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    Chapter 1 Chemistry Notes Class 10th

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    Anshika Tandon
    Chemical reactions involve the formation of new substances through breaking and making of bonds between atoms. They can be classified based on various factors such as whether they involve combination, decomposition, displacement, or redox processes. A balanced chemical equation shows that the same number and type of atoms are present on both sides of the reaction. Balancing equations ensures conservation of mass and follows the law that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical change.

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    Chapter 1 Chemistry Notes Class 10th

    Uploaded by

    Anshika Tandon
    689 views8 pages
    Chemical reactions involve the formation of new substances through breaking and making of bonds between atoms. They can be classified based on various factors such as whether they involve combination, decomposition, displacement, or redox processes. A balanced chemical equation shows that the same number and type of atoms are present on both sides of the reaction. Balancing equations ensures conservation of mass and follows the law that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical change.

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    Chemical reactions involve the formation of new substances through breaking and making of bonds between atoms. They can be classified based on various factors such as whether they involve combination, decomposition, displacement, or redox processes. A balanced chemical equation shows that the same number and type of atoms are present on both sides of the reaction. Balancing equations ensures conservation of mass and follows the law that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical change.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    689 views8 pages

    Chapter 1 Chemistry Notes Class 10th

    Uploaded by

    Anshika Tandon
    Chemical reactions involve the formation of new substances through breaking and making of bonds between atoms. They can be classified based on various factors such as whether they involve combination, decomposition, displacement, or redox processes. A balanced chemical equation shows that the same number and type of atoms are present on both sides of the reaction. Balancing equations ensures conservation of mass and follows the law that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical change.

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    Introduction to Chemical Reactions and Equations

    Physical and chemical changes


    Chemical change – one or more new substances with new physical and chemical properties are
    formed.

    Here, when copper sulphate reacts with iron, two new substances, i.e., ferrous sulphate and copper
    are formed.

    Physical change – change in colour or state occurs but no new substance is formed.
    Example: Water changes to steam on boiling but no new substance is formed(Even though steam
    and water look different when they are made to react with a piece of Na, they react the same way
    and give the exact same products). This involves only a change in state (liquid to vapour).
    To know more about Physical and Chemical Changes, visit here.

    Observations that help determine a chemical reaction


    A chemical reaction can be determined with the help of any of the following observations:
    a) Evolution of a gas
    b) Change in temperature
    c) Formation of a precipitate
    d) Change in colour
    e) Change of state

    Chemical reaction
    Chemical reactions are chemical changes in which reactants transform into products by making or
    breaking of bonds (or both) between different atoms.

    Types of chemical reactions


    Taking into consideration different factors, chemical reactions are grouped into multiple categories.
    Few examples are:
    ● Combination
    ● Decomposition
    ● Single Displacement
    ● Double displacement
    ● Redox
    ● Endothermic
    ● Exothermic
    ● Precipitation
    ● Neutralisation
    To know more about Chemical Reactions, visit here.

    Chemical Reactions and Equations I


    Word equation
    A word equation is a chemical reaction expressed in words rather than chemical formulas. It helps
    identify the reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
    For example,
    Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium chloride
    The above equation means: “Sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride.”

    Symbols of elements and their valencies


    A symbol is the chemical code for an element. Each element has one or two-letter atomic symbol,
    which is the abbreviated form of its name.
    Valency is the combining capacity of an element. It can be considered as the number of electrons
    lost, gain or shared by an atom when it combines with another atom to form a molecule.

    Writing chemical equations


    Representation of a chemical reaction in terms of symbols and chemical formulae of the reactants
    and products is known as a chemical equation.

    • For solids, the symbol is “(s)”.


    • For liquids, it is “(l)”.
    • For gases, it is “(g)”.
    • For aqueous solutions, it is “(aq)”.
    • For gas produced in the reaction, it is represented by “(↑)”.
    • For precipitate formed in the reaction, it is represented by “(↓)”.
    To know more about Chemical Equation, visit here.
    Balancing of a Chemical Reaction
    Conservation of mass
    According to the law of conservation of mass, no atoms can be created or destroyed in a chemical
    reaction, so the number of atoms for each element in the reactants side has to balance the number
    of atoms that are present in the products side.
    In other words, the total mass of the products formed in a chemical reaction is equal to the total
    mass of the reactants participated in a chemical reaction.

    Balanced chemical equation


    The chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element in the reactants side is equal
    to that of the products side is called a balanced chemical equation.
    To know more about Balanced Chemical Equations, visit here.

    Steps for balancing chemical equations


    Hit and trial method: While balancing the equation, change the coefficients (the numbers in front of
    the compound or molecule) so that the number of atoms of each element is same on each side of
    the chemical equation.

    Short-cut technique for balancing a chemical equation


    Example:
    aCaCO3 + bH3PO4 → cCa3(PO4)2 + dH2CO3
    Set up a series of simultaneous equations, one for each element.
    Ca: a=3c
    C: a=d
    O: 3a+4b=8c+3d
    H: 3b=2d
    P: b=2c
    Let’s set c=1
    Then a=3 and
    d=a=3
    b = 2c = 2
    So a=3; b=2; c=1; d=3
    The balanced equation is
    3CaCO3 + 2H3PO4 → Ca3 (PO4)2 + 3H2CO3
    To know more about Balancing of a Chemical Equation, visit here.
    Chemical Reactions and Equations II
    Types of chemical reactions
    Taking into consideration different factors, chemical reactions are grouped into multiple categories.
    Few examples are:
    ● Combination
    ● Decomposition
    ● Single Displacement
    ● Double displacement
    ● Redox
    ● Endothermic
    ● Exothermic
    ● Precipitation
    ● Neutralisation
    To know more about Types of Chemical Reaction, visit here.

    Combination reaction
    In a combination reaction, two elements or one element and one compound or two compounds
    combine to give one single product.

    Decomposition reaction
    A single reactant decomposes on the application of heat or light or electricity to give two or more
    products.
    Types of decomposition reactions:
    a. Decomposition reactions which require heat – thermolytic decomposition or thermolysis.
    Thermal decomposition of HgO
    b. Decomposition reactions which require light – photolytic decomposition or photolysis.

    Photolytic decomposition of H2O2


    c. Decomposition reactions which require electricity – electrolytic decomposition or electrolysis.

    Electrolytic decomposition of H2O

    Displacement reaction
    More reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound or solution.

    Double displacement reaction


    An exchange of ions between the reactants takes place to give new products.

    For example,

    Precipitation reaction
    An insoluble compound called precipitate forms when two solutions containing soluble salts are
    combined.
    To know more about Precipitation Reaction, visit here.

    Redox reaction
    Oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.
    Oxidation: Substance loses electrons or gains oxygen or loses hydrogen.
    Reduction: Substance gains electrons or loses oxygen or gains hydrogen.
    Oxidising agent – a substance that oxidises another substance and self-gets reduced.
    Reducing agent – a substance that reduces another substance and self-gets oxidised.
    To know more about Redox Reaction, visit here.

    Endothermic and exothermic reaction


    Exothermic reaction – heat is evolved during a reaction. Most of the combination reactions are
    exothermic.
    Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + Fe + heat
    CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat
    To know more about Exothermic Reaction, visit here.
    Endothermic – Heat is required to carry out the reaction.
    6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2
    Glucose
    Most of the decomposition reactions are endothermic.
    To know more about Endothermic Reaction, visit here.

    Corrosion
    Gradual deterioration of a material, usually a metal, by the action of moisture, air or chemicals in the
    surrounding environment.
    Rusting:
    4Fe(s) + 3O2(from air) + xH2O(moisture) → 2Fe2O3.xH2O(rust)
    Corrosion of copper:
    Cu(s) + H2O(moisture) + CO2(from air) → CuCO3.Cu(OH)2(green)
    Corrosion of silver:
    Ag(s) + H2S (from air) → Ag2S(black) + H2(g)
    To know more about Corrosion, visit here.

    Rancidity
    It refers to the oxidation of fats and oils in food that is kept for a long time. It gives foul smell and bad
    taste to food. Rancid food causes stomach infection on consumption.
    Prevention:
    (i) Use of air-tight containers
    (ii) Packaging with nitrogen
    (iii) Refrigeration
    (iv) Addition of antioxidants or preservatives

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