INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 239

Volume : 4 | Issue : 5 | May 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X

RESEARCH PAPER
A High Voltage Gain DC To DC Converter For
Distributed Generation Systems with MPPT
Controller
Mayamol.S R.Mullaiventhan
PG Scholar, Department of EEE, Maharaja Institute of
Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Maharaja
Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu..
KEYWORDS
Distributed Generation, MPPT, coupled inductor
Engineering
ABSTRACT This paper presents, a high voltage gain dcdc converter for distributed generation (DG) systems with MPPT
controller. A high step-up ratio and clamp- mode converter are proposed to achieve high voltage gain and
high efciency. This can be obtained by using two capacitors and one coupled inductor. During the switch-off period, the
capacitors are charged in parallel and during the switch-on period they are discharged in series by the energy stored in the
coupled inductor. A passive clamp circuit is used to recycle the leakage inductor energy of the coupled inductor, thus volt-
age stress on the main switch is reduced. The control method for the circuit is implemented using a MPPT controller which
tracks the maximum power of the sources. The converter is suitable for high power applications because of the reduced
conduction loss and low input current ripple. The operating principle and MATLAB simulations are discussed in detail.
I. INTRODUCTION
Distributed generation systems based on renewable energy
sources have an important role in recent power generation.
It is a technique that employs small-scale technologies like
photovoltaic (PV) cells, fuel cells and wind power to produce
electricity close to the end users of power. Compared to tra-
ditional power generators, distributed generators can pro-
vide lower-cost electricity and higher power reliability and
security with fewer environmental consequences .But these
are low voltage sources, thus high step-up dc-dc converters
with good efciency are necessary for connecting these for
high voltage applications.
For high voltage applications pv cells can connect series but
it will suffer shadow effect. To step from low voltage to high
voltage, high step-up dc-dc converters are usually used as
the front-end converters which are required to have a large
conversion ratio, high efciency and small volume. Theoreti-
cally the conventional boost converter can provide a high
step-up voltage gain with a duty cycle greater than 0.9.
But in practice, it cannot achieve a high voltage gain with
parasitic parameter limitations.
Many step- up converters have been proposed to improve
the conversion efciency .The switched capacitor technique
can provide a high step-up voltage gain, but the conduction
loss and voltage stress on the switch is more.
The coupled inductor technique can be used to obtain a high
step-up gain, but the conversion efciency is limited by the
leakage inductor.
II. MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
Maximum Power Point Tracking is a technique that grid con-
nected inverters, solar battery chargers and similar devices
used to get maximum possible power from one or more pv
devices. The purpose of the MPPT systems is to sample the
output of the cells and apply the proper load to obtain maxi-
mum power for any given environmental conditions.
MP PT CONTROLLER
MPPT controller is an electronic system that operates the pv
modules in a manner that allows the module to produce all
the power they are capable of. It is a fully electronic system
that varies the electrical operating point of the modules so
that, the modules are able to deliver maximum available
power.
MPPT ALGORITHM
MPPT algorithms are necessary because PV arrays have a non
linear voltage current characteristic with a unique point. The
main problem solved by the MPPT algorithms is to automati-
cally nd the panel operating voltage that allows maximum
power output. Different types of algorithms are
Constant voltage MPPT algorithm
Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT algorithm
Incremental Conductance (INC) MPPT algorithm
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed converter combines the switched capacitor
and coupled inductor techniques. A high step-up ratio and
clamp-mode converter are purposed, to achieve a high volt-
age gain and high efciency. The switching circuit is formed
by using two capacitors and two diodes and connected to
the secondary side of the coupled inductor to achieve a high
voltage gain. The capacitors are charged in parallel and dis-
charged in series by the coupled inductor. A passive clamp
circuit is used to clamp the voltage level on the switch. By
properly adjusting the coupling of the inductors, the input
current ripple can be reduced. .
Fig.1. Equivalent circuit of the converter

III. OPERATING PRINCIPLE
There are two modes of operation for the proposed convert-
er, Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous
Conduction Mode (DCM). The power ow direction of each
mode can be explained in the following analysis.
CCM OPERATION
There are ve operating modes in one switching period in
240 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH
Volume : 4 | Issue : 5 | May 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X
RESEARCH PAPER
the case of CCM operation. They are described as follows.
Mode I: During this mode, Switch S and diodes D2 and D3
are turned on. Diodes D1 and Do are turned off. The second-
ary-side current of the coupled inductor is decreased linearly
due to the leakage inductor Lk. Energy to load R is provided
by output capacitor Co. This operating mode ends at current
iD2 equals zero.
Mode II: In this mode, S and Do turned on. Diode D1, D2,
and D3 are turned off. Energy generated by the source Vin is
stored by magnetizing inductor Lm. Through the coupled in-
ductor, some of the energy of source Vin transfers to the sec-
ondary side. Vin, VC1, VC2, and VC3, which are connected
in series, discharge to high-voltage output capacitor Co and
load R because of the induced voltage VL2 on the secondary
side of the coupled inductor. When switch S is turned off, this
operating mode ends.
Mode III: During this mode, S and Diode D1, D2, and D3 are
turned off .Do is turned on. The parasitic capacitor Cds of
main switch S is charged by the energies of leakage induc-
tor Lk and magnetizing inductor Lm. Co provides its energy
to load R. This operating mode ends when diode D1 con-
ducts.
Mode IV: In this mode S and diodes D2 and D3 are turned
off. Diodes D1 and Do are turned on. The clamp capacitor
C1 is charged by the energies of leakage inductor Lk and
magnetizing inductor Lm. The leakage inductor energy is
recycled and current through Lk decreases quickly. High-
voltage output capacitor Co and load R are charged in se-
ries by the secondary-side voltage VL2 of the coupled equal
to zero. Diodes D2 and D3 start to turn on. This operating
mode ends when current through output diode is equal to
zero.
5) Mode V: During this mode, S and Do are turned off. Di-
ode D1, D2, and D3 are turned on. Output capacitor is dis-
charged to load R. Clamp capacitor C1 inductor until the
secondary current of the coupled inductor is charged by the
energies of leakage inductor Lk and magnetizing inductor
Lm Capacitors C2 and C3 are charged by released energy
of the magnetizing inductor Lm via the secondary side of the
coupled inductor. Thus, capacitors C2 and C3 are charged
in parallel. When S is turned on at the beginning of the next
switching period, this mode ends.
DCM OPERATION
Leakage inductor Lk of the coupled inductor is neglected to
simplify the analysis of DCM operation. In DCM operation,
there are three modes and are described as follows.
Mode I: During this mode S is turned on. The magnetizing
inductor Lm stores the energy from dc source Vin. The input
energy is transferred to the secondary side of the coupled
inductor, which is connected with capacitors C2 and C3 in
series to provide their energies to output capacitor Co and
load R. This mode ends when S is turned off.
Mode II: In this mode, S is turned off. Magnetizing induc-
tor energy transfers its energy to capacitors C1, C2, and C3.
Output capacitor Co provides its energy to load R. This mode
ends when the energy stored in Lm is depleted.
Mode III: During this mode, S remains turned off. The energy
stored in Co is discharged to load R, because the energy
stored in Lm is depleted. This mode ends when S is turned
on.
IV. BASIC SIMULATION
The converter proposed can be simulated with MATLAB soft-
ware.

Fig.2. Simulink model
The input and output voltage and current waveforms for the
simulation are as shown gure below. An input voltage of
24V is applied. It is rectied and then regulated. The output
voltage and current are obtained as 410V and 0.06mA. .
Fig.3. Output voltage waveform

Fig. 4. Output current waveform

V SIMULATION WITH MPPT CONTROLLER
The converter proposed is for distributed generation sys-
tems so it can be simulated in MATLAB software with a pv
array as input. MPPT controller is used to get the maxi-
mum output. The simulink model of the system is shown
in gure 5
INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 241
Volume : 4 | Issue : 5 | May 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X
RESEARCH PAPER
Fig.5. Simulink model

The algorithm used in this circuit is Constant Voltage MPPT
algorithm. The simulink model of the MPPT algorithm and PI
controller are shown in gure 3 and gure 4.
Fig.6. Simulink model for MPPT algorithm
Fig.7. Simulink model for PI controller

The input to the converter is of the PV array, that can be
depends on the environmental factors such as temperature
and irradiation. The input voltage wave form is shown in
gure 8.

Fig.8. Input voltage wave form

The output voltage and current wave forms are shown in g-
ure 9 and gure 10.
Fig.9. Output voltage wave form
Fig.10. Output current wave form

TABLE 1: COMPARISON OF SIMULATION RESULTS
PARAMETER
MEASURED
BASIC SIMULA-
TION
WITH MPPT CON-
TROLLER
Input voltage 24V 20V
Output voltage 410V 360V
Output current 0.06mA 0.052mA
VI. ADVANTAGES OF PROPOSED SYSTEM
The converter is characterized by a low input current ripple
and low conduction losses, making it suitable for high-power
applications.
The converter achieves the high step-up voltage gain that
distributed generation systems require.
Leakage energy is recycled and sent to the output terminal,
and alleviates large voltage spikes on the main switch.
242 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH
Volume : 4 | Issue : 5 | May 2014 | ISSN - 2249-555X
RESEARCH PAPER
The main switch voltage stress of the converter is substan-
tially lower than that of the output voltage.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper a novel high step-up dc-dc converter for DG
systems are discussed. By using the capacitor charged in par-
allel and discharged in series by the coupled inductor this
converter provide high step-up voltage gains and high ef-
ciency. It also has low input current ripple and low conduc-
tion losses, making it suitable for high power applications.
The turn ratio of the coupled inductor is 1:4, but the output
voltage of the converter is 16 times greater than the input
voltage. The simulation result with MPPT controller is also has
a high voltage gain, reveals the converter is suitable for high
power applications.
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