Prep101

Lotsmorefreestudyaidsathttp://www.prep101.com/freestuff

Math 102 Equation Sheet
Logarithm Laws & Exponent Rules
y x xy
a a a
log log log + =

n m n m
a a a
+
=

y x
y
x
a a a
log log log =

n m
n
m
a
a
a

=

x n x
a
n
a
log log =

mn n m
a a = ) (

x
x
a a
log
1
log =

n
n
a
a
1
=

0 1 log =
a
1
0
= a
1 log = a
a
a a =
1

x a
x
a
= log x a
x
a
=
log



Trigonometric Identities
1 cos sin
2 2
= + u u u u
2 2
sec tan 1 = + u u
2 2
csc cot 1 = +
u
u
cos
1
sec =
u
u
sin
1
csc =
u
u
tan
1
cot =
u
u
u
cos
sin
tan =
u
u
u
sin
cos
cot =
u u cos ) sin(
2
=

u u sin ) cos(
2
=

u u cot ) tan(
2
=

u u sec ) csc(
2
=

u u csc ) sec(
2
=

u u tan ) cot(
2
=

u u sin ) sin( = u u cos ) cos( = u u tan ) tan( =
u u csc ) csc( = u u sec ) sec( = u u cot ) cot( =
v u v u v u sin cos cos sin ) sin( = v u v u v u sin sin cos cos ) cos( m =
v u
v u
v u
tan tan 1
tan tan
) tan(
m

=

u u u cos sin 2 2 sin = u u u u u
2 2 2 2
sin 2 1 1 cos 2 sin cos 2 cos = = =
u
u
u
2
tan 1
tan 2
2 tan

=
2
2 cos 1
sin
2
u
u

=
2
2 cos 1
cos
2
u
u
+
=
u
u
u
2 cos 1
2 cos 1
tan
2
+

=


Prep101
Lotsmorefreestudyaidsathttp://www.prep101.com/freestuff

Special Angles
0 0 sin =
2
1
6
sin =

2
2
4
sin =

2
3
3
sin =

1 0 cos =
2
3
6
cos =

2
2
4
cos =

2
1
3
cos =

0 0 tan =
3
1
6
tan =

1 tan
4
=

3 tan
3
=

Analytic Geometry
If ) , (
1 1 1
y x P and ) , (
2 2 2
y x P are two points, then
Distance between
1
P and
2
P is
2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x d + = .
Midpoint of line segment
2 1
P P is

+ +
2
,
2
2 1 2 1
y y x x
.
Slope of line segment
2 1
P P is
1 2
1 2
x x
y y
x
y
m

= .
Point-slope equation of straight line : ) (
0 0
x x m y y = .
Slope-intercept equation of straight line : b mx y + = .
Two lines are parallel if
2 1
m m = .
Two lines are perpendicular if
2
1
1
m
m = .
Equation of circle :
2 2 2
) ( ) ( r k y h x = + . Centre = ) , ( k h ; radius r = .


Geometric Formulas
Area of triangle : bh A
2
1
= . Area of trapezoid : h b a A ) (
2
1
+ = .
Area of circle :
2
r A = . Circumference of circle : r C 2 = .
Area of sphere :
2
4 r A = . Volume of sphere:
3
3
4
r V = .
Area of cylinder :
2
2 2 r rh A + = . Volume of cylinder: h r V
2
= .
Area of cone : rs r A + =
2
. Volume of cone: h r V
2
3
1
= .
Volume of prism : Ah V = . Volume of pyramid: Ah V
3
1
= .


Derivatives
If ) (x f y = , then
h
x f h x f
x f
dx
dy
h
) ( ) (
lim ) (
0
+
= =


or
a x
a f x f
a f
a x

=

) ( ) (
lim ) ( .
Prep101
Lotsmorefreestudyaidsathttp://www.prep101.com/freestuff

The derivative ) (x f is a function that represents either
(i) the slope of the tangent line; or
(ii) the rate of change of y with respect to x.
Derivative Formulas

0 ) ( = c
dx
d

1
) (

=
n n
nx x
dx
d

) ( )) ( ( x f c x cf
dx
d
=
) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ( x g x f x g x f
dx
d
+ = +
) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ( x g x f x g x f
dx
d
=
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ( x g x f x g x f x g x f
dx
d
+ =
[ ]
2
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
) (
x g
x g x f x g x f
x g
x f
dx
d
=

) ( )) ( ( ))) ( ( ( x g x g f x g f
dx
d
=
x x
dx
d
cos ) (sin =
x x
dx
d
sin ) (cos =
x x
dx
d
2
sec ) (tan =
x x
dx
d
2
csc ) (cot =
x x x
dx
d
tan sec ) (sec =
x x x
dx
d
cot csc ) (csc =
x
x
dx
d 1
) (ln =
a x
x
dx
d
a
ln
1
) (log =
x x
e e
dx
d
= ) (
Prep101
Lotsmorefreestudyaidsathttp://www.prep101.com/freestuff

a a a
dx
d
x x
ln ) ( =
2
1
1
1
) (sin
x
x
dx
d

2
1
1
1
) (cos
x
x
dx
d

2
1
1
1
) (tan
x
x
dx
d
+
=

Linear Approximation
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a x a f a f x f +
The error [ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( a x a f a f x f E + = in this approximation is less than
2
2
1
) ( a x M
where M is the maximum value of | ) ( | x f between x and a.


Graphing
1
st
Derivative
If 0 ) ( > x f , then the graph of f is increasing.
If 0 ) ( < x f , then the graph of f is decreasing.
If 0 ) ( = x f , then x is critical point of f , (a possible extremum of f ).

2
nd
Derivative
If 0 ) ( > x f , then the graph of f is concave up.
If 0 ) ( < x f , then the graph of f is concave down.
If 0 ) ( = x f , then x is a possible inflection point of f.


1
st
Derivative Test
If c is a critical point of f ( 0 ) ( = x f ) and
(i) 0 ) ( > x f when c x < and 0 ) ( < x f when c x > , then c is a local maximum;
(ii) 0 ) ( < x f when c x < and 0 ) ( > x f when c x > , then c is a local minimum.

2
nd
Derivative Test
If c is a critical point of f ( 0 ) ( = x f ) and
(i) 0 ) ( > c f , then c is a local maximum;
Prep101
Lotsmorefreestudyaidsathttp://www.prep101.com/freestuff

(ii) 0 ) ( < c f , then c is a local minimum;
(iii) 0 ) ( = c f , then the test fails. (ii) 0 ) ( < c f , then c is a local minimum.


Asymptotes
Horizontal Asymptotes : b y = is a horizontal asymptote of ) (x f y = if b x f
x
=

) ( lim .
Vertical Asymptotes : a x = is a vertical asymptote of ) (x f y = if =

) ( lim x f
a x
.


Newtons Method
) (
) (
1
n
n
n n
x f
x f
x x

=
+


Differential Equations
kt
Ce y ky
dt
dy
= = .
Doubling time :
k
t
2 ln
2
= .
Steady States : C y C f = = 0 ) ( is a steady state solution of ) (y f
dt
dy
= .
Eulers Method : If ) (y f
dt
dy
= ,
0
) 0 ( y y = , then h y f y y
k k k
) (
1
+ =
+
.