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    Chemical Reactions

    Uploaded by

    kedia.sarthak330
    this is notes for cbse chemistry

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    Chemical Reactions

    Uploaded by

    kedia.sarthak330
    7 views13 pages
    this is notes for cbse chemistry

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    this is notes for cbse chemistry

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    7 views13 pages

    Chemical Reactions

    Uploaded by

    kedia.sarthak330
    this is notes for cbse chemistry

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Chemical Reactions

    A chemical reaction occurs when one or more reactants are changed into one or
    more products. The constituent atoms of the reactants are rearranged in a chemical
    reaction, resulting in the formation of various substances as products.

    Physical and Chemical Changes


    Chemical change – one or more new substances with new physical and chemical
    properties are formed.

    Here, when copper sulphate reacts with iron, two new substances, i.e., ferrous
    sulphate and copper, are formed.

    Physical change – change in colour or state occurs, but no new substance is formed.
    Example: Water changes to steam on boiling, but no new substance is formed (Even
    though steam and water look different when they are made to react with a piece of
    Na, they react the same way and give the exact same products). This involves only a
    change in state (liquid to vapour).

    To know more about Physical and Chemical Changes, visit here.

    Students can refer to the short notes and MCQ questions along with separate
    solution pdf of this chapter for quick revision from the links below:

     Chemical Reactions and Equations Short Notes


     Chemical Reactions and Equations MCQ Practice Questions
     Chemical Reactions and Equations MCQ Practice Solutions

    Observations that Help Determine a Chemical Reaction


    A chemical reaction can be determined with the help of any of the following
    observations.
    a) Evolution of a gas
    b) Change in temperature
    c) Formation of a precipitate
    d) Change in colour
    e) Change of state

    Chemical Reaction
    Chemical reactions are chemical changes in which reactants transform into products
    by making or breaking bonds (or both) between different atoms.

    A chemical reaction is a process that causes one set of chemical components to


    change into another. Chemical reactions are defined as changes in the locations of
    electrons in the formation and breaking of chemical bonds between atoms, with no
    change in the nuclei, and are described using a chemical equation. At a given
    temperature and chemical concentration, chemical reactions occur at a predictable
    rate. Reaction speeds often increase as the temperature rises because more thermal
    energy is available to attain the activation energy required to break bonds between
    atoms.

    Types of Chemical Reactions


    Taking into consideration different factors, chemical reactions are grouped into
    multiple categories.
    A few examples are:
    ● Combination
    ● Decomposition
    ● Single Displacement
    ● Double displacement
    ● Redox
    ● Endothermic
    ● Exothermic
    ● Precipitation
    ● Neutralisation
    To know more about Chemical Reactions, visit here.

    Chemical Reactions and Equations I

    Word Equation
    A word equation is a chemical reaction expressed in words rather than chemical
    formulas. It helps identify the reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

    A chemical reaction is described using a word equation, which is a shorthand


    manner of expressing it. The names of the reactants are shown on the left side of a
    word equation. If there is more than one reactant, the names of the reactants are
    separated by a plus sign (+). Products are shown on the right side of a word
    equation. If there is more than one product, the names of the products are separated
    by a plus sign (+).
    For example,
    Sodium + Chlorine → Sodium chloride
    The above equation means: “Sodium reacts with chlorine to form sodium chloride.”

    Symbols of Elements and Their Valencies


    A symbol is a chemical code for an element. Each element has a one or two-letter
    atomic symbol, which is, in most cases, the abbreviated form of its name.
    Valency is the combining capacity of an element. It can be considered as the number
    of electrons lost, gained or shared by an atom when it combines with another atom
    to form a molecule.

    Writing Chemical Equations


    Representation of a chemical reaction in terms of symbols and chemical formulae of
    the reactants and products is known as a chemical equation.

    • For solids, the symbol is “(s)”.


    • For liquids, it is “(l)”.
    • For gases, it is “(g)”.
    • For aqueous solutions, it is “(aq)”.
    • For gas produced in the reaction, it is represented by “(↑)”.
    • For precipitate formed in the reaction, it is represented by “(↓)”.

    To know more about Chemical Equations, visit here.


    Balancing of a Chemical Reaction

    Law of Conservation of Mass


    According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, no atoms can be created or
    destroyed in a chemical reaction, so the number of atoms for each element on the
    reactants side has to balance the number of atoms that are present on the products
    side.
    In other words, the total mass of the products formed in a chemical reaction is equal
    to the total mass of the reactants participating in a chemical reaction.

    Balanced chemical equation


    The chemical equation in which the number of atoms of each element on the
    reactants side is equal to that of the products side is called a balanced chemical
    equation.

    To know more about Balanced Chemical Equations, visit here.

    Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations


    The changes that occur during a chemical reaction are represented by a chemical
    equation.

    Reactants → Products

    The equilibrium of all chemical equations must be maintained. This means that on
    both sides of the arrow, the number of each sort of atom must be the same.

    Chemical equations are balanced using coefficients. A coefficient is a numerical


    value that is added to the front of a chemical symbol or formula. It indicates the
    number of atoms or molecules of the material involved in the process.

    Place coefficients in front of symbols or formulas as needed to balance a chemical


    equation so that the same number of each type of atom appears in both reactants
    and products.

    For example,

    Zn + HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

    The balanced equation is

    Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
    Hit and trial method: While balancing the equation, change the coefficients (the
    numbers in front of the compound or molecule) so that the number of atoms of each
    element is the same on each side of the chemical equation.

    For more information on Steps for balancing chemical equations, watch the
    below video

    3,09,908

    Short-Cut Technique for Balancing a Chemical Equation


    Example:

    aCaCO3 + bH3PO4 → cCa3(PO4)2 + dH2CO3

    Set up a series of simultaneous equations, one for each element.

    Ca: a=3c

    C: a=d

    O: 3a+4b=8c+3d

    H: 3b=2d

    P: b=2c

    Let’s set c=1

    Then a=3 and


    d=a=3

    b = 2c = 2

    So a=3; b=2; c=1; d=3

    The balanced equation is

    3CaCO3 + 2H3PO4 → Ca3 (PO4)2 + 3H2CO3

    To know more about the Balancing of a Chemical Equation, visit here.

    Chemical Reactions and Equations II

    Types of Chemical Reactions


    Taking into consideration different factors, chemical reactions are grouped into
    multiple categories.
    A few examples are:
    ● Combination
    ● Decomposition
    ● Single Displacement
    ● Double displacement
    ● Redox
    ● Endothermic
    ● Exothermic
    ● Precipitation
    ● Neutralisation

    To know more about Types of Chemical Reactions, visit here.

    Combination Reaction
    In a combination reaction, two elements or one element and one compound or two
    compounds combine to give one single product.
    When quicklime or calcium oxide (CaO) reacts with water, slaked lime [Ca(OH)2] is
    formed. During this reaction, a large amount of heat is released. So, this reaction is
    an exothermic Reaction.

    CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2

    Decomposition Reaction
    A single reactant decomposes on the application of heat or light, or electricity to give
    two or more products.
    Types of decomposition reactions:
    a. Decomposition reactions which require heat-thermolytic decomposition or
    thermolysis.

    Thermal decomposition of HgO


    b. Decomposition reactions which require light-photolytic decomposition or
    photolysis.
    Photolytic decomposition of H2O2
    c. Decomposition reactions which require electricity – electrolytic decomposition or
    electrolysis.

    Electrolytic decomposition of H2O

    For more information on Decomposition Reaction, watch the below video


    41,010

    Displacement Reaction
    A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound or
    solution.

    Double Displacement Reaction or Precipitation Reaction


    An exchange of ions between the reactants takes place to give new products.

    For example,

    An insoluble compound called precipitate forms when two solutions containing


    soluble salts are combined.
    One of the best examples of precipitation reactions is the chemical reaction between
    potassium chloride and silver nitrate, in which solid silver chloride is precipitated
    out. This is the insoluble salt formed as a product of the precipitation reaction. The
    chemical equation for this precipitation reaction is provided below.

    AgNO3(aqueous) + KCl(aqueous) —–AgCl(precipitate) + KNO3(aqueous)

    To know more about Precipitation Reactions, visit here.

    Redox Reaction
    A redox reaction occurs when the oxidation states of the substrate change. The loss
    of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state of a chemical or its atoms is
    referred to as oxidation. The gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state of
    a chemical or its atoms is referred to as reduction.

    Oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously.


    Oxidation: Substance loses electrons or gains oxygen or loses hydrogen.
    Reduction: Substance gains electrons or loses oxygen or gains hydrogen.
    Oxidising agent – a substance that oxidises another substance and self-gets
    reduced.
    Reducing agent – a substance that reduces another substance and self-gets
    oxidised.
    To know more about Redox Reaction, visit here.

    Endothermic and Exothermic reaction


    Exothermic reaction – heat is evolved during a reaction. Most of the combination
    reactions are exothermic.

    Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + Fe + heat


    CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + heat

    To know more about Exothermic Reactions, visit here.

    Effect of Oxidation Reaction in Everyday Life


    Endothermic – Heat is required to carry out the reaction.

    6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight → C6H12O6 + 6O2

    Glucose
    Most of the decomposition reactions are endothermic.

    To know more about Endothermic Reactions, visit here.

    Corrosion
    Gradual deterioration of a material, usually a metal, by the action of moisture, air or
    chemicals in the surrounding environment.

    Rusting:

    4Fe(s) + 3O2(from air) + xH2O(moisture) → 2Fe2O3.xH2O(rust)


    Corrosion of copper:
    Cu(s) + H2O(moisture) + CO2(from air) → CuCO3.Cu(OH)2(green)
    Corrosion of silver:
    Ag(s) + H2S (from air) → Ag2S(black) + H2(g)

    To know more about Corrosion, visit here.

    Rancidity
    It refers to the oxidation of fats and oils in food that is kept for a long time. It gives
    foul smell and bad taste to food. Rancid food causes stomach infections during
    consumption.
    Prevention:
    (i) Use of air-tight containers
    (ii) Packaging with nitrogen
    (iii) Refrigeration
    (iv) Addition of antioxidants or preservatives

    Read more
     NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations
     Important Questions for Class 10 Science Chapter 1 – Chemical Reactions And
    Equations
     Acids, Bases and Salts Class 10 Chapter 2 Notes
     NCERT Exemplar Class 10 Science Solutions for Chapter 1 – Chemical Reactions And
    Equations
     Maths Notes For Class 10
     CBSE Class 10 Social Science Notes

    Frequently Asked Questions on Chemical Reactions and


    Equations
    Q1

    Carbon reacts with oxygen to give carbon dioxide. This is an example


    of which type of reaction?

    This is an example of a combination reaction since two reactants are combined to


    form a single product.
    Q2

    Identify the type of chemical reaction taking place when silver


    chloride turns black on exposure to sunlight.
    It is a decomposition reaction that occurs in the presence of sunlight, and hence it is
    a photochemical decomposition reaction.
    Q3

    In electrolysis of water (acidified), what is the name of the gases that


    are evolved at the anode and cathode, respectively?

    In the electrolysis of water (acidified), the gases that are evolved at the anode and
    cathode, respectively, are oxygen and hydrogen. Hydrogen ions gain electrons from
    the cathode and form hydrogen gas, and oxygen ions give electrons to the anode
    and form oxygen gas.

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