation [5]−[19]. So, a new
non-isolated or transformer, high gain DC-DC converter is proposed as a solution.

Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  257

2. PROPOSED CONVERTER
As shown in Figure 1 the proposed converter is composed of metal oxide semiconductor field effect
transistor (MOSFET) switch S1, inductor Lm, resonant capacitor Cr, clamping capacitor Cc, resonant
inductor Lr, and diodes Do, D1 and Dr. Ro is the resistive load [20]−[23]. In this converter all the switches,
diodes are assumed to be ideal and a constant voltage source is considered. The modes of operation of this
converter are given as:
− Mode-I: At first the switch S1 is turned on and the inductor is energised from the input voltage and the
clamping capacitor charges the resonant capacitor Cr. The charged capacitor transfers energy to the load
when switch is off. The inductor current with resonant current provides the switch current.
− Mode-II: In this mode the switch is turned off and the leakage energy stored in the inductor in the
previous mode charges the clamping diode D1 and in turn Cc gets charged causing clamping of voltage of
the switch S1.
− Mode-III: After mode-II, the output diode Do is forward biased as the capacitor Cc got charged and the
energy stored in Lm and Cc is transferred to the load and diode D1 continues to conduct till Cc gets
discharged.
− Mode-IV: In this mode, D1 gets reverse biased and during steady state operation the capacitor Cr is
charged to maintain the balance.
− Mode-V: During this mode, the output diode gets reverse biased when the switch S1 is turned on again
and the next switching cycle begins. Figure 2 to Figure 6 shows all the modes of operation.

Figure 1. The proposed converter Figure 2. Mode-I Figure 3. Mode-II

Figure 4. Mode-III Figure 5. Mode-IV Figure 6. Mode-V

3. CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER

As solar PV system is an intermittent source, the output changes with the pv a controller is required
to maintain a constant output. The proposed converter is coupled with PV module to give high output
voltage. For closed loop control of a system proportional integral (PI) proportional derivative (PD),
proportional integral derivative (PID), proportional derivative (PDD). Are used and to reduce the steady state
error. PID controllers are mostly used to control non- linear systems. Three basic modes like proportional,
integral and derivative mode are used in this controller. For higher order system the proportional controller
cannot be used as basically they are used o stabilize first order systems. Forced oscillations cannot be
controlled P and on-off controller as compared to PI controller. But the response of PI controller becomes
sluggish when integral mode is included. PI controllers can be used for processes where faster response is not
required. Prediction of error is not possible in his controller. But by including a derivative mode future
prediction of error can be obtained and it also provides a faster response. Hence PID controller can be used in
non-linear systems like solar PV and it gives a faster response to any change in the input (D). There is also
reduction in error to almost zero (I). So PID controller has all the necessary characteristics required, hence
used in his work for closed loop control of the converter.
Optimal control of a high gain DC- DC converter (Lopamudra Mitra)
258  ISSN: 2088-8694

The output of the controller is given as:

𝑑𝑒(𝑡)
U(t) = Kpe(t) + Ki∫e(t)dt + Kd
𝑑𝑡

where,
e(t) : Input error signal
U(t) : Output signal

3.1. Design of PID controller using Ziegler Nichol’s method

State averaging technique: In order to obtain the steady state and dynamic responses of the complete
model of the converter. This technique is an important tool to design a power converter. By using his
technique a relationship between the sources, outputs and control parameters can be obtained. Large scale
changes in voltages and currents as the source, load or control inputs can be tracked by the averaged model
and also complicated models can be easily obtained. In this method 𝑣̃𝑜 and 𝑑̃𝑠 are small perturbations in the
output voltage 𝑣𝑜 and the switch duty ratio d; a small signal transfer function is given as 𝑣̃𝑜 /𝑑̃𝑠 . At first for
the switching states the sae variables are obtained. The inductor current and capacitor voltage are described
as state variable vector x. The small ac perturbation added to the DC value given as 𝑣𝑜= 𝑉𝑜 + 𝑣̃𝑜 . The state
equations during switch ON and OFF time are given as:

𝑥̇ = 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑣𝑑 (1)

𝑥̇ = 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑣𝑑 (2)

where A1 and A2 are state matrices, B1 and B2 are vectors, 𝑣𝑑 is the input voltage.
Also during the switching states the output voltage can be described in terms of state variables is
given as:

𝑣𝑜 = 𝐶1 𝑥 (3)

𝑣𝑜 = 𝐶2 𝑥 (4)

where C1 and C2 are transposed vectors.

The averaged model is given by the following equations over total switching period as:

𝑥̇ = [𝐴1 𝑑 + 𝐴2 (1 − 𝑑)]𝑥 + [𝐵1 𝑑 + 𝐵2 (1 − 𝑑)]𝑣𝑑 (5)

𝑣𝑜 = [𝐶1 𝑑 + 𝐶2 (1 − 𝑑)]𝑥 (6)

Finally the transfer function Tp(s) of the converter can be obtained in this form,

𝑣̃𝑜 (𝑠)
𝑇𝑃 (𝑠) = = 𝐶[𝑠𝐼 − 𝐴]−1 [(𝐴1 − 𝐴2 )𝑋 + (𝐵1 − 𝐵2 )𝑉𝑑 ] + (𝐶1 − 𝐶2 )𝑋 (7)
𝑑̃ (𝑠)

By using the state space averaging (SSA) technique the averaged matrices are obtained as:

𝐴 = 𝐴1 × 𝑑 + 𝐴2 × (1 − 𝑑)
𝐵 = 𝐵1 × 𝑑 + 𝐵2 × (1 − 𝑑)

𝐶 = 𝐶1 × 𝑑 + 𝐶2 × (1 − 𝑑)

𝐷 = 𝐷1 × 𝑑 + 𝐷2 × (1 − 𝑑)

The control transfer function is defined as the ratio of output voltage to duty ratio and it is obtained as (8).
𝑉𝑜(𝑠)
= 𝐶 × (𝑆𝐼 − 𝐴)−1 (𝐴1 − 𝐴2)𝑋 (8)
𝑑(𝑠)

Where

𝑋 = −𝐴−1 × 𝐵 × 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (9)

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 256-266
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  259

After state space averaging technique and state space analysis of the model and using MATLAB
program/.m file, the root locus plot of the converter is obtained as shown in Figure 7 and from the root locus
plot critical gain Kc and critical time period Tc was obtained [23]. To tune the parameters of the controller
Ziegler Nichols method is used. The Ziegler Nichols tuning method is a heuristic method of tuning a PID
controller [2]. To meet the performance requirements the controller parameters are tuned with the rules
suggested by Ziegler and Nichols as shown in Table 1 [24].

Figure 7. Root locus plot of the proposed converter without controller

Table 1. Ziegler nichol’s method of tuning

Type of controller Kp Ti Td
P 0.5Kc ∞ 0
PI 0.45Kc 0.82Tc 0
PID 0.6 Kc 0.5Tc 0.125Tc

The critical gain was found to be Kc=8.18x107. Here in the proposed converter, we will use PID
controller. So, the parameters are:

𝐾𝑝 = 0.6𝐾𝑐

𝑇𝑖 = 0.5𝑇𝑐

⇒ 𝑇𝑖 = 0.3685 × 10−7 Seconds

𝑇𝑑 = 0.125𝑇𝑐

⇒ 𝑇𝑑 = 0.0921 × 10−7 Seconds

𝐾𝑝
𝐾𝑖 = , 𝐾𝑑 = 𝐾𝑝 𝑇𝑑
𝑇𝑖

In this work PID controller is used to keep the output voltage constant, PID controller is used in this
work. The simulation diagram of the proposed converter with PID controller is shown in Figure 8 whose
parameters are tuned using Ziegler Nichols method. The output voltage of the high gain converter is 300V for
input voltage of 30V without controller is shown in Figure 9. Now with the use of PID controller; a constant
voltage of 300V is to be maintained for different input voltages. The simulation result is shown in Figure 10.
The Figure 10 shows output voltage of the converter is 299.2 V for input voltage of 30 V with PID controller.
When the proposed converter is coupled with the PV module as shown in Figure 11, the output voltage of the
converter changes as the PV output voltage change with the irradiance, hence PID controller is used to keep
the output voltage constant at 300V. The simulation results are shown in Figures 12 and 13. Table 2 shows
the output voltage of the converter with changing irradiance with PID controller designed by Ziegler Nichol’s
method.
Optimal control of a high gain DC- DC converter (Lopamudra Mitra)
260  ISSN: 2088-8694

Figure 8. Simulation diagram of the proposed DC-DC converter with PID controller

Figure 9. Output voltage of the high gain converter is 300 V for input voltage of 30 V without controller

Figure 10. Output voltage of the converter is 299.2 V for input voltage of 30 V with controller

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 256-266
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  261

m
a Continuous
k
C2
Diode2
Lm

k
m
+
Vpv
C ontrolled Voltage Source Diode1

a
Ppv

s
-
Insolation Ipv
i
+ -
Rvar
Scope3
+
m C urrent Measurement1
Vary ing R g m a 298.6
1000
- k
D S

+
PS Diode
Insolation PV MODULE L1 Display
Mosfet
Variable Resistor L2
R
-

C1
+ v
-
Voltage Measurement Scope
C3 R2

Repeating PID Controller

Sequence
PID(s)

<=

Relational
Operator 300
2.357
Insolation1
Display2
22.39

Display3

Figure 11. Simulation diagram of the proposed DC-DC converter with PID controller coupled with PV
module

Figure 12. Output voltage of the converter is 299.2 V with input voltage of 36.7 V from PV module with
irradiance 1000 W/m2

Figure 13. Output voltage of the Converter is 296.1 V with input voltage of 18.04 V from PV module with
irradiance 400 W/m2

Optimal control of a high gain DC- DC converter (Lopamudra Mitra)

262  ISSN: 2088-8694

Table 2. Output voltage of the converter with changing irradiance with pid controller designed by Ziegler
Nichol’s method
Irradiance Input Voltage Input Current Input Power Output Voltage Output Current Output Power Efficiency
in W/m2 (Vin) (Iin) (Pin ) (Vo) (Io) (Po) (%)
1000 36.78 3.872 142.4 299.2 0.45 134.64 94.5
800 33.48 3.524 118 299.2 0.37 110.7 93.81
600 26.82 2.823 75.73 296.1 0.242 71.65 94.61
400 18.04 1.899 34.25 296.1 0.1 29.61 86.45

3.2. Design and optimization of PID controller using PSO and BFA
− Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
In different areas of application artificial intelligence has emerged as an important tool to get a
global optimum solution. Different heuristic algorithms have been developed and found in literature. Particle
swarm optimization (PSO) is developed by Kennedy and Eberhart by considering the behavior of swarms of
bees, birds. All the limitations of genetic algorithm (GA) are overcome by this algorithm and can be applied
to applications here GA can be used [25].
The main characteristic of this algorithm is robustness in solving non-linear, non-differentiability
and high dimensional problems. A very less time is required to get the optimal solution of fitness function. In
this algorithm the movement of particles in search space is used o reach the optimal solution. By keeping the
track of particle co-ordinates the best solution Pbest is obtained. The overall best solution gbest and its location
obtained of the population. The velocity a each step changes to reach Pbest and gbest [26]-[29] as shown in
Figure 14. The particle is represented by Xi = (xi1, xi2,……, xiD) in the d-dimension search space. The
velocity of particle i is represented as Vi = (vi1, vi2, vi3, vi4,………………………………………….,viD).
Acceleration is weighted by a random term, with separate random numbers being generated for acceleration
toward Pbest and gbest. The position of the ith particle is then updated.

vid (t + 1) = ω × vid (t) + c1r1(Pid – xid (t)) + c2r2 (Pgd – xid(t)) (10)

xid (t + 1) = xid (t) + cvid(t + 1) (11)

Where, Pid and Pgd are Pbest and gbest. It is concluded that gbest version performs best in terms of median
number of iterations to converge [25]. In Figure 14 the particles xj,g are the particles in search space with
velocity vj,g moving with momentum updated to xj,g(t+1) and vj,g(t+1) respectively to reach the local best pbest
& global best gbest solution.

x(jt,+g1)
social part

pbest j
v(jt,+g1)
gbest
cognitive part

v(jt,)g
current motion
x(jt,)g momentum
influence
part

Figure 14. Description of velocity and position updates in particle swarm [25]

In complex multimodal search spaces particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique used to find the
optimal solution of non-differentiable cost functions. To optimise the parameters of the PID controller to get
the constant output voltage from the proposed converter coupled with the intermittent source PV, PSO is
used as ouput changes with irradiance. The objective function is expressed as (12).
𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑚
𝐹 = ∫0 |∆𝑣𝑜 |. 𝑡. 𝑑𝑡 (12)

Where
∆vo = change in output voltage
tsim = time period of simulation

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 256-266
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  263

The PID controller is designed to reduce the settling time, maximum overshoot and the error by minimizing
the objective function considered. The objective function for the problem is given as:
Minimize F,
Subject to,
Kpmin <= Kp <= Kpmax
Kimin <= Ki <= Kimax
Kdmin <= Kd <= Kdmax
In this work PSO program has been written in the MATLAB 7.18.0.m file. The simulation model of
PV module coupled with the DC-DC converter is developed in SIMULINK environment. This simulation
runs for every particle in the search space to compute the objective function. The simulation results are
shown in Figures 15 and 16. Figures 15 and 16 shows the output voltage waveforms of the converter, where
the PID controller is optimized using PSO so that the output voltage remains constant for different values of
input voltage due to different irradiance values. The results are shown in Table 3 for output voltage of the
converter with changing irradiance with PID controller tuned by PSO.

Figure 15. Output voltage of the converter is 299.9 V Figure 16. Output voltage of the converter is 299.9V
with input voltage of 36.7 V from PV module with with input voltage of 26.82 V from PV module with
irradiance 1000 W/m2 irradiance 600 W/m2

Table 3. Output voltage of the converter with changing irradiance with PID controller tuned by PSO
Irradiance Input Voltage Input Current Input Power Output Output Output Power Efficiency
in W/m2 (Vin) in Volts (Iin) in (Pin ) in Watt Voltage (Vo) Current (Io) in (Po) in Watt (%)
Ampere in Volts Ampere
1000 36.78 3.872 142.4 299.9 0.45 136.7 95.99
800 33.48 3.524 118 299.9 0.37 113.28 96
600 26.82 2.823 75.73 299.9 0.242 72.70 95.99
400 18.04 1.899 34.25 299.9 0.1 32.88 96

− Bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA)

This is another optimization algorithm which uses he foraging technique of E. coli bacteria. In this
algorithm four components of bacteria foraging is used, they are chemo taxis, swarming, reproduction and
elimination-dispersal. Using this energy intake per unit time of E.coli bacteria is increased.
− Chemo-taxis
In this process two movements swimming and tumbling of E. coli is simulated, where i alternate
between these movements. Suppose θi(j,k,l) represents ith bacterium at jth chemo tactic, kth reproductive and lth
elimination-dispersal step. C(i) is the size of the step taken in the random direction specified by the tumble (run
length unit). Hence in this process of chemo taxis the movement of the bacterium may be represented by (3).
∆𝑖
𝜃𝑗 (𝑗 + 1, 𝑘, 𝑙) = 𝜃𝑖 (𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙) + 𝐶(𝑖) (13)
√∆𝑡 (𝑖)∆(𝑖)

− Swarming
In this movement groups are formed and E. coli bacteria arrange in rings and form concentric swarm
patterns with high bacterial density. He communication between the cells is represented by the following
function.

𝐽𝑐𝑐 (𝜃, 𝑃(𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙) = ∑𝑆𝑖=1 𝐽𝑐𝑐 (𝜃𝑖 (𝑗, 𝑘, 𝑙)

Optimal control of a high gain DC- DC converter (Lopamudra Mitra)

264  ISSN: 2088-8694

)𝑖 𝑖
∑ 𝑃𝑚 =1(𝜃𝑚 −𝜃𝑚 )2
𝐽𝑐𝑐= ∑𝑆𝑖=1[−𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑟 𝑒 (−𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ] + ∑𝑆𝑖=1[−ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑒 (−𝑤𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∑ 𝑃𝑚 =1(𝜃𝑚−𝜃𝑚 )2 ]

Where Jcc(θ, P(j, k, l) is the objective function value to be added to the actual objective function (to be
minimized) to present a time varying objective function, S is the total number of bacteria, p is the number of
variables to be optimized, which are present in each bacterium and θ=[θ 1,θ2,…,θp is a point in the p
dimensional search domain.
− Reproduction
In this method a healthy E. coli bacterium asexually splits into two bacteria at the location where the
unhealthy bacteria die to maintain the swarm size.
− Elimination and dispersal
In this process a group of bacteria can be killed or dispersed to a new location due to change in
environment.
− Size of population ‘S’
It takes more computation time if population size is increased but optimal solution can be obtained
as he concentration of will be more a particular location.
Length of chemo tactic step ‘C(i)’ has to be selected carefully, if a large value is selected then local minima
can be missed out else if low value then it will take more time to converge. C(i) is like a “step size” for the
algorithm.
− Chemo tactic step ‘Nc’
If the size of Nc and number of reproduction steps ‘Nre’ is too small, the algorithm may converge
earlier. Again, the elimination and dispersal number ‘Ned’ should not have a low value then random
elimination-dispersal events will not be accounted for finding better nutrients. The formation of swarms
depending on the availability of the nutrients affects the cell-to-cell attractant functions ‘Jcc’. And the
selection of proper value of the elimination dispersal probability p ed leads to attainment of global optimum
solution [30]−[31]. The BFA program has been written in the MATLAB 7.18.m file. The PV system model
coupled with the DC-DC converter under study is developed in SIMULINK environment. The simulation is
done for every particle in the search space for computing the objective function as shown in Figures 17 and
18. Figures 17 and 18 shows the output voltage waveforms of the converter, where the PID controller is
tuned using BFA so that the output voltage remains constant for different values of input voltage due to
different irradiance values. The results are shown in Table 4 for output voltage of the converter with
changing irradiance with PID controller tuned by BFA.

350

300

250
Output Voltage(V)

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec)

Figure 17. Output voltage of the Converter is 299.8 V with input voltage of 36.7 V from PV module with
irradiance 1000 W/m2

350

300

250
Output Voltage(V)

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (sec)

Figure 18. Output voltage of the Converter is 299.8 V with input voltage of 22.51 V from PV module with
irradiance 600 W/m2

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 256-266
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694  265

Table 4. Output voltage of the converter with changing irradiance with PID controller tuned by BFA
Irradiance Input Voltage Input Current Input Power Output Output Output Efficiency
in W/m2 (Vin) (Iin) (Pin ) Voltage (Vo) Current (Io) Power (Po) (%)
1000 36.78 3.872 142.4 299.8 0.45 134.91 94.7
800 33.48 3.524 118 299.8 0.37 110.92 94
600 26.82 2.823 75.73 299.8 0.242 72.55 95.8
400 18.04 1.899 34.25 299.8 0.1 29.98 87.5

4. CONCLUSION
In this work a DC-DC converter is coupled with the PV system to obtain the high output voltage.
The designed high gain DC-DC converter is connected to the PV module, which gives high output voltage
but it changes with the change in irradiance. In order to keep the output voltage constant at 300 V for
different input voltages with changing irradiance a PID controller is used. At first Ziegler Nichols method is
used to tune its parameters. Then the controller parameters are optimized PSO, the results shows the steady
state is reached earlier than the parameters obtained by Ziegler Nichol’s method. Also, the output voltage
remains constant at 299.9 V for very low input voltage to the converter. The parameters of the PID controller
are also optimized using BFA and the output voltage of the converter remains constant at 299.8 V for
different input voltage from solar PV, also the peak overshoot is also reduced compared to PSO. A
comparative analysis of these techniques, results and analysis are presented. From this work it can be
concluded that this converter can be used with PV systems and a controller can be designed using the
optimization techniques which will lead to an optimal control of the output as per the requirements.

REFERENCES
[1] H. Ardi, A. Ajami and M. Sabahi, “A Novel High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Continuous Input Current Integrating
Coupled Inductor for Renewable Energy Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 1306-
1315, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2733476.
[2] P. Wang, L. Zhou, Y. Zhang, J. Li and M. Sumner, “Input-Parallel Output-Series DC-DC Boost Converter With a Wide Input
Voltage Range, For Fuel Cell Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 7771-7781, 2017, doi:
10.1109/TVT.2017.2688324.
[3] M. Lakshmi and S. Hemamalini, “Nonisolated High Gain DC–DC Converter for DC Microgrids,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 1205-1212, 2018, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2017.2733463.
[4] M. A. Salvador, T. B. Lazzarin and R. F. Coelho, “High Step-Up DC–DC Converter With Active Switched-Inductor and Passive
Switched-Capacitor Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 65, no. 7, pp. 5644-5654, 2018, doi:
10.1109/TIE.2017.2782239.
[5] S. Mohammadsalehian, F. Sedaghati, R. Eskandari, H. Shayeghi and E. S. Asl, “A Modified Double Input Z-source DC-DC
Converter for Standalone PV/Battery System Application,” 11th Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference
(PEDSTC), 2020, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/PEDSTC49159.2020.9088453.
[6] A. H. A. Biglo, S. Farzamkia, S. Farhangi and H. I. Eini, “Utilization of Soft-Switched Boost Converter for MPPT Application in
Photovoltaic Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverter,” 11th Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference
(PEDSTC), 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PEDSTC49159.2020.9088432.
[7] D. -Y. Jung, S. -H. Hwang, Y. -H. Ji, J. -H. Lee, Y. -C. Jung and C. -Y. Won, “Soft-Switching Bidirectional DC/DC Converter
with a LC Series Resonant Circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1680-1690, 2013, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2012.2208765.
[8] T. Zhan, Y. Zhang, J. Nie, Y. Zhang and Z. Zhao, “A Novel Soft-Switching Boost Converter With Magnetically Coupled
Resonant Snubber,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 11, pp. 5680-5687, 2014, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2013.2295887.
[9] W. Yu et al., “High efficiency converter with charge pump and coupled inductor for wide input photovoltaic AC module
applications,” IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 2009, pp. 3895-3900, doi: 10.1109/ECCE.2009.5316154.
[10] W. Li, Y. Zhao, Y. Deng and X. He, “Interleaved Converter With Voltage Multiplier Cell for High Step-Up and High-Efficiency
Conversion,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 9, pp. 2397-2408, 2010, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2010.2048340.
[11] Y. Zhao, W. Li, Y. Deng and X. He, “Analysis, Design, and Experimentation of an Isolated ZVT Boost Converter With Coupled
Inductors,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 541-550, 2011, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2010.2065815.
[12] K. I. Hwu and W. Z. Jiang, “Voltage Gain Enhancement for a Step-Up Converter Constructed by KY and Buck-Boost
Converters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 4, pp. 1758-1768, 2014, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2013.2263779.
[13] E. Adib and H. Farzanehfard, “Analysis and Design of a Zero-Current Switching Forward Converter With Simple Auxiliary
Circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 144-150, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2010.2096478.
[14] Qun Zhao and F. C. Lee, “High-efficiency, high step-up DC-DC converters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 18,
no. 1, pp. 65-73, 2003, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2002.807188.
[15] W. Qian, J. G. Cintrón-Rivera, F. Z. Peng and D. Cao, “A multilevel dc-dc converter with high voltage gain and reduced
component rating and count,” Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), 2011,
pp. 1146-1152, doi: 10.1109/APEC.2011.5744738.
[16] Q. Li and P. Wolfs, “A Review of the Single Phase Photovoltaic Module Integrated Converter Topologies With Three Different
DC Link Configurations,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1320-1333, 2008, doi:
10.1109/TPEL.2008.920883.
[17] J. M. K. Won, B. H. K. Won and K. H. Nam, “High-efficiency module-integrated photovoltaic power conditioning system,” IET
Power Electronics, vol 2, no. 4, pp. 410-420, 2009, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2008.920883.

Optimal control of a high gain DC- DC converter (Lopamudra Mitra)

266  ISSN: 2088-8694

[18] A. S. Nithya and G. D. A. Jebeselvi, “Design and Implementation of High Step-up DC to DC Converter with Soft Switching
Method,” Department of Electronics and Control Engineering, Sathyabama University, Chennai, India 2015, doi:
10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2015.23.ssps.32.
[19] K. P. Panda, P. R. Bana, P. Sanjeevikumar, G. Panda, Z. Leonowicz, and M. Mitolo; “A Single-Source High-Gain Switched-
Capacitor Multilevel Inverter with Inherent Voltage Balancing,” IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical
Engineering 2020, doi: 10.1109/EEEIC/ICPSEurope49358.2020.9160624.
[20] M. Lopamudra, and U. K. Rout, “Performance analysis of a new high gain dc-dc converter interfaced with solar photovoltaic
module,” Renewable Energy Focus, vol-19-20, pp. 63-74, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ref.2017.05.001.
[21] L. Mitra and U. K. Rout, “Single switched inductor capacitor coupled transformerless high gain converter for PV application,”
IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), 2016, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICPES.2016.7584017.
[22] A. Ahmad, R. K. Singh, and A. R. Beig, “Switched-Capacitor Based Modified Extended High Gain Switched Boost Z-Source
Inverters,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 179918 – 179928,2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2959136.
[23] L. Mitra and N. Swain, “Closed loop control of solar powered boost converter with PID controller,” IEEE International
Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), 2014, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/PEDES.2014.7041973.
[24] J. G. Ziegler and N. B. Nichols, “Optimum settings for automatic controllers,” Transaction of ASME, vol. 64, pp. 759-768, 1942,
doi:10.1115/1.2899060.
[25] Eberhart and Yuhui Shi, “Particle swarm optimization: developments, applications and resources,” Proceedings of the 2001
Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.01TH8546), 2001, pp. 81-86 vol. 1, doi: 10.1109/CEC.2001.934374.
[26] J. Zhao, T. Li and J. Qian, “Application of particle swarm optimization algorithm on robust PID controller tuning,” Advances in
Natural Computation - Springer, vol. 3612, pp. 948-957, 2005, doi: 10.1007/11539902_118.
[27] J. Danijel B. ,Ozren and G. Frano, “GA Optimized AVR Controller with Higher Degree of Freedom of Tuning of Wanted
Response,” International Review of Automatic Control, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1689-1698, 2015, doi:
https://doi.org/10.15866/ireaco.v8i1.5244.
[28] J. Dash, B. Dam and R. Swain, “Optimal design of linear phase multi-band stop filters using improved cuckoo search particle
swarm optimization,” Applied Soft Computing, vol. 52, pp. 435-445, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2016.10.024.
[29] J. Dash, B. Dam, and R. Swain, “Design of multipurpose digital FIR double-band filter using hybrid firefly differential evolution
algorithm,” Applied Soft Computing, pp. 529-545, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.asoc.2017.06.025.
[30] C Liu, J Wang and J. Y. T “LeungWorker assignment and production planning with learning and forgetting in manufacturing cells
by hybrid bacteria foraging algorithm,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, pp. 162-179, 2016,doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2016.03.020.
[31] D. Wang, X. Qian, X. Ban, B. Ma, Y. Ma and Z. Lv, “Enhanced Bacterial Foraging Optimization Based on Progressive
Exploitation Toward Local Optimum and Adaptive Raid,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 95725-95738, 2019, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2927327.

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Lopamudra Mitra currently working as Sr. Assistant Professor in the

Department of Electrical Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar. She
received her B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from National Institute of
Science and Technology and M.Tech with specialization in Power Electronics and Drives
from KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. She had completed her PhD from KIIT University,
Bhubaneswar. Presently carrying her research in the area of Power Electronics and Renewable
Energy Systems. She can be contacted at email: lopamudra.mitra2015@gmail.com.

Ullash Kumar Rout is currently working as Associate Professor in the

department of Electrical Engineering, CET, Bhubaneswar. He received his B. Tech. in
Electrical Engineering from Utkal University, M. Tech. in Power System from IIT Kanpur,
and Ph.D. in Energy System from University of Stuttgart, Germany. He has around 15 years of
research experience in energy system modelling and 15 years in teaching. His research interest
includes energy system and power system. He can be contacted at email:
ullashrout@rediffmail.com.

Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 13, No. 1, March 2022: 256-266