CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT REPORT

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Created By:

Dzalilah Zharva L.A. Nur Mayanti Rinaldo Kurniawan

: : :

(133194004) (133194012) (133194057)

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION CHEMISTRY DEPARTEMENT FACULTY OF MATEMATICS AND SCIENCES SURABAYA STATE UNIVERSITY (UNESA) 2013

I. II. III. IV. V.

TITTLE Chemical Reactions DAY/DATE START OF THE EXPERIMENT Monday, 18 November 2013 at 09.40 am DAY/DATE END OF THE EXPERIMENT Monday , 18 November 2013 at 12.20 am PURPOSE Observing the change that occurs in a reaction BASIC THEORY Chemical reaction is a process where the compound is converted into one or more new compounds. To state chemical reactions, chemists use a standard way to describe the reaction through chemical equation. Chemical equation uses chemical symbol to show what is happening during the reaction. In a chemical reaction, there is always the reactants and products. Reactants located on the left of the arrow, while the product is on the right of the arrow, such as the following reaction: 2 Mg(s) + 2 CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l) 2 MgSO4 (ag) + Cu2O(s) + H2(g)

By knowing some of the nature of the reaction, we can explain the chemical reactions at once easier to understand. The nature of the material is classified into 2, namely: 1. Extensive is the nature of which depends on the amount. Example: mass, volume, energy content (enthalpy), and so forth. 2. Intensive is a trait that does not depend on the amount. Examples: color, flavor, density, and shape A chemical reaction is always accompanied by physical and chemical changes. Physical changes are changes in form / physical properties of the material but the material remains the same as starting materials. While the chemical changes are changes that accompanied the formation of new substances that are different from the original substance. Some physical changes can be observed: a. Color change Show has formed a new substance with different properties from the initial components (color different substances before the reaction color with substance after reaction). b. Gas bubbles formed

Indicates that in a chemical reaction is concerned, has formed a new substance that tangible gases like CO2. c. Precipitate d. Temperature changes occur Chemical reactions accompanied by the release or absorption of energy. For the equation to be studied systematically based on qualitative approach to classification can be determined and the results are predictable . Chemical reactions that often occurs is : 1. Combination Reaction Reactions describing the merger or combination reaction between two or more reactants form one product type . This can usually happen because of the nature of the high reactivity of reactants in question . For example, the reaction is the combination of sodium metal and chlorine gas are both very reactive , when both substances contact each other to form a new white crystalline salt which is often accompanied by a detonation dapur bahkan .A ccording to the reaction :

Na(s) + Cl2(g

2NaCl(s)

2. Pair Exchange Reactions Interaction between the two compounds can often produce new compounds by exchanging each pair according to the reaction opersamaan models : AB + CD AD + CB

With A , B , C , and D may be monatomic or polyatomic species . In many ways , the two reactant compounds are usually soluble in water or ionic , and its results are usually more molecular , or media left the solution as a precipitate (s) , or gas (g) , for example : BaCl2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) 3 . Redox Reactions Redox reaction ( reduction - oxidation ) involves the transfer of electrons , thus a change in oxidation level or the species concerned . Oxidation state can be simply defined as a positive integer positive number or negative number that indicates the charge on an electron - electron species when deemed distributed on the atoms according to certain rules . 4 . Neutralization Reaction BaCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)

Neutralization reactions are usually associated with alkaline solutions and acid solutions . , Which usually occurs between a weak acid with a weak base or a strong acid with a strong base which will result in the form of salt and water . For example: NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) 5 . The precipitation reaction The precipitation reaction is a reaction that resulted in a substance separate from a solid phase out of solution. Sediment or colloidal crystals form and can be removed from the solution using a filter. The precipitate can be formed if the solution is supersaturated with the substance in question. Solubility of a precipitate has the definition is the same as the molar concentration of a saturated solution. For example : CO2(g) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaCO3(s) + H2O(l) Na2SO4(s) + H20(l)

6. Gas-Formation Reactions A double-displacement reaction should also occur if an insoluble gas is formed. All gases are soluble in water to some extent, but only a few gases [HCl
(g)] (g)

and NH3

are highly soluble. All other gases, generally binary covalent compounds, are

sufficiently insoluble to provide a driving force if they are formed as a reaction product. For example, many sulfide salts will react with acids to form gaseous hydrogen sulfide: ZnS (s) + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl 2 (aq) + H 2 S (g) Insoluble gases are often formed by the breakdown of an unstable doubledisplacement reaction product. For example, carbonates react with acids to form carbonic acid (H2CO3 ), an unstable substance that readily decomposes into water and carbon dioxide. Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride and carbonic acid: CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2CO3 (aq) Carbonic acid decomposes into water and carbon dioxide: H2CO3 (aq) H2O (l) + CO 2 (g) The net reaction is: CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) Sulfites react with acids in a similar manner to release sulfur dioxide. 7. Complexation Reaction A complexation chemical reaction consists of a number of electron transfer steps with some chemical steps that precedes or succeeds the electron transfer. Almost all

organic electrochemical reactions are complex reactions.

Lets go through an

example. Add Cl- to a solution containing Ag+. A precipitate will be formed as AgCl is insoluble in water. Continue adding Cl- to the precipitate of AgCl. Due to common ion effect it is expected that the solubility of AgCl decrease continuously as Clconcentration increases. The solubility of AgCl increases as AgCl2- and AgCl3-. This type of compound is called a complex and it can intensify the solubility of an insoluble salt as complex forms. Metals having oxidation states of +1, +2, +3 or +4 can exist as complexes in water. Metals with high oxidation states do not exist as complexes in solution. They form oxyanions. 8. Dehydration Reaction Dehydration reaction is usually defined as a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule. Dehydration reactions are a subset of elimination reactions. Because the hydroxyl group (- OH) is a poor leaving group, having a Brnsted acid catalyst often helps by protonating the hydroxyl group to give the better leaving group, OH2+. The reverse of a dehydration reaction is a hydration reaction. Common dehydrating agents used in organic synthesis include concentrated sulfuric acid, concentrated phosphoric acid, hot aluminium oxide and hot ceramic. Two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose, can be joined together (to form sucrose) using dehydration synthesis. The new molecule, consisting of two monosaccharides, is called a disaccharide. The process of hydrolysis is the reverse reaction, meaning that the water is recombined with the two hydroxyl groups and the disaccharide reverts to being monosaccharides.In the related condensation reaction water is released from two different reactants. Grouping of chemical reactions The diversity of chemical reactions and approaches undertaken in the study resulted in many ways to classify these reactions, which often overlap. Below are examples of classification of chemical reactions that are usually used. 1 . Isomerization , which undergo chemical rearrangement of the structure without any change in its atomic kompoasisi

2 . Direct combination or synthesis , in which two or more elements or compounds unite to form complex products : N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 3 . Chemical decomposition or analysis , in which a compound is broken down into smaller compounds : 2 H2O 2 H2 + O2 4 . Single displacement or substitution, characterized by an element replaced by other, more reactive elements : 2 Na (s) + 2 HCl (aq) 2 NaCl (aq) + H2 (g) 5 . Metathesis or Double displacement reaction , in which two compounds exchange ions or bonds to form different compounds : NaCl AgCl (s) 6 . Acid-base reactions , broadly characterized as a reaction between an acid and a base . He has various definitions depending on the acid-base concept used . Some of the most common are : a. Arrhenius definition : Acids dissociate in water releasing H3O dissociate in water releasing OH ions . b. Brnsted - Lowry definition : Acids are proton donors ( H
+ + (aq)

+ AgNO3

(aq)

NaNO3

(aq)

ions ; bases

) donors ; bases is

the recipient ( acceptor ) proton . Includes the Arrhenius definition . c. Lewis definition : Acids are electron-pair acceptors ; bases are electron pair donors . This definition covers the Brnsted - Lowry definition d. Redox reactions , in which a change in the oxidation numbers of atoms that react . This reaction can be interpreted as electron transfer . Examples of redox reactions are : 2 S2O32- (aq ) + I2 (aq ) S4O62- (aq ) + 2 I- (aq ) Which I2 is reduced to I - and S2O32 - ( thiosulfate anion ) is oxidized to S4O62 7 . Combustion , is a type of redox reaction in which materials can be burned to join elements of an oxidant , usually oxygen , to generate heat and form oxidized products. Burning the term usually used to refer only to large -scale oxidation of whole molecules. Controlled oxidation of a single functional group is not included in the combustion process . C10H8 + 12 O2 10 CO2 + 4 H2O CH2S + 6 F2 CF4 + 2 HF + SF6 8 . Disproportionation , with one reactant form two different types of products in oxidation state . 2 Sn2+ Sn + Sn4+

9 . Organic reactions encompass a variety of reactions involving compounds which have carbon as the main element .

Universal indicator, a mixture of several indicators that have different color changes, so that it blends all the color changes and as a result, it has a universal indicator changes from red-orange-yellow-green-blue-indigo-violet or abbreviated mejikuhibiniu. These colors are derived from the methyl orange, pH stretch between 3-4 to change the color of red - yellow, methyl red, stretch pH 4-6 changes the color red - yellow, brom thymol blue stretch pH 6 to 7.6 changes the color yellow - penolptalein blue and stretch 8-10 colorless - red. Route pH universal indicator is present at all pH values. The red color of pH 1-2; orange pH 3-4; yolk pH 5-6; greens pH 7; blue pH 8-9; etc.,

VI.

PROCEDURE A. Tools Tube Test Beaker Glass 100 mL Test Tube Rack Flow pipe Pipette Volumetric Glass 10 mL Plastisin Tube Holder Erlenmeyer flask

B.

Materials HCl 0,05 M/0,5 M CH3COOH 0,05 M NaOH 0,05 M/0,5 M ZnSO4 0,1 M NH4OH 0,5 M BaCl2 0,1 M

Ba(OH)2 0,2 M K2CrO4 0,2 M K2Cr2O70,1 M (NH4)2SO4 0,5 M H2SO4 concentrated C12H22O11 CaCO3 solid Universal Indicator

LANES WORK

1. Acid Base Reaction a. Reaction Tube 1 :

Reaction Tube 3 :
1 ml NaOH 0, 05 M Dropped 1 drop of universal indicator RESULT

Mixed Change of color

a. Reaction Tube 2 :
1 ml CH3COOH 0, 05 M Dropped 1 drop of universal indicator RESULT

Reaction Tube 4 :
1 ml NaOH 0, 05 M Dropped 1 drop of universal indicator RESULT

Mixed Change of color

2. Complex Reactions
1 ml ZnSO4 0, 1 M Dropped 2 drop NaOH 0,5M, until there is a change 1 ml ZnSO4 0, 1 M Dropped 2 drop NH4OH 0,5M, until there is a change

ZnSO4(aq)+2NaOH Zn(OH)2(s)+Na2SO4(aq) Added more NaOH 0.5 M until sediment clear Sediment clear

ZnSO4(aq)+2NH4OH(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) +(NH4)2SO4(aq) Added more NaOH 0.5 M until sediment clear Sediment clear

COMPARED

3. Gas Forming Reactions

b. 0,2 gram CaCO3 powder + 3 ml HCL 0,5 M

Closed tube with streamer pipe shopper

End of the pipe, entered into tube which contains Ba(OH) 2 0,2 M Bubbles,change color solution

4. Precipitation Reaction
A. b.

1 ml BaCL2 0, 1 M

1 ml BaCL2 0, 1 M

Added

Added

1 ml K2CrO4 0,1 M

1 ml K2Cr2O7 0,1 M

Color of reaction,sediment

Color of reaction,sediment

c. 1 ml BaCL2 0, 1 M

Added

1 ml HCL 0,5 M and 1 ml K2CrO4 0,1 M Color of reaction,sediment

5. Dehidration Reaction
Sugar 2 cm from the bottom of tube

Dropped with water 1 cm in the top of sugar and mixed Added 1 ml H2SO4 Mixed again Color change and temperature

VII.

ANALISYS

1. Acid Base Reaction a. One ml 0,05 HCl at first colorless, then after a universal indicator that color is yellow drops by as much as 1 drop of , it will change color to peach and clear. Because of the reaction between HCl with universal indicator. Then there peach discoloration. And in accordance with the universal indicator, that the strong acid it the color is red then if neutral the color is clear green, while base the color is purple it means HCl is a strong acid. b. One ml of 0,05 M CH3COOH at first colorless, then after drops of universal indicator is yellow as much as 1 drop, it will change color to peach and clear. For CH3COOH (supposed to be the result of the color red(pink) means a weak acid) c. One ml of NaOH 0,05 M was originally colorless, then after drops of universal indicator is yellow as much as 1 drop, it will change color to purple. Because of the reaction between NaOH with universal indicator, then there was a change in color from clear to purple means that NaOH is a strong base d. When the HCl that has been poured by the universal indicator are then mixed with NaOH which has been poured by universal indicator also so will be to change the color that original from HCl + universal indicator that being colored peach and NaOH + universal indicator and purple into a yellow color. The chemical reaction : HCl(aq) + NaOH (aq) with CH3COOH it will change color to peach. Then reaction between NaOH (strong base) with CH3COOH (weak acid) then the solution will be colored blue which showed that a mixture of alkaline solution (then, from our experiment results, obtained by the color solution is peach). The chemical reaction : CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

e. Equal treatment carried out in NaOH which has been poured by universal indicator mixed

2.

Complex Reaction

a. One ml of 0.1 M ZnSO4 initially colorless, and so did with 2 drops of NaOH 0.5M. After the two substances are mixed then turned white turbid and contained sediment(+++). From the reaction of 1 ml of 0.1 M ZnSO4 5 drops of 0.5 M NaOH obtained precipitate

Zn (OH)2 white turbid. This is because Zn (OH)2 is a solid base. There are many sediment in the test tube. The chemical reaction : ZnSO4(aq)+ 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + Zn(OH)2(s)

b. One ml of 0.1 M ZnSO4 initially clear white, and so did with 2 drops of 0.5M NH4OH After the two substances are mixed so there is a change. Changes are transformed into very murky and there are white sediment(+). From the reaction 1 ml of 0.1 M ZnSO4 + NH4OH 5 drops of 0.5 M (obtained precipitate Zn (OH)2 white turbid. This is due to Zn (OH)2 is a solid base). There are sediment, but is less than in the experiment 2a. Comparison of sediment I and II, namely at a speed that NH4OH precipitation is faster than in NaOH because, NH4OH have a greater concentration. The chemical Reaction : ZnSO4(aq) + NH4OH(aq) SO4(aq) 3. Gas Forming Reaction a. Three ml (NH4)2SO4 0.5 M colored nodes as well with 2 ml of NaOH 0.5 M. After mixed into test tubes then immediately closed with pipe plugs streamer and the end of the pipe is assigned to the red litmus paper moistened by water, the litmus will change color to blue. And when the end of pipe is assigned to the blue litmus,teh color of litmus dont change. The chemical reaction : (NH4)2SO4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) NH4OH(aq) NH3(g) + H2 O NH4OH(aq)+ Na2SO4(aq) Zn (OH)2(s) + (NH4 )2

b. CaCO3 powder 0,2 gram was originally white, and 3 ml of 0.5 M HCl was originally colored translucent / white or clear. Once mixed in a test tube, then closed immediately with the stopper pipe Streamer and the end of the pipe is inserted into the tube which already contains the Ba(OH) 2 0.2 M then there is clear and colorless solution contained sediment(the solution is muddy) and bubbles under the edge of the tube. From these experiments, obtained by deposition of a solid BaCO3 and there are bubbles of CO2(g) Chemical reaction equation: CaCO3(g) + 2 HCl (ag) H2CO3(aq) Ba(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) 4. Precipitation Reaction CaCl2(ag) + H2CO3(aq) BaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

CO2(g) + H2O(l)

a. One ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 has a cloudy white color, while 1 ml of 0.1 M K2CrO4 yellow nodes. After both of these substances are mixed it will turn into yellow turbid and after settling into muddy and underneath there is a yellow precipitate(+), which was from BaCrO4 The chemical reaction : BaCl2(aq) + K2CrO4(aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)

b. One ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 white at first turbid, whereas 1 ml of 0.1 M K2Cr2O7 orange. After both of these substances are mixed it will turn into orange turbid and after settling into the orange nodes and below there is a yellow precipitate(++). From a mixture of 1 ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 + 1 ml 0.1 M K2Cr2O7 obtained sediment BaCr2O7 (s) The chemical reaction : BaCl2(aq) + K2Cr2O7(aq) BaCr2O7(s) + 2KCl(l)

c. One ml of 0.1 M BaCl2 white at first turbid, whereas 1 ml of 0.1 M K2CrO4 yellow nodes, and 1 ml of 0.05 M HCl in colorless. After the third of these substances are mixed then, will change color to orange cloudy and theres sediment(+++). After settling for a while there are deposits of yellow and yellow clear solution. The chemical reaction : BaCl2(aq) + 2 K2Cr2O4(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) 5. Dehidration Reaction Sugar is inserted into the test tube as 2 cm from the bottom of a test tube and then poured with water. After the sugar wetted by wate and pour water until 1 cm in top of sugar, then put 1 ml of concentrated H2SO4 carefully as he stirred. After all process is done then, the mixture becomes thick and over time the temperature gets hot. After settling a few moments there will be deposition of sugar, then there is such a yellow thick liquid carbon formed black. The chemical reaction : C12 H22O 11(s) + H2O(l) C12 H22O 11(aq) + H2SO4(aq) H2SO4 will react and will be black. C12 H22O 11(aq) 12C(s) + H2O(l) BaCr2O7(s) + 4 KCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Because sugar contains carbon, oxygenated and hydrogen so that when mixed with carbon

VIII.

EXPLANATION 1. In the first experiment , we conduct experiments acid-base reaction . The first is the reaction of HCl with universal indicator to determine the color changes . Once spilled HCl solution universal indicator color turns yellow . It can be concluded that HCl is an acid solution . According to the pH color change in trajectory , and HCl pH < 7 . Our second reaction of NaOH with universal indicator . solution turned purple . it can be concluded that an alkaline solution of NaOH solution . According to the pH color change in trajectory , and NaOH pH > 7 . The third experiment CH3COOH premises spilled universal indicator color of the solution changed to red ( pink ) . Because acetic acid is a weak acid the color produced younger . The fourth experiment was a solution that is so mixed . HCl solution with NaOH and CH3COOH with NaOH . Color change does not accord with existing theories . The resulting color is green because it is supposed H2O ( strong acid) and NaOH ( strong base ) when mixed produce a pH = 7 . The fifth experiment was mixing CH3COOH and NaOH . The resulting color is blue . The results of these colors do not correspond to existing theories . The resulting color should bluish green because of a weak acid and a strong base when mixed with an alkaline solution atmosphere . 2. The second experiment is a complex reaction. After dripping ZnSO4 with NaOH or (NH4) 2SO4 is formed at the sediment Zn (OH)2. However, the amount of sediment that forms is not the same between tube 1 and tube 2. Sediment formed more when given NaOH. Continuous addition of NaOH / (NH4) 2SO4 in the solution will increase the solubility. Ligand formation process that occurs in the reaction is: a. Sodium Hydroxide Solution Zn 2 + + 2OH-Zn (OH) 2 and also in excess reagnesia: Zn (OH) 2 + 2OH-Zn (OH) 2) 2 b. Ammonia solution White precipitate of zinc hydroxide, which is soluble in excess reagnesia and the ammonium salt solution, because it produces tetraaaminazinkat (II). Zinc hydroxide is not precipitated by a solution of ammonia solution if there is ammonia chloride, caused by a decrease in the concentration of hydroxyl ions-up such that the solubility product of Zn (OH) 2 was achieved Zn2 + + 2NH3 + 2H2O -> Zn (OH)2 + 2NH4 + Zn (OH)2 + 4NH3 -> Zn (NH3) 4]2 + + 2OH-

3. In the third experiment gasification experiment ( NH4 )2SO4 was added NaOH will produce NH3 gas . This gas is formed according to the reaction NH4OH - > NH3 + H2O . NaOH to the reaction function is that the reaction occurs in alkaline conditions . Weak acid ( NH4 )2SO4 when mixed with a strong base NaOH alkaline then it will have a certain atmosphere . The resulting gas is a gas atmosphere of bases . Therefore it can make red litmus turns blue . The function of the addition of water on litmus paper dalah to capture NH3 gas . Because it is dry it can not be captured by the dry litmus . In accordance with the above equation . The second experiment is the manufacture of gas by reacting with HCl CaCO3 . HCl in the reaction function is to break down CaCO3 resulting in unstable H2CO3 which then broke again to CO2 and H2O . CO2 is what causes the bubbles in the tube . In accordance with the reaction CaCO3 ( g ) + 2 HCl ( ag ) according to the reaction Ba ( OH )2 ( aq) + CO2 ( g ) )2 to form a white precipitate . 4. In the fourth experiment, namely the deposition reaction. BaCl2 + HCl reacted with K2CrO4/K2Cr2O7/K2Cr2O7 + HCl. It was found that after the results of the two substances resulting precipitate was reacted with yellow, orange (+ +), orange (+). Our results may have been the same with existing theories. In the first tube showed a yellow solution and precipitate (+). In the second tube results obtained orange solution and precipitate (+ + +), and the third tube results obtained orange solution and precipitate (+ +). However, once we learned the theory that there is in fact the results are not the same. Theoretically, many sediment sequence from the most to least is 1,3,2 tube. In the third tube experiments, in fact almost the same as the first tube. In the third tube coupled with HCl solution. The function of the addition of HCl is to increase the solubility of K2CrO4. Furthermore, the addition of HCl also to provide the acidic solution. So that the color and sediment that formed at the tube 2. However, due to the addition of the HCl increase the solubility of the sediment at the end of the observation that in can sharusnya more in the tube 2. The first tube has the least amount of sediment third owned tube because Ksp is greater than BaCr2O7. BaCO3 ( s ) + H2O ( l ) . The function of the addition CaCl2 ( ag ) + H2CO3 (aq ) . In the test tube containing

Ba ( OH )2 solution becomes cloudy . This is because terbetuk BaCO3 precipitate

of Ba ( OH )2 is an indicator of the presence of CO2. CO2 formed will react with Ba ( OH

5. In the fifth experiment, namely dehydration reaction. C12H22O11 reacted with H2SO4. Sugar water that has been given first and then reacted with H2SO4. The results of this experiment is the solution to black solid formed and the reaction exothermic so the temperature rise. H2SO4 function is as pengdehidrasi and black carbon atoms is formed from a solution of the corresponding functions C12H22O11 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) 12C(s) + H2O (l). If water is added to concentrated sulfuric acid, boiling occurs. Always add acid to water and not vice versa. Part of the problem is due to differences in both liquid isipadu. Water is less coherent than sulfuric acid and tends to float on top of the acid. The reaction to form hydronium ions: H2SO4 + H2O H3O + + HSO4-.

IX.

DISCUSSION In the first experiment the resulting color of the experiments we did not exactly with the theory that there is yet approached. The colors are produced when HCl plus NaOH is green. However, the color of which we emerge from our trials are yellow. While CH3COOH plus NaOH solution color should bluish green. However, the color that appears is blue. This error occurs due to lack of observer accuracy in measuring the volume of the solution. Because it can be indicated that this color shift occurs due to the volume of the solution is not treated in accordance with the recommended flow. In the second experiment we run into a lot of trouble. This is due to the lack of precision and patience of the observer. From the second tube is clear that ZnSO4 plus NaOH produces the most sediment. After sprinkled with a solution to the color excess fluid turbid solution now becomes clear. However, the reality on the ground, after we shed the excess solution to 80 drops of NaOH and 75 drops of (NH 4) 2 SO 4 is not clear as clear as initial solution. In the fourth experiment, namely the deposition reaction. Results we experienced differences with existing theories. The amount of sediment generated sequentially from a lot into a little tube is 2,3,1. However, according to our observations, the amount of sediment in a sequence of many to little is 3,2,1. This is because of our lack of accuracy in the observation that a lack of understanding of the solution Which dissolves and settles. So when making observations on the third tube, we think that the tube is the third most widely because of the muddy sediment.

X.

CONCLUSIANS

From the experiments we've done about chemical reactions can be summarized as follows: A chemical reaction can be characterized by, the change of color , sediment, the formation of gas, the change in temperature.

XI.

QUESTION AND ANSWER A. Question

Write all of equation reaction of experiment ! B. Answer

1. Neutralization Reaction HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ,its forming neutral salt CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) its forming base salt NaOH(aq) Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) Na+(aq) + H2O(l) (no reaction) because Na+ is strong base, it cant hydrolysis HCl(aq) H+ (aq) + Cl-(aq) Cl- (aq) + H2O(l) (no reaction) because Cl- is strong acid, it cant hydrolysis CH3COOH(aq) H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) CH3COO- (aq) + H2O(l) CH 3 COOH (aq) + OH - (aq) ) because CH3COO- is weak acid, it can hydrolysis

2. Complex Forming Reaction ZnSO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) Zn(OH)2(s)+Na2SO4(aq) its forming sediment as shown by turbid solution Zn(OH)2(s) + 2OH(aq) it make clear solution ZnSO4(aq) + NH4OH(aq) Zn(OH)2(s) + (NH4)2 SO4(aq) its forming sediment as shown by turbid solution NH3 + H2O NH4OH [Zn(NH3)4]2+(aq) + 2OH(aq) [Zn(OH)4]2(aq)

Zn(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) it make clear solution

3. Gas Forming Reaction (NH4)2SO4(aq)+2 NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + NH4OH(aq)

NH4OH(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l) Reaction with litmus that given H2O(l) NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4OH(aq) CaCO3(s) + HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2CO3(aq) H2CO3(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l) CO2(g) + Ba(OH)2(aq) BaCO3(s) + H2O(l) 4. Transition Group Reaction BaCl2 (aq) + K2CrO4(aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq) BaCl2(aq) + K2Cr2O7(aq) BaCr2O7(s) + 2KCl(aq) BaCl2 (aq) + K2CrO4(aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq) BaCrO4(s) + 2KCl(aq)
HCl(aq)

BaCr2O7(s) + 2KCl(aq)

5. Dehidration Reaction C12H22O11(aq)+H2SO4(aq) 12C(s) +11H2O(l) +H2SO4(aq) C12H22O11(aq) it from C12H22O11(s) when adding by H2O(l)

XII.

REFERENCES Sugiarto,Bambang,dkk.2013.Kimia Umum.Surabaya:UNESA Svehla,G. 1985. Vogel Bagian 1. Jakarta : PT. Kalman Media Pustaka Team Chemistry Basic Chemistry Lab Dasar.2004.Penuntun 1. Surabaya: Unipress Tim Kimia Dasar.2013.Panduan Praktikum Kimia Umum.Surabaya:UNESA

ATTACHMENT pH Calculation H+ 0,05 M Cl0,05 M

1. HCl(aq) 0,05 M

[H+] = 5 x 10-2 pH = -log 5 x 10-2 = 2 log 5 = 2,07 2. CH3COOH 0,05 M CH3COOH0,05 M + H+ 0,05 M Ka = 1,8 x 10-5

[H+] = = = = 3 x 10-3,5 pH = -log 3 x 10-3,5 = 3,5 log 3 = 3,48 3. NaOH 0,05 M Na+ 0,05 M + Cl0,05 M

[OH-] = 5 x 102pOH = - log 5 x 102= 2 log 5 pH = 14 (2 log 5) = 12 + log 5 = 12,07 4. m: r : s : HCl(aq) 0,05 0,05 + NaOH(aq) 0,05 0,05 NaCl(s) 0,05 0,05 mmol + H2O(l) 0,05 0,05

n = m.V = 0,05 M . 1 ml = 0,05 mmol M=

= = 0.025 M If strong acid and strong base are mixed the solution is neutral (pH = 7) 5. CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) m : 0.05 0,05 r : 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 s : - - 0,05 mmol n = m.V = 0,05 M. 1 ml = 0,05 mmol M= = = 0.025 M Hydrolisys strong base and weak acid [OH-] = = = = 3,73 x 10-6 pOH = - log 3,73 x 106= 6 log 3,73 pH = 14 (6 log 3,73) = 8 + log 3,73 = 8,57 CH3COONa + H2O(l)

ATTACHMENT
Experiment 1 Tube Reaction I

Put 1 ml HCl 0,05 M in the test tube Tube Reaction 2

Added 1 drop universal indicator

Put 1 ml CH3COOH 0,05 M in the test tube Tube Reaction 3

Added 1 drop universal indicator

Put 1 ml NaOH 0,05 M in the test tube indicator Tube Reaction 4

Added 1 drop universal

Put 1 ml NaOH 0,05 M in the test tube indicator

Added 1 drop universal

Tube 1 and 3

Tube 1 and 3

Mixed tube 1 and 3 Experiment 2 Tube Reaction I

Mixed tube 2 and 4

Put 1 ml ZnSO4 0,1 M in the test tube

Dropped 2 drops NaOH 0,5 M

Add more NaOH 0,5 M until sediment clear Tube Reaction 2

Put 1 ml ZnSO4 0,1 M in the test tube

Dropped 2 drops NH4OH 0,5 M

Add more NH4OH 0,5 M until sediment clear Experiment 3 Experiment 4 Tube Reaction I

Put 1 ml BaCl2 0,1 M in the test tube

Added 1 ml K2CrO4 0,1 M in the test tube

Color reaction (yellow, white sediment) Tube Reaction II

Put 1 ml BaCl2 0,1 M in the test tube

Added 1 ml K2Cr2O7 0,1 M in the test tube

Color reaction (orange(+++), white sediment) Test tube III

Put 1 ml BaCl2 0,1 M in the test tube

Added 1 ml K2CrO4 0,1 M in the test tube

Added 1 ml HCl 0,5 M in the test tube sediment)

Color reaction (orange+++), yellow

Compare the result Experiment 5

Change of color and temperature