Trapezium

Trapezium, Central Median of Trapezium, Triangle
quadrangle with only two opposite sides parallel is called a trapezium, or trapezoid. The sides of the trapezium that are parallel, are called bases and those that are not parallel are called legs. If the legs are equal in length, then this is an isosceles trapezoid. The distance between the bases is called height of trapezoid.
Central Median of Trapezium

This is the line segment joining the middles of the two sides of a trapezium that are not parallel. The central median of a trapezium is parallel to its sides. Theorem: If a line crosses the middle of one of the legs of a trapezium and is parallel to its bases, then it crosses the middle of the other leg. Theorem: The central median of a trapezium is the mean of the lengths of the two parallel sides
MN || AB || DC AM = MD; BN = NC MN central median, AB and CD are bases, AD and BC are legs MN = ( ! " #$%&' Theorem: The central median of a trapezium is the mean of the lengths of the parallel sides. Basic assignment: Pro e that the central median of a trapezium hal es each segment the ends of which lie on the two bases.
Central Median of a Triangle

The line segment joining the middles of two of the sides of a triangle is called central median of a triangle. It is parallel to the third side and its length is half the length of the third side. Theorem: If a line segment crosses the middle of one side of a triangle and is parallel to another side of the same triangle, then this line segment hal es the third side.
AM = MC and BN = NC !" MN (( ! MN = !&'
Application of the properties of the central medians in a trapezium and triangle

#i ision of the segment into a gi en number of equal parts $ssignment: #i ide the segment $% gi en into & equal parts. 'olution: (et p be an arbitrar) ra) with $ being the beginning, which does not lie on the $% straight line. *e draw consecuti el) fi e equal segments on p $$ + ! $+$, ! $,$- ! $-$. ! $.$& *e connect $& with % and draw lines through $., $-, $, and $+ that are parallel to $&%. The) cross $% respecti el) in the points %., %-, %, and %+. These points di ide the segment $% into fi e equal parts. Indeed, from the trapezium %%-$-$& we see that %%. ! %.%-. In the same wa), from the trapezium %.%,$,$., we obtain %.%- ! %-%,
*hile from the trapezium %-%+$+$-, %-%, ! %,%+. Then, from %,$$,, it follows that %,%+ ! %+$. *e finall) obtain : $%+ ! %+%, ! %,%- ! %-%. ! %.% It is clear that if $% should be di ided into another number of equal parts, we should project the same number of equal segments on p. Then we proceed in the wa) abo e/described.
Parallelogram
A quadrangle, the opposite sides of which are parallel, is called a parallelogram. 0ach couple of opposite sides in a parallelogram are equal. In order to ascertain whether a quadrangle is parallelogram, we will use the following indications 1criteria2: /if the two couples of opposite sides in a quadrangle are equal, then this quadrangle is a parallelogram3 /if two opposite sides in a quadrangle are parallel and equal, then this quadrangle is a parallelogram /if, in a quadrangle, the diagonals intersect one another in the middle, then this quadrangle is a parallelogram $ quadrangle which has one right angle is called rectangle. The following statement is alid: If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then its diagonals are equal in length 4ice ersa, if the diagonals of a parallelogram are equal in length, then this parallelogram is a rectangle. $ parallelogram that has two contiguous sides equal in length, is called rhomb. The following statement is alid about the rhomb: If a parallelogram is a rhomb, then its diagonals are perpendicular. 4ice ersa, if the diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular, then this parallelogram is a rhomb. A square ma) be considered as rectangle which has contiguous sides equal in length, or a rhomb that has right angle. Therefore, a square has all the characteristics of a rectangle and a rhomb.
Parallelogram formulae
Perimeter of a parallelogram: ) = 'a " 'b $rea of a parallelogram formula: * = b.h = ab.sin The sum of two contiguous angles is +567 " ! = +,-. / " # = +,-.
#ependenc) of diagonals and sides of a parallelogram formula p' " q' = '(a' " b'%
Perimeter, perimeter formulas

Perimeter is of a figure is the length of all its sides. 8ot all figures ha e perimeter, for e9ample globe does not ha e perimeter. The standard notation for perimeter in math is the letter P
Perimeter of Square
(et:s a square side is long a. 'quare ha e four equal sides so square perimeter is P = a + a + a +a or: ) = 0a
Perimeter of rectangle
(et:s a rectangle sides are long a and b. The length of all its sides is P = a + b + a + b or: ) = 'a " 'b
Perimeter of parallelogram
(et:s palallelogram sides are long a and b The length of all its sides is P = a + b + a + b so parallelogram perimeter is: ) = 'a " 'b $s )ou can see the perimeter of the parallelogram is equal the perimeter of the rectangle.
Perimeter of isosceles trapezoid
'a) the length of the parallel sides of a trapezoid are long a and b and the other two sides are long c1$s we ;now isosceles trapezoid has two equal sides2. ) = a " b " c " c = a " b " 'c
Perimeter of equilateral triangle
$s we ;now equilateral triangles ha e - equal sides. 'o if the length of the side is a then the perimeter formula is P = a + a + a ) = 1a
Perimeter of cube
Cube is a parallepiped that sides are squares1all sides are equal2. 'o the perimeter of the cube is the number of sides < lenght. Cube has +, sides. 'o the perimeter formula is: ) = +'a
Perimeter of parallelepiped
Parallelepiped is a figure that all sides are parallelogram.1=ectangular parallelepipeds is a figure that sides are rectangles.2 If the sides at the bottom are long a and b then the perimeter of the bottom is P = 2a + 2b. 0 er) parallelepiped ha e two bottoms so the perimeter of the two bottoms is (2a + 2b).2 = 4a + 4b. $s we ;now parameter is sum of all sides. 'o we ha e to add four times c ) = 0a " 0b " 0c

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Trapezium, Central Median of Trapezium, Triangle

Central Median of Trapezium

Central Median of a Triangle

AM = MC and BN = NC !" MN (( ! MN = !&'

Application of the properties of the central medians in a trapezium and triangle

Perimeter, perimeter formulas

Perimeter of isosceles trapezoid

Perimeter of equilateral triangle

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