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CBSE Board (Class-10 ) Science Notes

LESSON 4
CARBON & ITS COMPOUND

Introduction
The compounds obtained from 'Carbon' are widely used as clothes, medicines, books, food, fertilizer, fuel
etc. all living structures are carbon based.
The amount of carbon present in the earth's crust and in the atmosphere is quite merge. The earths crust
has only 0.02% carbon in the form of mineral (like carbonates, hydrogen-carbonates, coal and petroleum)
and the atmosphere has 0.03% of carbon dioxide. In spite of this small amount of carbon available in
nature, the importance of carbon seems to be immense.
Carbon forms a large number of compounds with hydrogen which are known as hydrocarbons. In
addition to hydrogen, carbon compound may also contain some other element such as oxygen, halogen,
nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur etc.
The number of compounds of carbon is more than three million which is much larger than the compounds
formed by all other element put together.

Bonding in carbon compounds:

Carbon forms covalent bonds in its compounds with other atoms. In each compound the valency of
carbon is four. That is, carbon has tetravalent character. But what is covalent bond and what is meaning
of tetravalent?
Why does a carbon atom form only covalent bond?
 The atomic number of carbon is 6 and first shell contains just two electrons and second shell
(Outermost shell) contains four electrons.
 Carbon atom can attain the noble gas configuration by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms
of carbon or with atoms of other elements and form covalent bond.
COVALENT BOND:
A chemical bond formed between two atoms of the same element or two atoms of different elements
by sharing of electron is called a covalent bond.
 Necessary conditions of the formation of covalent bond:
 The combining atoms should have nonmetallic character.
 The combining atoms should contain 4 to 7 electrons in their respective valence shell.
 In hydrogen there is only 1 valence electron, but it also forms covalent bond.

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 The combining atoms need 1, 2,3 or 4 electrons to complete their octet (hydrogen completes its
duplet)
 The combining atoms should contribute equal number of electrons to form pair of electrons to be
shared.
 After sharing the pair of electrons each combining atoms should attain stable electronic
configuration like its nearest noble gas.
CLASSIFICATION OF COVALENT BOND:
 On the basis of the number of electrons shared by two combining atoms, the covalent bonds are of
three types.
 Single Covalent Bond: A single covalent bond is formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons
between the two atoms. It is represented by one short line (—) between the two atoms.
 Example: H-H, CI -CI, H-Cl, CH3-CH3.
 Double Covalent Bond: A double covalent bond is formed by the sharing of two pairs of electron
between the two combining atoms. It is represented by putting (=) two short lines between the two
bonded atoms.
Examples: O = O (O2),CO2(O-C-O), H2C -CH2
 Triple covalent bond: A triple bond is formed by the sharing of three pair of electron between the
two combining atoms. It is represented by putting three short line (s) between two bonded atoms
Example: N2  N  N  ,CH  CH.

FORMATION OF SINGLE COVALENT COMPOUNDS:

 Formation of hydrogen molecule (H2):
A molecule of hydrogen is composed to two H-atoms. The electronic configuration of H-atom is.
Shell - K
Electron-1
Electronic configuration of He atom
Shell - K
Electrons - 2
H  
H 
 H : H 
 H  H 
 H2

K 1 K 1 Shared electron Covalent Hydrogen

H-H Bond in terms of energy shells (orbits)

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Formation of chlorine molecule:  Cl2  . The atomic number of chlorine is 17, thus there are 17 electrons
in an atom of chlorine.
Electronic configuration of Cl atom
Shells K L M
Electrons 2 8 8
Chlorine atome needs one electron more to complete to complete its octet -
.. .. .. ..
..   Cl
: Cl .. : Cl — Cl
 .. : 
 :Cl
.. Cl.. 
 
 Cl 2
Atom Atom Shared electrons Covalent Bond Chlorine molecule

Cl  Cl bond in terms of energy shell orbits

Formation of hydrochloric acid (HC1):

H atom has one valence electron. It needs 1 electron more to complete its duplet and chlorine atom has 7
valence electrons. It need 1 electron more to complete its octet and acquire stable electronic configuration
(2, 8. 8) like noble gas argon.

Formation of oxygen (O2):

The atomic number of O atom is 8. There are 6 electron in the valence shell of oxygen atom it needs 2
more electrons to attain the nearest stable inert gas Neon (2, 8) configuration:
Two pairs of shared electrons

Formation of nitrogen molecule (N2):

The atomic number of nitrogen is 7 and its electronic configuration is K(2), L(5). It needs 3 electrons
more to complete its octet like noble gas neon (2, 8).

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Three pairs of

Formation of ammonia molecule (NH3):

The atomic number of N is 7. It's electronic configuration is 2, 5 there are 5 electrons in its valence shell.
It needs 3 electrons more to complete its octet like noble gas neon (2, 8).

Formation of H2O molecule:

The electronic configuration of hydrogen is K (1) and that of oxygen is K(2) L(6) thus each hydrogen
require one and oxygen required two electrons to achieve the stable electronic configuration.

Formation of CO2 molecule:

The atomic number of C is 6 and the electronic configuration of C is K(2), L(4) and that of oxygen is
K(2), L(6) thus each carbon require 4 and oxygen require two electrons to achieve the stable electronic
configuration

Formation of CH4 molecule:

Methane is a covalent compound containing 4 covalent bond. It contains one carbon atom and four
hydrogen atom covalently bonded to central carbon atom.

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Formation of carbon tetrachloride molecule (CC14):

The electronic configuration of carbon and chlorine atoms are (2, 4) and (2, 8, 7) respectively. Carbon
atom needs four electrons and chlorine atom needs one electron to attain the stable electronic
configuration.

Formation of ethylene or ethane molecule (C2H4):

The electronic configuration of carbon atom is 2, 4. There are 4 valence electrons in one C atom. Each H
atom contains 1 valence electron. Thus, there are 12 valence electrons present in ethane molecule. H

Formation of Acetylene or ethyne molecule (C2H2):

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Q. What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has formula CO2
Q. What would be the electron dot structure of a molecule of sulphur which is made up of eight atoms
of sulphur?
Ans. The eight atoms of sulphur are joined together in the form of a puckered ring.

Q. Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH3CI.
Q. Draw the electron dot structure for
(a) ethanoic acid (b) H2S (c) propanone (d) F2
NON POLAR AND POLAR COVALENT COMPOUNDS:
Non polar covalent bond:
A covalent bond formed between two atoms of the same element or same electronegativity is called a
non-polar covalent bond. Example:

Polar covalent bond:

The covalent bond between the atoms of two elements having different electro negativities is called a
polar covlaent bond. Molecule in which the atoms are bonded by a polar covalent bond are called polar
molecules.
Note: In a polar covalent bond, the shared pair of electrons lies more toward the atom which is more
electronegative.
Example: HCl, H2O & NH3

Note: 5 means partial

CHARACTERISTICS OF COVALENT BOND AND COVALENT COMPOUNDS:
Characteristics of covalent bond:
Covalent bond are formed by mutual sharing of electrons
Note: Shared pair of electrons is also called bonding pair of electrons.

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 Covalent bond is directional in nature because shared pair of electrons remain localized in a definite
space between the two atoms.
Characteristics of covalent compounds:
Physical State: The covalent compounds are generally gases or liquids, but compounds with high
molecular masses are solids.
Example: Solid: Urea, Glucose, Naphthalene.
Liquids: Water, ethanol, benzene.
Gases: Methane, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen

 Melting and boiling points: Covalent compounds have low melting and low boiling points
because intermolecular forces (cohesive forces) in covalent compounds are weaker than those in
ionic compounds.

Note: Some exceptions like diamond and graphite which are covalent solids have very high
M.P. & B.P.

 Solubility:
Covalent compounds generally dissolve readily in organic solvents but they are less soluble in
water.
For example: Naphthalene which is an organic compound dissolves readily in organic solvents like
ether but is insoluble in water. However some covalent compounds like urea, glucose, sugar etc. are
soluble in water. Some polar covalent compounds like ammonia and hydrochloric acid are soluble
in water.

 Conductivity:
Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity because they contain neither the ions nor free
electrons necessary for conduction, So they do not conduct electricity
For example : Covalent compounds like glucose, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride do not conduct
electricity.

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Differences between ionic and covalent compounds:

S.N. Electrovalent (Ionic) Compounds Covalent Compound

Formed by transfer of electrons, )only single Formed by sharing of electrons, (single,

1
bond network exist) double & triple bond are formed).

Usually gases or liquid only a few of them

2 Usually crystalline solid
are solid

3 Generally have high melting and boiling points Generally have low M.P. and B.P.

Soluble in organic solvent but insoluble

4 Soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents
or soluble in water

5 Conduct electricity in solution or molten state Usually non conductor of electricity

Usually Non-polar and do not ionise in

Highly polar and ionise in water water but few compounds are polar in
6 nature and ionise in water
e.g. NaCl  Na   Cl
eg. HC1  H  Cl

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
The chemical compounds which were present in living organisms (plant and animal) were called organic
compounds. The belief that formation of organic compounds was possible only in plants and animals led
the scientists of early days to propose that Vital Force was necessary for the formation of such
compounds. But the experimental work of Friedrich Wohler (German chemist) denied the idea of vital
force when he prepared urea in his laboratory, (urea is an organic compound and waste product of urine).

Q. Name the organic compound which was prepared by Wohler in his laboratory.

Allotropy / allotrops of carbon:

The phenomenon of existance of allotropic forms of an element is called allotropy. Allotrops are the
different forms of the same element having different physical properties but almost similar chemical
properties.
There are three allotrops of carbon these are diamond, graphite and fullerene.
DIAMOND: Diamond is a crystalline allotrope of carbon. Its atomic symbol & empirical formula is 'C.

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Structure: In diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral
arrangement. This tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms gives a rigid, three dimensional structure to
diamond It is due to this rigid structure that diamond.
 Is very hard crystalline structure.
 Has high melting point.
 Is non conductor of heat and electricity.
Properties: Pure diamond is a transparent and colourless solid.
 Polished diamond sparkles brightly because it reflects most of the light (referactive index of
diamond is 245)
 Diamond are net attacked by acids, alkalis and solvents like water, ether, benzene or carbon
tetrachloride but diamond is attacked by fluorine at 750°C.
 C  Diamond   2F2 
750C
 CF4
Carbon Fluorine Carbontetra fluoride
 The density of diamond is 3.51 g per cm3 at 20°C.
Uses:
 A saw fitted with diamond is used for sawing marbles.
 A chip diamond is used for glass cutting.
 Black diamonds are used in making drill.
 Diamonds are used for making dice for drawing very thin wires of harder metals.
 Diamonds are also used for making high precision took for use in surgery such as, for the removal
of cataract.
 Diamonds are used for making precision thermometers and protective windows for space crafts.
GRAPHITE:
Graphite is also known as black lead it marks paper black. The name
graphite has been taken from the greek word "graphein" (which means to
write) in reference to its uses as lead' in lead pencils.
Structure:
Graphite is an opaque and dark grey solid. In a crystal of graphite the carbon
atoms are arranged in hexagonal patterns in parallel planes. In a layer of
graphite each carbon atom is strongly bonded to three carbon atoms by
covalent bonds. Thus, one valence electron of each carbon atom is free in
every layer of graphite crystal. The free electron makes graphite a good
conductor of electricity.
Each layer is bonded to the adjacent layers by weak forces. As a result, each
layer can easily slide over the other.

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Properties:
 Graphite is greyish -black, opaque material having metallic (shiny) lustre.
 It is soft and has a soapy (slippery) touch.
 Graphite is lighter than diamond. The density of graphite is 2.26 g per cm3 at 20°C.
 Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
 Graphite has a very high melting point.
 Graphite is insoluble in all common solvent.
Uses:
 For making electrodes in dry cells and electric arc furnaces.
 Graphite is a good dry lubricant for those parts of machines where grease and oil cannot be used.
 For making crucibles for melting metals.
 For manufacturing lead pencils.
 Graphite is used as neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.
 For the manufacture of gramophone records and in electroryping.
 For the manufacture of artificial diamond.
Fullerene:
 Fullerene was discovered in 1985 by Robert F. Curl Jr, Harold kroto and Richard E. Smally.
 This molecule containing sixty atoms of carbon has been named buckminster fullerene. Fulleren has
been named after american architect and engineer R. Buckminster-fuller whose geodesic domes
follow similar building principles.
Types of fullerene:
C60 , C70 , C74 and C78 are the members of the fullerene family. But C60 is the most stable and most
studied form of fullerenes.
Structure of fullerene:

 Buckminster fullerene molecule  C60  is nearly spherical.

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 It consists of 12 pentagonal faces and 20 hexagonal faces giving it 60 comers. Thus, Buckminster
fullerene has a hollow, cage-like structure.
 In figure, ball like molecules containing C atoms.
Preparation:
 By electrically heating a graphite rod in atmosphere of helium.
 By vaporising graphite by using laser.
Properties:
 Fullerene is soluble in benzene and forms deep violet colour solution.
 Crystalline fullerene has semiconductor properties.
 Compounds of fullerene with alkali metals are called fullerides and they are superconductors.
Uses:
 As a superconductor.
 As a semiconductor.
 As a lubricants and catalyst.
 As fibres to reinforce plastics.
VERSATILE NATURE OF CARBON:
About three million (or thirty lakh) compounds of carbon are known. The existence of such a large
number of organic compounds is due to the following characteristic features of carbon.
(1) CATENATION: Tendency to form Carbon-Carbon bond:
“The property of forming bonds with atoms of the same element is called catenation''.
Carbon has the maximum tendency for catenation in the periodic table. This is because of strong
carbon bonds as compared to other atoms.
 When two or more carbon atoms combine with one another, they form different types of chain such
as
(i) Straight chains
(ii) Branched chains
(iii)Closed chain or ring chains

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(2) Tetravalency of Carbon:

 The atomic number of carbon is 6.
 The electronic configuration of carbon atom is 1s2 , 2s2 , 2p2 .
 It has four electrons in the outermost shell; therefore its valency is four. Thus carbon forms four
covalent bonds in its compounds.

(3) Tendency to form multiple bonds:

Due to small size, carbon can easily form double or triple bonds (called multiple bonds) with itself
and with the atoms of other elements as nitrogen oxygen, sulphur etc.

(4) Isomerism:
Compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formulae are known as isomers
and the phenomenon of existance of isomers is termed as isomersism.

HYDROCARBON:
Compounds formed from combination of carbon and hydrogen are known as hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon
on the basis of chain are mainly classified into two parts.

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Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon:

(1) Saturated Hydrocarbon:
 The hydrocarbons which contain only single carbon-carbon covalent bonds are called saturated
hydrocarbons.
 They are also called alkanes.
 General formula for alkanes is Cn H2n 2 where 'n' is the number of carbon atoms.

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(2) Unsaturated hydrocarbons:

The hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are bonded to each other by a double    or a triple   
bond is called an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
 Unsaturated hydrocarbons are of two types’ viz. alkenes and alkynes.
 | |

(I) Alkenes:   C  C 
 
 The hydrocarbons in which the two carbon atoms are bonded by a double bond are called alkenes.
 Their general formula is CnH2n where "n" is the number of carbon atoms.

(II) Alkyne  C  C  

 The hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are bonded by a triple bond are called alkyne.
 Their general formula is Cn H2n 2 where ‘n’ is the number of carbon atoms.

Q. Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter and cooking oil.
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CHAINS, BRANCHES AND RINGS:

The hydrocarbons may also have branched, closed chains or ring or cyclic structures.
Branched structure:
The alkanes containing three or less carbon atoms do not form branches.
CH 4 CH3  CH3 CH3  CH2  CH3
Methane Ethane Propane

 The alkane containing four carbon atoms (C4H10) has two types of arrangement of carbon atoms.
Closed chains or cyclic hydrocarbon:
These hydrocarbons contains closed chain or rings of atoms in their molecules. These are of two types:
(A) Alicyclic hydrocarbon:
These hydrocarbons contain a ring chain of three or more carbon atoms.
These cyclic compounds are named by prefixing cyclo before the name of corresponding straight chain
hydrocarbon.

Aromatic hydrocarbon:
These have at least one benzene ring in their molecules.
It is a special type of ring of six carbon atoms with three double bonds in alternate positions.

Will you be my friend? (Functional group):

 Carbon forms many compounds with hydrogen. But carbon also forms bonds with other atoms such
as halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur. Therefore, carbon is said to be very friendly element.
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These compounds are obtained by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms by other atoms such that
the valency of carbon remains satisfied. The atom, replacing the hydrogen atom is called
heteroatom or Functional group.
 Different organic compounds having same functional group have almost same properties these are
called families.

 Properties of CH3–OH and CH3–CH2OH are similar and it is due to the presence of -OH (hydroxy!)
group.
 This group is known as alcoholic group.
 Family of compounds having -OH group is called alcohols.

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES:
"A series of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the
successive members differ in their molecular formula by –CH2 group”.
The different members of the series are called homologous.
Characteristics of Homologous Series:
 All the member of a homologous series can be described by a common general formula.
 Example: All alkane can be described by the general formula Cn H2n 2

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 Each member of a homologous series differs from its higher and lowers neighbouring members by a
common 3 difference of -CH2 group.
 Molecular masses of the two adjacent homologues differ by 14 mass units, because molecular mass
of -CH2 group is 12 + 2 = 14.
 All the members of a homologous series show similar chemical properties.
 All the members of the series can be prepared by similar methods known as the general method of
preparation.

Activity: Calculate the difference in the formulae and molecular and molecular masses for
(a) CH3OH and C2 H5OH (b) C2 H5OH and C3H7 OH and C3H7 OH (c) and C4 H9OH
Q. It there any similarity in these three?
Q. Arrange these alcohols in the order of increasing carbon atoms to get a family. Can we call this
family a homologous series?
Q. What is homologus series? Explain with an example.

Solution:

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Conclusion:
(i) Yes, all these compounds are the members of a homologous series for alcohols.
(ii) CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH and C4H9OH -increasing carbon atoms. These four compounds form a
homologous series.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES CONTAINING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
 Aldehydes:
HCHO, CH3CHO, CH3CH2CHO, CH3CH2CH2CHO
 Carboxylic acids: HCOOH, CH3COOH, CH3CH2COOH,CH3CH2CH2COOH
 Amines: CH3NH2, CH3CH2NH2,CH3CH2CH2NH2.
 Ketones: CH3COCH3, CH3COCH2CH3, CH3COCH2CH2CH3
 Haloalkanes: CH3X, CH3CH2X, CH3CH2CH2X, CH3CH2CH2-CH2X
How do physical properties change in a homologous series of hydrocarbons?
The physical properties of the various members of a homologous series change regularly with an
increases in the molecular mass.
(i) Melting and boiling points: Melting point and boiling point of hydrocarbon in a homologous series
increases with an increase in molecular mass.
(ii) Physical State:
 Hydrocarbons containing lesser number of carbon atoms are gases.
 Hydrocarbons containing large number of carbon atoms are solids.
 Hydrocarbon containing intermediate number of carbon atoms are liquid.
Example: Hydrocarbon containing 1-4 carbon atoms are gases, these containing 5-13 carbon atoms
are liquid and those containing more than 14 carbon atoms are solids.

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EXERCISE - 1
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. Ethane, with the molecular formula C2Hg has (NCERT)
(a) 6 covalent bonds (b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds (d) 9 covalent bonds
2. Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group (NCERT)
(a) Carboxylic acid (b) aldehyde
(c) ketone (d) alcohol
3. While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the outside, it means that
(NCERT)
(a) the food is not cooked completely (b) the fuel is not burning completely
(c) the fuel is wet (d) the fuel is burning completely
4. A covalent bond is formed by
(a) complete transfer of electrons (b) one sided sharing of electron
(c) mutual sharing of electron (d) all of the three above.
5. Which of the following compounds does not contain a multiple bond?
(a) Ethane (b) Ethene (c) Ethyne (d) Benzene
6. Which of the following is not a saturated hydrocarbon?
(a) Cyclohexane (b) Benzene (c) Butane (d) Isobutane
7. Benzene with molecular formula, CgHg, has
(a) 6 single bonds and 6 double bonds
(b) 12 single bonds and 3 double bonds
(c) 18 single bonds only
(d) 12 double bonds only
8. The functional group in methanol and methanal respectively are:
(a) -OH, -CHO (b) -CHO, -OH (c) -OH, -COOH (d) -CHO, -COOH
9. Which of the following is not an allotropic form of carbon?
(a) Coal (b) Fullerene (c) Diamond (d) Graphite
10. Graphite is a soft lubricant extremely difficult to melt. The reason for this anomalous behaviour is
that graphite
(a) has carbon atoms arranged in large plates of rings of strongly bound carbon atoms with weak
interplate bonds
(b) is a non-crystalline substance
(c) is an allotropic form of carbon
(d) has only single bonds between carbon atoms
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11. Which of the following represent the correct order of unsaturation?

(a) Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (b) Alkanes, alkynes, alkenes
(c) Alkenes, alkynes, alkenes (d) Alkynes, alkanes, alkenes
12. The general formula of alcohol is
(a) Cn H2n  2OH (b) Cn H2n 1OH (c) Cn H2n 1OH (d) Cn H2n  4OH
13. Wine contains
(a) CH3OH (b) C6H5OH (c) C2H5OH (d) CH3COOH
14. The acid present in vinegar is
(a) CH3COOH (b) HCOOH (c) CH3CH2COOH (d) CH3CH2CH2COOH
15. The reaction 2C2 H5OH  2Na 
 2C2 H5ONa  H2 suggests that ethanol is
(a) Acidic in nature (b) Basic in nature
(c) Amphoteric (d) Neutral
16. Which of the following substance is added to denature ethanol?
(a) Methanol (b) Benzene (c) Copper nitrate (d) Poision
17. Which of the following substances cannot be used to distinguish ethanol from ethanoic acid?
(a) Na metal (b) NaHCO3
(c) hot alkaline KMnO4 solution (d) hot acidified K2Cr2O7 solution
18. An example of soap is
(a) CH3COONa (b) CH3ONa (c) C17H35COONa (d) C17 H35COOC2 H5
19. Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of long chain
(a) aldehydes (b) ketones (c) carboxylic acids (d) sulphonic acids
20. Which of the following salts when dissolved in water produce hard water?
(a) Calcium sulphate (b) Magnesium bicarbonate
(c) Calcium chloride (d) Any of the above
21. Which of the following represents Lewis structure of N2 molecule?
xx xx xx xx xx xx
(a) x
x N  N xx (b) x
xN  N xx (c) x
x N  N xx (d) xx N  N xx
xx xx xx xx

22. Which of the following has the shortest carbon-carbon bond length?
(a) C2H2 (b) C2H4
(c) C2H6 (d) All have the same bond length
23. Which of the following has the weakest carbon-carbon bond strength?
(a) C2H2 (b) C2H4 (C) C2H6
(c) C2 H6 (d) All have the same bond length

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24. The hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2 is an

(a) Alkane (b) Alkene (c) Alkyne (d) unsaturated compounds
25. Which of the following is an alkyne?
(a) C6H6 (b) C6H12 (c) C6H10 (d) C6H14
26. Which of the following will not decolourise bromine water?
(a) C4H8 (b) C3H4 (c) C3H8 (d) C4 H6
27. Compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen only are called
(a) Alkanes (b) Alkenes (c) Alkynes (d) Hydrocarbons
28. Open-chain saturated hydrocarbons are called
(a) Paraffins (b) Alkenes (c) Alkynes (d) Hydrocarbons
29. The characteristic reaction of alkanes is
(a) Addition (b) Substitution (c) Alkynes (d) Hydrocarbons
30. The major constituent of biogas is
(a) Propane (b) Acetylene (c) Methane (d) Benzene
31. n-butane and isobutane are
(a) Alkenes (b) Alkynes (c) Isomers (d) None of these
32. Methane is a major constituent of
(a) Coal gas (b) Water gas (c) Petroleum (d) Biogas
33. The major constituent of natural gas is
(a) Butane (b) Methane (c) Propane (d) Ethane
34. Ethanol on oxidation gives
(a) Ethane (b) Formalin (c) Ethanoic acid (d) Methane
35. The functional group present in carboxylic acids is
(a) -OH (b) -CHO (c) -COOH (d) – CO
36. A dilute solution of ethanoic acid in water is called
(a) Tincture of iodine (b) Fehling's solution
(c) Vinegar (d) Tollen’s reagent
37. Which of the following will undergo addition reactions?
(a) C2H4 (b) C2H6 (c) CH4 (d) C3H8
38. Which of the following formula represents alkenes?
(a) CnH2n (b) CnH2n+2 (c) CH4 (d) Cn H 2n 1

Baluni Classes, 30, Bhagya Nagar, Between ISBT & Amar Ujala Press, Bye Pass Road, Agra (M): 9837919228
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39. The general formula of cyclic alkanes is

(a) Cn H2n 2 (b) Cn H nn 2 (c) Cn H 2n 1 (d) Cn H 2n
40. A carboxylic group is present in
(a) Ethylene (b) Methanoic acid (c) Formaldehyde (d) Ethanol
41. The functional group in an alcohol is

(a) (b) (c) – OH (d)

42. Which of the following will react with sodium metal?

(a) Ethanol (b) Ethanal (c) Ethene (d) Ethane
43. Which of the following will give a pleasant smell of ester when heated with ethanol and a small
quantity of sulphuric acid?
(a) CH3COOH (b) CH2CH2OH (c) CH3OH (d) CH3CHO
44. The functional group in aldehydes is
(a) -CHO (b) (c) -COOH (d) – COOR
45. Ethanol on complete oxidation gives
(a) CO2 and water (b) Acetaldehyde (c) Acetic acid (d) Acetone
46. Which class of organic compounds give effervescence with NaHCO3 solution?
(a) Esters (b) Alcohols (c) Carboxylic acids (d) Aldehydes
47. Carboxylic acids are obtained from alcohols by
(a) Oxidation (b) Reduction (c) Hydrolysis (d) Pyrolysis
48. Soaps are prepared by alkaline hydrolysis of
(a) Carboxylic acids (b) Lower esters
(c) Higher esters (d) None of these
FILL IN THE BLANKS TYPE QUESTION:
1. The ability of carbon atom to link with other carbon atom is known as..............
2. The hydrocarbons containing only single bonds are known as..............
3. Aliphatic hydrocarbons have been classified as alkanes, ..............and alkynes.
4. ..............hydrocarbons undergo addition reaction.
5. Isomers have same molecular formula but different .............. formula.
6. Hydrocarbons are insoluble in..............
7. The next homologue of ethene is..............
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8. During the formation of hydrogen molecule from its atoms energy is..............
9. Bond between hydrogen and chlorine in HC1 is..............
10. CH2  CH2  H2 
?
 CH3  CH3
11. The general formula of the homologous series of alcohols is..............
12. The functional group present in ethanol is..............
13. When ethanol is warmed with alkaline potassium permanganate, the product formed is ……....
14. When a piece of sodium metal is added to ethanol, the gas formed with effervescence is ……….
15. Ethene and ethyene are examples of ..............hydrocarbons.
16. The ..............group in a soap molecule is hydrophilic.
TRUE & FALSE:
1. Methane belongs to the homologous series of alkanes.
2. The compound having the molecular formula C4H10 docs not show isomerism.
3. The methane molecule has a pyrmidal shape.
4. Methane undergoes substitution reaction.
5. The consumption of ethanol increases the activity of the body.
6. Ethanoic acid is used in the manufacture of textiles.
7. Alkenes as well as alkynes decolourise bromine water.
8. Vanaspati ghee is obtained by the hydrogenation of vegetable oil.
9. Alkaneas undergo substitution reactions.
10. Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated compounds.
11. Ethanol is oxidised by alkaline KMnO4 to oxalic acid.
12. Detergents give scum with hard water.
13. The polar end in soap is called hydrophilic end.
14. Methanol is safe to be used for drinking purpose.
15. The reaction of ethanol with cone. H2SO4 gives ethane.
16. Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to form esters.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. Name an allotrope of carbon which has 60 carbon atoms.
2. What is combution?
3. What is the nature of substances that produce a flame?
4. The molecular formula of a compound is C2H6O. Name its homologous series.

Baluni Classes, 30, Bhagya Nagar, Between ISBT & Amar Ujala Press, Bye Pass Road, Agra (M): 9837919228
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5. What type of reactions are given by alkanes?

6. What is the composition of natural gas used for cooking?
7. Which of the following open chain compounds can have a double bond?
8. Name an allotrope of carbon which contains both single and double bonds between carbon atoms.
9. Write the name and molecular formula of alcohol derived from butane.
10. What is rectified spirit?
11. Give the name and structural formula of one homologue of HCOOH.
12. Why does hard water not produce foam with soap easily?
13. Name the hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends of a soap.
14. What is a detergent?
15. An organic compound bums with a sooty flame. Is it saturated or unsaturated compound?
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION:
1. Name any four substance obtained from organic compounds which are used in our daily life.
2. Hydrogen and chlorine react to form hydrochloric acid. Will they form an ionic or covalent bond?
3. How many electrons a carbon atom shares with other carbon atom in the formation of acetylene
molecule?
4. Give examples of covalent compounds which contain:
(a) one unshared pair of electron (b) two unshared pairs of electrons.
5. What is meant by the term functional group?
6. What is meant by homologous series? Give its three important characteristics.
7. Name the functional group present in
(i) CH3CH2OH, and (ii) HCOOH.
8. The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C5H10. Name its homologous series.
9. Write structural formulae of the following compounds.
(i) Ethyl alcohol (ii) Acetaldehyde (iii) Propionic acid (iv) Butanone
10. What Is the IUPAC name of fourth member of alcohol series? Draw its two structural isomers.
11. Write the general formulae of the following homologous series,
(i) Aldehydes (ii) Ketones (iii) Alkyne
12. How do alcohols differ structrually from alkanes?
13. Give the common and IUPAC names of the following alcohols:
(i) CH3OH (ii) CH3CH2OH (iii) CH3CHOHCH3
14. Identify the functional group in CH3CH20H. Give IUPAC name of the compound.
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15. Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid. Write the equation involved in the reaction.
16. Name the oxidising agent which can oxidise:
(i) Ethanol to enthanl (ii) Ethanol to ethanoic acid.
17. How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
18. A neutral organic compound 'A' having molecular formula C2HgO, undergoes oxidation with
acidified potassium permanganate to give an acidic compound 'B'. The organic compound 'A' reacts
with compound 'B' on warming and in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to form a sweet-
smelling substance "C. Identify A, B and C.
19. An organic compound 'A' having molecular formula C2H4O2 turns blue litmus red and gives brisk
effervescence with sodium hydrogen carbonate. Give the name and formula of 'A'.
20 What happens when (Give equations of the chemical reaction)
(i) Sodium ethanoate is heated with soda lime.
(ii) Ethanoic acid is warmed with methanol in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid,
(iii) A pinch of sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to ethanoic acid,
(iv) Ethanol is oxidised with acidified potassium dichromate.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION:
1. What is covalent bond? Draw electron dot structure for the following :
(i) Methane (ii) Carbon dioxide (iii) Ammonia (iv) Water
2. Explain the following reaction with one example each:
(i) Substitution reactions
(ii) Addition reactions
(iii) Combustion reactions
(iv) Oxidation reactions
3. (i) What are alcohols ? What is functional group?
(ii) Write names and formulae of first four members of alcohols family.
(iii) How does the second member of alcohol family react with?
(i) Sodium metal (ii) Ethanoic acid
4. What are soaps and synthetic detergents? How do they differ? Discuss their cleaning actions.
5. Which properties of carbon make it a versatile element. Discuss its bonding in saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbon.
6. What are harmful effect of drinking alcohol?
7. Write short not on:
(i) Catenation (ii) Glacial acetic acid
(iii) Power alcohol (iv) Saponification
8. Give chemical test to detect the presence of
(i) ethanol, (ii) ethanoic acid and
(iii) an ester.
9. Discuss briefly two physical and three chemical properties of ethanol.
10. Discuss briefly the physical and chemical properties of ethanoic acid.

Baluni Classes, 30, Bhagya Nagar, Between ISBT & Amar Ujala Press, Bye Pass Road, Agra (M): 9837919228
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ANSWER

Objective Answer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C B C A B B A A A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A B C A A A A C D D
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A A C A C C D A B C
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
C D B C C C A A D B
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
C A A A A C A C

Fill In the Blanks

1. Catenation 2. Alkanes/saturated hydrocarbon 3. Alkenes
4. Unsaturated 5. Structural 6. Water 7. Propene
8. Released 9. Covalent 10. Ni catalyst 11. Cn H2n 1OH
12. Hydroxy 13. Ethanoic acid 14. Hydrogen 15. Unsaturated
16. Polar/ COONa 
True or False
1. T 2. F 3. F 4. T
5. F 6. T 7. T 8. T
9. T 10. T 11. F 12. F
13. T 14. F 15. F 16. T

Baluni Classes, 30, Bhagya Nagar, Between ISBT & Amar Ujala Press, Bye Pass Road, Agra (M): 9837919228