Facts Flexible AC Transmission System: Presented By: DR Ahmed Massoud

FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System
Presented by: Dr Ahmed Massoud
Dr Ahmed Massoud
University of Strathclyde
FACTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. POWER SYSTEMS FACTS definition FACTS controllers Parallel controllers Series controller Series-parallel controllers HVDC Others
University of Strathclyde 2
Dr Ahmed Massoud
POWER SYSTEM
GENERATION
TRANSMISSION
DISTRIBUTION
Dr Ahmed Massoud
Characteristics of Transmission Bottlenecks

Steady-State Power Transfer Limit Voltage Stability Limit Transient Stability Limit Thermal Limit Short-Circuit Current Limit
Dr Ahmed Massoud
Conventional System Solutions to enhance Transmission capability

Series Capacitors (X) Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor (V) Transformer LTCs (V) Phase Shifting Transformers () Synchronous Condensers (V)
Dr Ahmed Massoud
FACTS
Dr Ahmed Massoud
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS)

FACTS AC transmission systems incorporating the power electronic-based to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. FACTS Controllers A power electronic based system & other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission parameters.
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde 7
Power Electronics Devices For FACTS Controllers

Line-Commutated Thyristors Electrically Triggered (ETT) Light Triggered (LTT) Self-Commutated Gate-Turn Off Thyristors (GTO) Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)
Dr Ahmed Massoud
FACTS
Dr Ahmed Massoud
FACTS c o n tro lle rs

lin e c o m m u ta te d
S e rie s Shunt
thy ris to r c o ntro lle d thy ris to r c o ntro lle d s e rie s c a pa c ito r re a c to r o r s w itc he d (TC S C ) c a pa c ito r (TC R or TS C )
fo rc e d c o m m u ta te d
S e rie s
s ta tic s y nc hro no us s e rie s c o m p e ns a to r (S S S C )
Shunt
s ta tic s y nc hro no us c o mpe ns a to r (S TATC O M ) inte rline po w e r flo w c o ntro lle r (IP F C ) S upe rc o nduc ting M a gne tic E ne rgy S to ra ge (S M E S )
B a c k -to -b a c k S e rie s -s e rie s

c o nv e ntio na l HVD C inte rline po w e r flo w c o ntro lle r (IP F C )
S h u n t-S e rie s S e rie s -s e rie s

unifie d po w e r flo w c o ntro lle r (UP F C ) B a tte ry e ne rgy s to ra ge (B E S S )
B a c k -to -b a c k
light HVD C
___
___
Vs
Vr
Vs .Vr P= sin X
Vs
I.X I
Vr
Dr Ahmed Massoud
11
Controllable parameters
Control of the line impedance current and active power control Control of angle current and active power control Series voltage injection Current, active, and reactive power control Parallel voltage injection Current, active, and reactive power control
Series control
V1 Xseries X V2
Vseries
V1
P=V 1.V 2.sin( )/(X-X series )
I
V2
13
Dr Ahmed Massoud
Parallel control
V1 X V2
V1
V1
P=V 1.V 2.sin( )/X

Dr Ahmed Massoud
I
V2
14
Series and parallel control

V1 Xseries X V2
Vseries
Q
Dr Ahmed Massoud
?
FACTS
Dr Ahmed Massoud
Static VAR compensator

TCR = Thyristor Controlled Reactor TSR = Thyristor Switched Reactor TSC = Thyristor Switched Capacitor MSC = Mechanically-Switched Capacitor MSR = Mechanically-Switched Reactor FC = Fixed Capacitor Harmonic Filters
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)

Parallel-connected static var generator or absorber Output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current Maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage). Thyristor-based Controllers Lower cost alternative to STATCOM
8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Voltage
Current
Thyristor Controlled Reactor
Time (s)
Firing angle of 90
1 0.667 0.333 0 -0.333 -0.667 -1 0
0.005
Time (s)
0.01
0.015
0.02
Firing angle of 135

Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
Dr Ahmed Massoud
20
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Parallel-connected static var compensator Capacitive or inductive output current controlled independently of the ac system voltage
Dr Ahmed Massoud
21
Inverter
(IGBT, GTO, or GCT)
Vdc
P (if no energy
source is provided)
Parallel Active Power Filters (Parallel APF)

Reactive power Compensation Source currents higher Harmonics compensation DC element voltage control
Dr Ahmed Massoud
23
3-phase supply is e iL non-linear load if
v Shunt active filter
Shunt active power filter single line diagram

i dc (t) Sc
Sa v dc (t) + C _ v an
Sb
La Lb Lc
ia ib ic
ea eb ec
v bn S'a S'b v cn S'c
Two level voltage source inverter

Dr Ahmed Massoud
26
Voltage source inverters

1. Two level Voltage source inverter 2. Multilevel voltage source inverter 3. Series connection
Current source inverter ?
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27
Multilevel inverter
1. Neutral point clamped 2. Cascaded 3. Flying capacitor
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28
Neutral point clamped
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Flying capacitor
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Cascaded
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2E volt
S1 E i load
D1 E i load
S4 2E
D4 2E
S5 E
E
D5
S8
D8
iload >0
Dr Ahmed Massoud University of Strathclyde
iload <0
32
E volt
E i load E i load D3 S4 E S3 D4 E
S5 E E
D5
S8
D8
iload >0
iload <0
33
0 volt
E i load
E i load
D3
S4 0
S3
D4 0
D7
S8
S7
D8
iload >0
iload <0
34
-E volt
E i load
i load
D3
S4 -E
S3
D4 -E
D6 E
S6 E
D7
S7
iload >0
iload <0
35
-2E volt
D2 E
S2
i load
i load
D3 -2 E
S3 -2 E
D6 E
S6 E
D7
S7
iload >0
iload <0
36
Output of 5-level inverter (PWM)

3 M a gni tu de (P er unit ) 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 0. 005 0 .0 1 Ti me (s )
0.015
0 .0 2
Dr Ahmed Massoud
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Series connection of IGBT
Dr Ahmed Massoud
38
Output of two-level inverter (PWM)

3 M ag n itu d e (Per u n it ) 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 0. 0 05 0 .0 1 T im e (s ) 0 .0 1 5 0 . 02
Dr Ahmed Massoud
39
FACTS
Dr Ahmed Massoud
Series Capacitors Applied For:

Increasing Power Transfer Increasing Stability Limits Improving Voltage Profile Improving Load Division
Dr Ahmed Massoud
41
Series Active Power filter (Series APF)

Voltage harmonics compensation Stability improvement Current harmonics blocking
Dr Ahmed Massoud
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Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Output voltages in quadrature with, and controllable independently of, the line current Control the transmitted electric power. May include energy storage to enhance the dynamic behavior of the power system by additional temporary real power compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily, the overall real (resistive) voltage drop across the line.
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

Smooth control of series capacitive reactance
Dr Ahmed Massoud
44
FACTS
Dr Ahmed Massoud
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

A combination of STATCOM and SSSC coupled via a
common dc link Bi-directional flow of real power between the SSSC and the STATCOM
Unified Power Flow Controller = Static Synchronous Series Compensator + STATCOM
Dr Ahmed Massoud
46
In v e r t e r
(I G B T , G T O , o r G C T )
S e r ie s c o n v e rte r
C
S hunt c o n v e rte r
Dr Ahmed Massoud
47
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)

Source current harmonics compensation System stability improvement Reactive power compensation DC element voltage control Voltage harmonics compensation
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Combination of active power filter and passive filter
Supply
Load
Active filter
Passive filter
Parallel active power filter and passive filter

Supply Passive filter
Load
Active filter
Parallel active power filter in series with passive filter
Supply
Active filter
Load
Passive filter
Series active power filter and parallel passive filter
Supply
Active filter
Load
Active filter
Series and parallel active power filter (unified power quality conditioner UPQC)
Series VS. Parallel

Series is more powerful in controlling the
current/power flow and damp oscillations Parallel is more effective in voltage control and damping of voltage oscillations
Dr Ahmed Massoud
53
FACTS
Dr Ahmed Massoud
FACTS and HVDC
Grid 1
V1
FACTS or HVDC
V2 Grid 2
Dr Ahmed Massoud
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High voltage DC transmission (HVDC)

It is economically attractive: over a long distance from a remote generating to the load centre (>300 miles) underwater transmission when connecting two AC systems at two different frequencies
Advantages of HVDC
No limits in transmitted distance. Fast control of power flow, which implies stability improvements. Direction of power flow can be changed very quickly. HVDC can carry more power for a given size of conductor improved transient stability dynamic damping of the electric system oscillations Require less space compared to ac for same voltage rating and size Ground can be used as a return conductor No charging current HVDC transmission limits short circuit currents
Cost
AC Cost
DC Cost
600-800Km Distance
The HVDC technology

The fundamental process that occurs in an HVDC system is the conversion of electrical current from AC to DC (rectifier) at the transmitting end, and from DC to AC (inverter) at the receiving end. 1. Natural Commutated Converters. The component that enables this conversion process is the thyristor (high power and low switching frequency). 2. Forced Commutated Converters. It uses GTO or IGBT. They are known as VSC (Voltage Source Converters).
Dr Ahmed Massoud
59
HVDC transmission system

Terminal A Ld Y Y Positive pole 12 pulse
DC filter
AC system A AC filter and power factor correction capacitors
HVDC transmission line
Terminal B
AC system B
DC filter
Negative pole 12 pulse
Ld
Dr Ahmed Massoud
60
Components of HVDC
1. Converter: at one side rectifier and the other inverter each converter consists of a positive pole and a negative pole each pole consists of 6 pulse converters connected through star-delta and star-star transformer to yield 12 pulse converter On the AC side: * AC filters to reduce the current harmonics generated from the converters * Power factor correction capacitors to supply the lagging reactive power On the DC side: smoothing reactor and DC filters to filter the ripple in the DC currents
2.
3.
Dr Ahmed Massoud
61
12 pulse line frequency converter

Objectives: 1. Reduce current harmonics on AC side 2. Reduce voltage ripple on DC side 3. High power 12 pulse converter consists of two six-pulse converters connected through star-star and delta-star transformer The 2 converters are connected in series from the DC side and parallel from the AC side
Dr Ahmed Massoud
62
Id i as1
Ld
ia
i a1 2N:1
as1
cs1
n1
v d1 bs1
i a2
2 3 N:1 cs2 n2
as2
i as2 v d2
bs2
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Types of HVDC links

1. Monopolar: Having one conductor and the ground is the return path
DC pole
return earth
Dr Ahmed Massoud
64
2. Bipolar: There are two conductors (poles). One operates with positive polarity and the second with negative. During fault of one them, the bipolar acts as a monopolar
+ DC pole
return earth
- DC pole
HVDC Light
1. HVDC Light unit sizes range from a few tens of MW to presently 350 MW and for DC voltages up to 150 kV and units can be connected in parallel. 2. HVDC Light consists of two elements: converter stations and a pair of cables. The converter stations are Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) employing Self-commutated switch
Dr Ahmed Massoud
66
FACTS
1. POWER SYSTEMS 2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC 8. Others Battery Energy Storage System Super conducting material

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Facts Flexible AC Transmission System: Presented By: DR Ahmed Massoud

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FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System

Presented by: Dr Ahmed Massoud

Characteristics of Transmission Bottlenecks

Conventional System Solutions to enhance Transmission capability

Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS)

Power Electronics Devices For FACTS Controllers

FACTS c o n tro lle rs

B a c k -to -b a c k S e rie s -s e rie s

S h u n t-S e rie s S e rie s -s e rie s

P=V 1.V 2.sin( )/(X-X series )

P=V 1.V 2.sin( )/X

Series and parallel control

Static VAR compensator

Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR)

8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02

Thyristor Controlled Reactor

Firing angle of 135

Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)

Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

Parallel Active Power Filters (Parallel APF)

3-phase supply is e iL non-linear load if

v Shunt active filter

Shunt active power filter single line diagram

v bn S'a S'b v cn S'c

Two level voltage source inverter

Voltage source inverters

Current source inverter ?

Neutral point clamped

Output of 5-level inverter (PWM)

Series connection of IGBT

Output of two-level inverter (PWM)

Series Capacitors Applied For:

Series Active Power filter (Series APF)

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC)

Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

Unified Power Flow Controller = Static Synchronous Series Compensator + STATCOM

Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)

Combination of active power filter and passive filter

Parallel active power filter and passive filter

Supply Passive filter

Series VS. Parallel

FACTS and HVDC

High voltage DC transmission (HVDC)

The HVDC technology

HVDC transmission system

AC system A AC filter and power factor correction capacitors

HVDC transmission line

Negative pole 12 pulse

12 pulse line frequency converter

Types of HVDC links

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