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Physics Quiz 2

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Physics 2212 Fall 2011

Quiz #2

Solutions

0 e K

Permittivity constant mp Mass of a proton Fundamental charge me Mass of an electron Coulomb constant = 1/40 g Gravitational acceleration Unless otherwise directed, friction, drag, and gravity should be neglected. Unless otherwise directed, any integrals in free-response problems must be evaluated.

I . (16 points) A circular disk with a hole in its middle has an inner radius, a, and an outer radius, b, and has a charge Q uniformly distributed on its surface. Let r be the distance from the center of the disk to a point on the disk. Set up an integral for the electric potential on the axis of the disk at a distance x from the center, in terms of parameters dened in the problem and physical or mathematical constants, but do not evaluate the integral! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Choose an element of charge, dQ, that is all the same distance from the point x where the electric potential is to be found. This element will be a ring of radius r and width dr . The charge on the ring is the area charge density of the disk times the the area of the ring. The area of the ring is its circumference times its width. dQ = dA = 2r dr Since every point on this ring is the same distance r = x2 + r2 from the point x, the potential due to the ring is the same as would be due to a point charge at that same distance. dV = K dQ 2r dr = K r x2 + r 2

Add up all the rings dQ, which is an integral from a to b. Note that since the charge on the disk is uniformly distributed, is a constant, and is the total charge on the disk q divided by the area of the disk b2 a2 . V = dV =
a

2r dr K = K 2 x2 + r 2

r dr KQ2 = 2 2 2 b a2 x +r

2KQ r dr = 2 2 2 b a2 x +r

r dr x2 + r2

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II . (16 points) An innitely long solid insulating cylinder of radius R has a volume charge density that varies with the radius as ( r) = 0 a b Where 0 , a, and b are positive constants and r is the distance from the axis of the cylinder. Find an expression for the magnitude of the electric eld in the region r < R, in terms of parameters dened in the problem and physical or mathematical constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use Gauss Law. Choose a Gaussian Surface with the symmetry of the charge distribution, and that passes through the point at which the eld is to be determined. The sketch shows such a Gaussian Surface, a cylinder with radius r and length . The ux through this surface is proportional to the charge within it: 0 = qin 0 E dA = dV By choosing the Gaussian Surface wisely, the ux integral has been made straightforward. The ux is zero through the ends of the surface, as the eld (which must be directed straight away from the central axis due to symmetry considerations) is perpendicular to the area vector there. On the curved part of the surface, the electric eld has constant magnitude, and is parallel to the area vector at each point. The area of the curved part is the circumference of the Gaussian Surface times its length. = E dA = E dA = EAcurved = E 2r
curved

Since the charge density varies with r, when nding the charge within the Gaussian Surface, the volume element dV should be chosen to be small in the r direction. A thin cylindrical shell has been chosen, with radius r , thickness dr , and length . The volume of this shell is its area times its thickness. Note that at a distance r from the axis, the charge density is 0 (a r /b). The charge in all the thin shells nested from radius zero to radius r must be added up. qin = dV =
0

( ) ) r( r r 2 0 a 2r dr = 20 ar dr b b 0 [ 2 ]r ] [ 2 ar r3 ar r3 = 20 = 20 2 3b 0 2 3b [ ] E= [ ] 0 ar r2 0 2 3b

Now that both the ux and charge have been determined, solve for the eld magnitude. 0 = qin 0 E 2r = 20 ar2 r3 2 3b

1. (6 points) How will the electric eld magnitude vary as a function of the distance, r, when r is large compared to the cylinder radius R (i.e., r >> R)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . When r is large compared to the cylinder radius R, the eld must decrease like that of a uniform line of charge. That is, it must decrease faster than the eld due to a uniform innite sheet (which is constant), but not as fast as the eld due to a point charge (which decreases with 1/r2 ). 1/r E

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III . (16 points) Two positive charges Q are xed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle with sides of length a. A particle of positive charge, q , and mass m is positioned at the apex of the equilateral triangle as shown. It is released from that point with an initial velocity of v0 along the center line shown. What must the minimum speed of this particle be so that it passes the two xed charges? Express your answer in terms of parameters dened in the problem and physical or mathematical constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Use the Work-Energy Theorem, Wext + Wnc = K + U Choose a system consisting of all three charged particles. There is no work done by external forces on that system, and there is no work done by non-conservative forces within that system. The potential energy is that of a system of charged particles. 0 + 0 = (Kf Ki ) + (Uf Ui ) So 0= (1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ) Qq Qq Qq Qq Q2 Q2 2 2 1 mv mv + K K + K K + K K f i 2 2 rf ri rf ri rf ri

where the potential energy of the system is the sum of the potential energies associated with each pair of particles. Note that the nal speed of the particle with charge q must be only innitesimally more than zero as it passes between the particles with charge Q. 0= 0 Solve for v0 :
2 1 2 mv0

2 1 2 mv0

( ) ( ) ( ) Qq Qq Qq Qq Q2 Q2 + K K + K K + K K a/2 a a/2 a a a ) v0 =

Qq Qq =2 K K a/2 a

Qq + 0 = 2K a

4K Qq m a

2. (6 points) Consider a situation in which the particle with charge q in the problem above were replaced by a particle with charge q = 2q , and the xed charges Q were each replaced with xed charges Q = 2Q. How does the minimum speed, v0 , required for the particle to pass the xed charges in this situation, compare to your answer v0 above? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Since the electric potential energy depends on the product of the pairs of charges, doubling all the charge values will increase the potential energy by a factor of 4. Thus, the moving particle will need four times the kinetic energy to pass between the xed charges. As the kinetic energy depends on the square of the speed, doubling the speed will provide four times the kinetic energy.
v0 = 2v0

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3. (5 points) A hollow conductor is positively charged. A small uncharged metal ball is lowered by a silk thread through a small opening in the top of the conductor and allowed to touch its inner surface. After the ball is removed, it will have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Since the hole is small , we can treat the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow conductor as if they were separate. Gauss Law can be used to show that the excess charge on the hollow conductor must reside on its outer surface. The uncharged metal ball only touches the uncharged inner surface, and so it gains . . . no appreciable charge.

4. (5 points) A Gaussian surface completely encloses an electric dipole of dipole moment magnitude p and charge separation magnitude d. The total electric ux due to the dipole through this Gaussian surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . An electric dipole consists of equal and opposite charges separated by some distance. As this dipole lies entirely within the Gaussian Surface, there is no net charge, then, within the Gaussian Surface. Gauss Law states that the net ux through a closed surface is proportional to the net charge within it. As the net charge is zero, the total electric ux . . . is zero.

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5. (5 points) A long line of charge with linear charge density L runs along the axis of a conducting cylindrical shell which carries a charge per unit length of C . The charge per unit length on the inner and outer surfaces of the shell are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Consider a cylindrical Gaussian Surface whose curved surface lies within the thickness of the conducting cylindrical shell. There is no net ux through this surface, as any eld between the line of charge and the inner surface of the conductor is parallel to the area vectors, and there is no eld within the thickness of the conductor. Since Gauss Law states that the net ux through a closed surface is proportional to the net charge within it, must be a net charge of zero within the surface. Thus, there must be a charge density L on the inner surface to cancel the charge density L of the line. As charge is conserved, however, the net charge and charge density on the cylinder cannot change. If the net charge density remains C , then C + L must reside on the outer surface. L on the inner surface, and C + L on the outer surface.

6. (5 points) An electron moves from point i to point f , in the direction of a uniform electric eld. During this displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = qE = eE , is opposite the As an electron is negative (q = e), the force of the eld on the electron, F direction of the eld. Therefore, the force of the eld on the electron is opposite the displacement of the electron, and the work done by the eld on the electron is negative. Since this work is done by a force internal to the eld-electron system, the change in potential energy is of the opposite sign (that is, positive). Recall that the relationship between work done by internal forces and potential energy changes is Wint = U .

(By analogy, when the distance between an object and the Earth increases, the gravitational force does negative work on the object, and the potential energy of the Earth-object system increases.) So the work done by the eld is negative and the potential energy of the electron-eld system increases.

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7. (5 points) The gure below shows four arrangements of charged particles, all the same distance from the origin. If possible, rank the situations according to the electric potential at the origin, from greatest (most positive) to least. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Since all the particles are the same distance from the origin, the potential at the origin is the same as it would be if there were a single particle with the total charge of the arrangement. The issue of the zero point is irrelevant, as redening the zero point would have the all four arrangements. The net same eect on charge in each arrangement is: Qi = 7q , Qii = 5q , Qiii = 11q , Qiv = 8q , so ii > i > iv > iii

Note that there is a single exception to the zero point having the same eect on all four arrangements. That would be if the origin itself were selected as the zero point. Full credit, therefore, was issued for Ranking is impossible unless location of zero potential is specied.

8. (5 points) The diagram shows four pairs of large parallel conducting plates. The value of the electric potential is given for each plate. Rank the pairs according to the magnitude of the electric eld between the plates, greatest to least. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As Es = V /s, the magnitude of the uniform eld in these capacitors can be calculated from E = V /s, yielding Ei = 2V0 /d, Eii = V0 /2d, Eiii = V0 /4d, and , Eiv = V0 /d, so i > iv > ii > iii

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9. (5 points) A positive point charge +q lies at the center of a tetrahedron, constructed of four equilateral triangles with edges a. What is the electric ux through the bottom face of the tetrahedron? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Each face is identical, so one-fourth of the total ux must pass through each face. Use Gauss Law. 0 = qin /4 = +q/40

10. (5 points) A solid insulating sphere of radius R contains a uniform volume distribution of positive charge. Which of the following graphs below correctly gives the magnitude E of the electric eld as a function of r, the distance from the center? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The electric eld at the center of the sphere must be zero due to symmetry considerations. The electric eld outside the sphere must vary with 1/r2 , as if the charge were concentrated at a point at the center of the sphere. The eld magnitude at the surface of the sphere must be the same whether it is approached from inside or outside the sphere. These considerations eliminate three of the ve graphs proposed. Gauss Law can be used (see example 28.4 of your text) to prove that the eld magnitude inside the sphere is linearly proportional to r.

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