Cell Communication PDF

Cell Communication
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Wednesday, June 1, 2011
Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires:
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires:
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds
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Cell Communication
Communication between cells requires: ligand: the signaling molecule receptor protein: the molecule to which the receptor binds -may be on the plasma membrane or within the cell
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Figure 15-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
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Cell Communication
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellular communication:
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellular communication: 1. direct contact
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellular communication: 1. direct contact 2. paracrine signaling
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellular communication: 1. direct contact 2. paracrine signaling 3. endocrine signaling
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Cell Communication
There are four basic mechanisms for cellular communication: 1. direct contact 2. paracrine signaling 3. endocrine signaling 4. synaptic signaling
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Cell Communication
Direct contact molecules on the surface of one cell are recognized by receptors on the adjacent cell
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Figure 15-4a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Cell Communication
Paracrine signaling signal released from a cell has an effect on neighboring cells
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Cell Communication
Endocrine signaling hormones released from a cell affect other cells throughout the body
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Cell Communication
Synaptic signaling nerve cells release the signal (neurotransmitter) which binds to receptors on nearby cells
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Cell Communication
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein, the cell has a response.
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein, the cell has a response.
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein, the cell has a response. signal transduction: the events within the cell that occur in response to a signal
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein, the cell has a response. signal transduction: the events within the cell that occur in response to a signal
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Cell Communication
When a ligand binds to a receptor protein, the cell has a response. signal transduction: the events within the cell that occur in response to a signal Different cell types can respond differently to the same signal.
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Cells respond to specic combinations of extracellular signals
Different types of cells respond differently to the same extracellular signal molecule
Figure 15-9b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Figure 15-9c Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Figure 15-9d Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)
Cell Communication
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Cell Communication
A cells response to a signal often involves activating or inactivating proteins.
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Cell Communication
A cells response to a signal often involves activating or inactivating proteins. Phosphorylation is a common way to change the activity of a protein.
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Cell Communication
A cells response to a signal often involves activating or inactivating proteins. Phosphorylation is a common way to change the activity of a protein. protein kinase an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein
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Cell Communication
A cells response to a signal often involves activating or inactivating proteins. Phosphorylation is a common way to change the activity of a protein. protein kinase an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein phosphatase an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein
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Receptor Types
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location.
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location.
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location. intracellular receptor located within the cell
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location. intracellular receptor located within the cell
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Receptor Types
Receptors can be defined by their location. intracellular receptor located within the cell cell surface receptor or membrane receptor located on the plasma membrane to bind a ligand outside the cell
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Intracellular Receptors
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steroid hormones
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steroid hormones -have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure
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steroid hormones -have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure -can cross the plasma membrane to a steroid receptor
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steroid hormones -have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure -can cross the plasma membrane to a steroid receptor -usually affect regulation of gene expression
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steroid hormones -have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure -can cross the plasma membrane to a steroid receptor -usually affect regulation of gene expression
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steroid hormones -have a nonpolar, lipid-soluble structure -can cross the plasma membrane to a steroid receptor -usually affect regulation of gene expression An inhibitor blocks the receptor from binding to DNA until the hormone is present.
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A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains:
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A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains:
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A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains: 1. hormone-binding domain
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A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains: 1. hormone-binding domain 2. DNA binding domain
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A steroid receptor has 3 functional domains: 1. hormone-binding domain 2. DNA binding domain 3. domain that interacts with coactivators to affect gene expression
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Receptor Types
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Receptor Types
There are 3 subclasses of membrane receptors:
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Receptor Types
There are 3 subclasses of membrane receptors: 1. channel linked receptors ion channel that opens in response to a ligand
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Receptor Types
There are 3 subclasses of membrane receptors: 1. channel linked receptors ion channel that opens in response to a ligand 2. enzymatic receptors receptor is an enzyme that is activated by the ligand
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Receptor Types
There are 3 subclasses of membrane receptors: 1. channel linked receptors ion channel that opens in response to a ligand 2. enzymatic receptors receptor is an enzyme that is activated by the ligand 3. G protein-coupled receptor a Gprotein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal
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Receptor Kinases
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Receptor Kinases
receptor tyrosine kinases
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Receptor Kinases
receptor tyrosine kinases -membrane receptor
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Receptor Kinases
receptor tyrosine kinases -membrane receptor -when bound by a ligand, the receptor is activated by dimerization and autophosphorylation
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Receptor Kinases
receptor tyrosine kinases -membrane receptor -when bound by a ligand, the receptor is activated by dimerization and autophosphorylation -activated receptor adds a phosphate to tyrosine on a response protein
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Receptor Kinases
receptor tyrosine kinases -membrane receptor -when bound by a ligand, the receptor is activated by dimerization and autophosphorylation -activated receptor adds a phosphate to tyrosine on a response protein -an example is the insulin receptor
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Receptor Kinases
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Receptor Kinases
kinase cascade a series of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other in succession
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Receptor Kinases
kinase cascade a series of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other in succession -amplifies the signal because a few signal molecules can elicit a large cell response
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Receptor Kinases
kinase cascade a series of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other in succession -amplifies the signal because a few signal molecules can elicit a large cell response
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Receptor Kinases
kinase cascade a series of protein kinases that phosphorylate each other in succession -amplifies the signal because a few signal molecules can elicit a large cell response mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are activated by kinase cascades
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G-Protein Coupled Receptors
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G-protein protein bound to GTP
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G-protein protein bound to GTP G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) receptors bound to G proteins
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G-protein protein bound to GTP G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) receptors bound to G proteins -G-protein is a switch turned on by the receptor
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G-protein protein bound to GTP G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) receptors bound to G proteins -G-protein is a switch turned on by the receptor -G-protein then activates an effector protein (usually an enzyme)
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Once activated, the effector protein produces a second messenger.
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Once activated, the effector protein produces a second messenger. -second messenger generates the cellular response to the original signal
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Once activated, the effector protein produces a second messenger. -second messenger generates the cellular response to the original signal For example one common effector protein is adenylyl cyclase which produces cAMP as a second messenger.
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Once activated, the effector protein produces a second messenger. -second messenger generates the cellular response to the original signal For example one common effector protein is adenylyl cyclase which produces cAMP as a second messenger. Other second messengers: inositol phosphates, calcium ions (Ca2+)
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Cell-to-Cell Interactions
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Cells can identify each other by cell surface markers.
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Cells can identify each other by cell surface markers. -glycolipids are commonly used as tissuespecific markers
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Cells can identify each other by cell surface markers. -glycolipids are commonly used as tissuespecific markers -major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins are used by cells to distinguish self from non-self
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Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions
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Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions 1. tight junctions create sheets of cells
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Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions 1. tight junctions create sheets of cells 2. anchoring junctions connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
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Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions 1. tight junctions create sheets of cells 2. anchoring junctions connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells 3. communicating junctions permit small molecules to pass between cells
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Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions 1. tight junctions create sheets of cells 2. anchoring junctions connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells 3. communicating junctions permit small molecules to pass between cells a. gap junctions in animal cells
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Cells within a tissue are connected to each other by cell junctions 1. tight junctions create sheets of cells 2. anchoring junctions connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells 3. communicating junctions permit small molecules to pass between cells a. gap junctions in animal cells b. plasmodesmata in plant cells
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Cell Communication

Figure 15-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Wednesday, June 1, 2011

Figure 15-4a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 15-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 15-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Cells respond to specic combinations of extracellular signals

Figure 15-8 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 15-9 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 15-9b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 15-9c Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 15-9d Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 15-10 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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Figure 15-15 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

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G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Figure 15-7 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Wednesday, June 1, 2011

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