Contents

Foreword Downloading and Installing Acquiring GeoGebra . Installing . . . . . . . Necessary Files . . . . Running GeoGebra . . . . . Launching . . . . . . . The GeoGebra Toolbar Algebra Input . . . . . . . . Commands . . . . . . Direct Input . . . . . . ii 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 6 6 7

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Foreword
The Regional Centre for Excellence in Mathematics Teaching and Learning (CEMTL) is one of six projects that form the Regional Approach to Outstanding Teaching, Learning and Learner Support for the Shannon Consortium. CEMTL aims to develop and implement a comprehensive regional mathematics and numeracy enhancement strategy. To that end the following material has been created not only to assist the mathematics education of all mathematics learners in second and third level institutions but also to enhance the instruction of mathematics by teachers and lecturers in Ireland. Please be advised that the material contained in this document is for information purposes only. The information has been peer-reviewed and is correct and accurate at the time of publishing. CEMTL will endeavour to update the information contained in this document on a regular basis. Finally, CEMTL holds copyright on the information contained in this document, unless otherwise stated. Copyright on any third-party materials found in this document or on the CEMTL website must also be respected. If you wish to obtain permission to reproduce CEMTL materials please contact us via the CEMTL website.

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An Introduction to GeoGebra
Downloading and Installing
Acquiring GeoGebra
GeoGebra is an application for exploring and demonstrating Geometry and Algebra. It is an open source application and is freely available for non-commercial use. There are currently versions available for Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and other javaenabled platforms. To start GeoGebra go to http://www.geogebra.org where you will see links to Webstart or Download. The Webstart option downloads the necessary java les to your computer and starts the application immediately. The advantage of choosing this option is that the application is always up to date. The Download option downloads les to your computer which you must then install. The big advantage here is that you can continue to work o-line.

Installing
The installation process is very straightforward. After you have downloaded on a Windows machine or on a Mac just double-click the downloaded le. An Install Wizard will guide you through every step. It is strongly advised that you select the typical conguration when given the choice. Full instructions are given on the GeoGebra site.

Necessary Files
GeoGebra is a java application. You must have at least version 1.4.2 of Java. If you are using Windows or Linux you can get this from Suns Java website. If you are using a Mac you can get it from Apples website.

Running GeoGebra
Launching
Double click the GeoGebra icon on your desktop to start the application. You will be presented with a launch screen as shown in Figure 1. The exact details may depend on the type of Operating System that you are using but the buttons along the top, the clear space at the left, the drawing pad at the right, the input eld, symbols ( ), Greek letters () and the Command menu will be common to all systems.

An Introduction to GeoGebra

Figure 1: Launch Screen for GeoGebra The button menu along the top (see Figure 2) contains a submenu of actions. By clicking on the down-pointing arrow at the bottom right corner of any of these buttons the submenu is displayed. The following section explains each of these submenus in more detail.

Figure 2: Buttons for GeoGebra

An Introduction to GeoGebra

The GeoGebra Toolbar

Move The rst button here allows you to select a previously drawn object and move it around the drawing area. The second button in this menu allows you to select a point as a centre of rotation and rotate any object around it. New Point The three buttons in the next menu allow you to construct dierent types of points. The rst button allows you to put a point anywhere in the drawing area. The second button allows you to select two dierent curves and nd their point of intersection. The third button constructs the midpoint of a line segment. Line through two points The next tool has eight dierent buttons. These construct dierent types of lines and polygons. The rst button draws an innite line through two selected points. The second button draws a line segment between two selected points. The third button draws a line segment of a given length from a specic point. The fourth button draws a ray through two points. The fth button draws a vector between two points. The sixth button allows you to draw a vector parallel to a given vector. The seventh button, the polygon tool, allows you to construct a closed polygon. The last button, the regular polygon tool, allows you to draw a regular polygon. Perpendicular line There are six buttons under the Perpendicular line tool. These allow you to draw specic types of lines. The rst button allows you to draw a line perpendicular to a given line. The second button draws a line parallel to a previously constructed line. The third button, the Line bisector, is used to bisect a line segment. The fourth button, Angular bisector, bisects a previously constructed angle. The fth button is Tangents. This button can draw tangents to a circle, a conic or the graph of a previously dened function. The sixth button is the Polar or diameter line button. 3

An Introduction to GeoGebra

Circle with center through point The nine buttons in the next menu allow you to construct circles, arcs, sectors and conics. The rst button, Circle with center through point, works by either clicking on the point you want to be the centre of the circle or clicking on some blank space to create such a point. Release the mouse button. Move the mouse and you will see a circle in the process of construction. When you click the mouse again the circle is nished. The second button in this menu is Circle with center and radius. Click on the required centre. A menu appears asking you for the radius. Enter the required value and press the Return key. The desired circle is drawn. The third button is called Circle through three points. Select this tool and click on three dierent points. The circle through these points is constructed. The fourth button, Semicircle through two points, does exactly what it says. Click with it in two dierent places to construct the semicircle with that line segment as diameter. The fth button here is Circular arc with center through two points. Click somewhere with this button to construct the centre of the circle. Click again to create the rst point of the arc. If you move the mouse anti-clockwise you will see an arc being constructed. When you click again the arc is completed. The sixth button, Circumcircular arc through three points, draws an arc through any three points. To use this button click in three dierent places. Three points and the arc passing through them are constructed. The seventh and eighth buttons do for sectors what the fth and sixth buttons do for arcs. The nal button, Conic through ve points, works by allowing you to select 5 dierent points on the screen. It then calculates and plots the conic section passing through all 5 points. Angle The eight buttons in this menu deal mainly with measurement. The rst button, Angle, is used to construct and measure the angle between three points. The second button is Angle with given size. Select this tool and click to create the vertex of the arm of an angle. The next click gives the point at the angle. At this point a menu appears where you will be asked to select angle size and direction. The third button, Distance or length, has several functions. If you use this button and click on two previously constructed points it will give you the distance between them. The function of this button is to measure the length of a line segment. The fourth button is called Area. Use this button on a polygon, circle or conic to display the area of the gure. The fth button, Slope, will display the slope of a selected line or line segment. 4

An Introduction to GeoGebra The sixth button, Slider, allows us to construct variables which can be changed in Dynamic worksheets. The seventh button, Check box to show and hide objects, is another button to control what is displayed on the screen. The nal button in this section is called Locus. This tool allows you to select a point, B, that depends in some way on a previously created point, A. Using the locus tool on B rst and then A will construct the locus of B subject to the given conditions. Mirror object at point These ve buttons are concerned with geometric transformations. The rst button, Mirror object at point, performs a central symmetry. Select the object that you want to perform the symmetry on, choose the centre of symmetry, the mirror image is then constructed. The button, Mirror object at line, works the same way for an axial symmetry. The next button, Rotate object around point by angle , needs you to select the object to be rotated and the centre of rotation. A menu will then appear asking for the size of the angle. You can enter a number or the variable name of a previously constructed angle. The default rotation is anti-clockwise. Translate object by vector performs the translation of an object while Dilate object from point by factor performs a dilation. Insert text There are three buttons in this menu. The rst, Insert text allows you to place text anywhere on the page. When you select this tool and click on the drawing pad a menu like the one on the bottom right appears. The button with the degree symbol helps you to enter mathematical symbols while the button with on it contains the Greek alphabet. These two allow you to enter most things that you will need. The Insert image button allows you to import various types of images into your worksheet. Once the image is imported it is treated as an ordinary object and you can use various tools on it. In particular, all the geometric transformation tools will work. This allows you to prepare an image in your favourite drawing application and then use it in GeoGebra. The Relation between two objects button tells you the relation between a limited set of objects. It will let you nd out if two objects are equal, if a point lies on a line or a conic, or if a line is tangent or secant to a conic.

An Introduction to GeoGebra

Move drawing pad Most of the buttons under this tool are self explanatory. The Move drawing pad button allows you to drag the whole drawing pad wherever you like. The Zoom in button zooms in on portions of your drawing. The Zoom out button zooms out on portions of your drawing. The Show / hide object is a little more complicated. Use the button to click on the object that you want to show or hide. Nothing appears to happen. Now select any other tool. At this point the change you wanted occurs. If you click on an object with the Show / hide label button the label will disappear or appear. The Copy visual style button is a very convenient one. Suppose that you have drawn a diagram where you assigned a particular colour to an object. Later you may want to use the same colour on another object, maybe a descriptive piece of text. If you use this style to click on the rst object it will apply that objects style to the object you click on next. Delete object deletes any object you click on when using it. Be very careful before you use this tool. It will delete not only the object you select but also any objects that depended on the selected object during their construction. Unless you are sure that you want to delete an object it is usually a much safer option to hide it.

Algebra Input
Commands
GeoGebra contains a set of internal commands and functions. These can be entered directly by using the box beside the word Input. This is called the Command window. The internal commands that GeoGebra currently accepts are given in Table 1. There are other commands available also that you can examine at your leisure in the GeoGebra help le. With these commands you can draw many types of graph that are not possible by just using the Geometry toolbar buttons. For example if you enter sin(x) into the Command window and press the Enter key you will nd that the graph of sin x is drawn on the screen. The command Function[sin(x),0,2 pi] will draw the graph of sin x from 0 to 2 . Note the use of the square brackets and the space between the number 2 and the constant pi. We are now going to look at the ways that we can use direct input, entered into the Command window, to perform many dierent constructions and operations. 6

An Introduction to GeoGebra

Operation Addition/Subtraction Multiplication or Scalar Product Division Exponentiation Factorial Parentheses x/y-coordinate of the point A Absolute value Sign Square root Cube root Random number between 0 and 1 Exponential function Logarithm (natural) log2 log10 Cosine/Sine/Tangent functions cos1 sin1 tan1 cosh sinh tanh cosh1 tanh1 Greatest integer less than or equal to x Least integer greater than or equal to x round

Command +/* or space / ! () x(A)/y(A) abs( ) sign( ) sqrt( ) cbrt( ) random( ) exp( ) or ex ln( ) or log( ) ld( ) lg( ) cos( )/sin( )/tan( ) acos( ) asin( ) atan( ) cosh( ) sinh( ) tanh( ) acosh( ) atanh( ) oor(x) ceil(x) round( )

Table 1: Internal GeoGebra Commands

Direct Input
Numbers and Angles You can enter numbers and angles directly. Type into the Command window radius = 4.5. From here on whenever I want you to type something into the Command window I will just say Type. Nothing appears in the drawing area but in the Algebra window you will see the equation appear. The word, radius, is a container that holds the number 4.5. You can use the expression radius as a variable in any formula. It can be changed quite easily. You can double click the 7

An Introduction to GeoGebra formula and edit it. A nice feature is that you can just highlight the formula and then use the up-down or left-right arrow keys to increment or decrement the number by 0.1. This is the default value, it can be changed. This can be used for animation later on. You can get or e from the drop-down menu under the symbol. Angles can be entered in the same way as degrees or radians. As you already know, you can use Tools to enter numbers and angles as sliders. Special Commands associated with Numbers Length Length[ v ] Length of a vector v Length[ A ] Length of the position vector of the point A Length[ f, x1 , x2 ] Length of the function f between f (x1 ) and f (x2 ) Length[ f, A, B ] Length of the function f between the points A and B Length[ c, t1 , t2 ] Length of the parametrised curve, c, between the two values of the parameter t1 and t2 Length[ c, A, B ] Length of the parametrised curve, c, between the two points A and B on the curve Length[ L ] Length of a list L ie the number of elements in L Area Area[ A, B, C, . . . ] Area of the polygon dened by the points A, B, C, . . . Area[ c ] Area of the circle or ellipse, c. Distance Distance[ A, B ] Distance between two points A and B. Distance[ A, g ] Perpendicular distance of the point A from the line g. Distance[ g, h ] Distance between two lines g and h. This will return 0 if the lines intersect. It is therefore a method of checking whether two lines are parallel. 8

An Introduction to GeoGebra Modulo and Integer Division Mod[ a, b ] Returns the remainder when the number a is divided by the number b. Div[ a, b ] Returns the integer part of Slope Slope[ g ] Returns the slope of a line g. This command also draws a small rightangled triangle on the line g. The size of this triangle can be changed with the Properties dialog. It can also be hidden. Radius, Circumference and Perimeter Radius[ c ] Returns the radius of a circle c. Circumference[ c ] Returns the circumference of the circle or ellipse c. Perimeter[ P ] Returns the perimeter of the polygon P. Conic sections FirstAxisLength[ c ] The length of the principal axis of a conic secion c. SecondAxisLength[ c ] The length of the second axis of a conic section c. Excentricity[ c ] The eccentricity of a conic section c. Note the spelling. Integrals and Sums
b

a . b

Integral[ f, a, b ] Returns
a

f (x)dx. This command also draws the area between

the function and the x-axis. You can select it and from the properties dialog change the lling to 0.
b

Integral[ f, g, a, b ] Returns
a

(f (x) g (x)) dx. The command also shades in

the area between the two curves.

Integral[ f ] Returns and draws the curve y =

f (x)dx, if possible.

An Introduction to GeoGebra LowerSum[ f, a, b, n ] Returns and displays the Lower sum of the function f over the interval [a, b] using n rectangles. UpperSum[ f, a, b, n ] Returns and displays the Upper sum of the function f over the interval [a, b] using n rectangles. Iteration Iteration[ f, x0 , n ] Iterates the function f on the number x0 n times. If f (x) = x2 then Iteration[ f, 2, 1] will return 22 = 4 while Iteration[ f, 2, 2] will return 2 22 = 16 and so on. Minimum and Maximum Min[ a, b ] Returns the lower of the two numbers a and b. Min[ { a, b, . . . } ] Returns the lowest member of the list inside the curly brackets. Max[ a, b ] Returns the greater of the two numbers a and b. Max[ { a, b, . . . } ] Returns the greatest element of the list between the curly brackets. Special Commands associated with Angles Remember that all angles are drawn anti-clockwise Angle[ v1 , v2 ] Draws the angle between the two vectors v1 and v2 . Angle[ g, h ] Draws the angle between the two lines g and h. Angle[ A, B, C ] Draws the angle between the lines BA and BC where A, B and C are points. B is the vertex of the angle. Angle[ A, B, ] Draws an angle of size at the point B with AB as one arm of the angle. This command also draws the image of the point A by a rotation of about the point B. Angle[ v ] Draws the angle between the x-axis and the vector v . 10

An Introduction to GeoGebra

Angle[ A ] Draws the angle between the x-axis and the position vector of the point A. Angle[ n ] Creates a variable which is an angle that corresponds to the number n. Note that n will be assumed to be radian measure and the created variable will be converted to an angle between 0 and 360 . Angle[ poly ] Draws and returns as variables all the angles of the polygon poly. Note that these angles will be interior or exterior depending on whether the polygon was drawn anti-clockwise or clockwise. Special Commands associated with Points Remember that there are three ways to draw a point. You can use the New Point tool. You can enter the coordinates directly into the Command window as, say, (2, 3) and press Return. You can give the point a name as you create it by entering into the Command window P = (2, 4) and pressing Return. Point[ g ] This draws a random point on the line g. You can select this point and move it with the arrow but it will be conned to the line g. Point[ c ] Draws a point on a conic section c. Point[ f ] Draws a point on the graph of the function f. Point[ poly ] Draws a point on the polygon poly. Point[ v ] Draws a point on the vector v . Point[ P, v ] Draws the image of the point P by the translation represented by the vector v . Midpoint[ A, B ] Draws the midpoint of the line segment AB where A and B are two points. Midpoint[ s ] Draws the midpoint of the line segment s.

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An Introduction to GeoGebra Center[ c ] Draws the centre of a conic section. Note the spelling. Focus[ c ] Draws the foci of the conic section c. Vertex[ c ] Draws the vertices of the conic section c. Centroid[ poly ] Draws the centroid of the polygon poly. Intersect[ g, h ] Draws the intersection point of the lines g and h. Intersection[ g, c ] Draws up to two intersection points of the line g and the conic section c. Intersection[ g, c, n ] Draws the nth intersection point of the line g and the conic section c. Intersection[ c1 , c2 ] Draws up to 4 intersection points of the conics c1 and c2 . Intersection[ c1 , c2 , n ] Draws the nth intersection point of the conic sections c1 and c2 . Intersection[ f1 , f2 ] Draws all the intersection points of the polynomials f1 and f2 . Intersection[ f1 , f2 , n ] Draws the nth intersection point of the polynomials f1 and f2 . Intersection[ f, g ] Draws all the intersection points of the polynomial f and the line g . Intersection[ f, g, n ] Draws the nth intersection point of the polynomial f and the line g . Intersection[ f1 , f2 , A ] Draws the intersection point between the functions f1 and f2 using the point A as the initial value in Newtons method. 12

An Introduction to GeoGebra Intersection[ f , g, A ] Draws the intersection point of the function f and the line g using A as the initial point in Newtons method. Root[ f ] Draws the points that are the roots of the equation f (x) = 0. Root[ f , x0 ] Draws the point corresponding to the root of f (x) = 0 calculated by Newtons method using x0 as the initial value. Root[ f , a, b ] Draws the root of f (x) = 0, if it exists, where a x b. Extremum[ f ] Draws the points which are the local extrema of the polynomial f . InectionPoint[ f ] Draws the inection points of the polynomial f . Special Commands associated with Vectors Vector[ A, B ] Draws the vector from the point A to the point B. Vector[ A ] Draws the position vector of the point A. Direction[ g ] Draws the direction vector of the line g. UnitVector[ g ] Draws the unit vector parallel to the direction vector of the line g. UnitVector[ v ] Draws the unit vector parallel to the vector v . PerpendicularVector[ g ] Draws the perpendicular vector to the line g. PerpendicularVector[ v ] Draws the perpendicular vector to the vector v . UnitPerpendicularVector[ g ] Draws the unit vector perpendicular to the line g. UnitPerpendicularVector[ v ] Draws the unit vector perpendicular to the vector v. 13

An Introduction to GeoGebra

Special commands associated with lines, line segments, Rays and Polygons Segment[ A, B ] Draws the line segment between the points A and B. Segment[ A, n ] Draws the line segment of length n starting at A. The end-point of the segment is also constructed. Ray[ A, B ] Draws the ray (half-line) starting at the point A and passing through the point B. Ray[ A, v ] Draws the ray starting at the point A parallel to the vector v . Polygon[ A, B, C, . . . ] Draws the polygon dened by the points A, B, C, . . . Polygon[ A, B, n ] Draws the regular polygon with n sides beginning with the side AB. Line[ A, B ] Draws the line through the points A and B. Line[ A, g ] Draws the line through the point A and which is parallel to the line g. Line[ A, v ] Draws the line through the point A parallel to the vector v . Perpendicular[ A, g ] Draws the line through the point A which is perpendicular to the line g. Perpendicular[ A, v ] Draws the line through the point A which is perpendicular to the vector v . LineBisector[ A, B ] Draws the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting the points A and B. LineBisector[ s ] Draws the perpendicular bisector of the line segment s. 14

An Introduction to GeoGebra AngularBisector[ A, B, C ] Draws the line bisecting the angle ABC . AngularBisector[ g, h ] Draws the two bisectors of the angles between the lines g and h. Tangent[ A, c ] Draws all the tangents through the point A to the conic section c. Tangent[ g, c ] Draws all the tangents to the conic section c which are parallel to the line g. Tangent[ x0 , f ] Draws a tangent to the function f (x) at the point (x0 , f (x0 )) Tangent[ A, f ] Draws a tangent to the function f (x) at the point whose xcoordinate is that of A. The point A need not be on the graph of f . Asymptote[ h ] Draws the two asymptotes to the hyperbola h. Directrix[ p ] Draws the directrix of the parabola p. Axes[ c ] Draws the two axes of the conic section c. FirstAxis[ c ] Draws the principal axis of the conic section c. SecondAxis[ c ] Draws the second axis of the conic section c. Polar[ A, c ] Draws the polar line of the point A in the conic section c.

Special commands associated with the construction of Conic Sections Circle[ C, r ] Draws the circle with centre C and radius r. Circle[ C, s ] Draws the circle with centre C and radius equal to the length of the line segment s. Circle[ C, P ] Draws the circle with centre C passing through the point P. 15

An Introduction to GeoGebra

Circle[ P, Q, R ] Draws the circle passing through the three points P. Q and R. If the points are collinear GeoGebra still tries to construct a circle of innite radius. OsculatingCircle[ P, f ] Draws the osculating circle to the function f (x) at the point P. Note that GeoGebra does not check to see if P is on the curve. You must ensure that yourself. This is easy to do by constructing a slider, a. Then dene the point P as P = (a, f (a)). OsculatingCircle[ P, c ] Draws the osculating circle to parametrically dened curve c at the point P. The same note as previously also applies here. Ellipse[ F1 , F2 , a ] Draws the ellipse with foci F1 and F2 and whose principal axis is of length a. Note that the distance 2a must be greater than the distance between F1 and F2 .

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