The document discusses power and refrigeration cycles. It describes how thermodynamic cycles can be divided into power cycles and refrigeration cycles, and can be categorized as closed or open. It then focuses on power cycles, noting that steam is commonly used as a working fluid in vapor power cycles. Ideal power cycles discussed include the Carnot, Otto, Diesel, and Rankine cycles. The Carnot cycle is described as the ideal reversible cycle operating between two temperature reservoirs, with its thermal efficiency solely dependent on the maximum and minimum temperatures of the cycle.
The document discusses power and refrigeration cycles. It describes how thermodynamic cycles can be divided into power cycles and refrigeration cycles, and can be categorized as closed or open. It then focuses on power cycles, noting that steam is commonly used as a working fluid in vapor power cycles. Ideal power cycles discussed include the Carnot, Otto, Diesel, and Rankine cycles. The Carnot cycle is described as the ideal reversible cycle operating between two temperature reservoirs, with its thermal efficiency solely dependent on the maximum and minimum temperatures of the cycle.
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University of Oklahoma Design of Thermal Fluid System Notes
The document discusses power and refrigeration cycles. It describes how thermodynamic cycles can be divided into power cycles and refrigeration cycles, and can be categorized as closed or open. It then focuses on power cycles, noting that steam is commonly used as a working fluid in vapor power cycles. Ideal power cycles discussed include the Carnot, Otto, Diesel, and Rankine cycles. The Carnot cycle is described as the ideal reversible cycle operating between two temperature reservoirs, with its thermal efficiency solely dependent on the maximum and minimum temperatures of the cycle.
The document discusses power and refrigeration cycles. It describes how thermodynamic cycles can be divided into power cycles and refrigeration cycles, and can be categorized as closed or open. It then focuses on power cycles, noting that steam is commonly used as a working fluid in vapor power cycles. Ideal power cycles discussed include the Carnot, Otto, Diesel, and Rankine cycles. The Carnot cycle is described as the ideal reversible cycle operating between two temperature reservoirs, with its thermal efficiency solely dependent on the maximum and minimum temperatures of the cycle.
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Power and Refrigeration Cycles
Thermodynamics cycles can be divided into two general categories: power cycles and refrigeration cycles Thermodynamics cycles can be categorized as closed and open cycles In closed cycles, the working fluid is returned to the initial state at the end of the cycle and is recirculated In open cycles, the working fluid is renewed at the end of each cycle
WMM
Power Cycles Steam is the most common working fluid used in vapor power cycles because of its many desirable characteristics, such as: Low cost Availability High enthalpy of vaporization
Steam power plants are commonly referred to as
Coal plants Nuclear plants Natural gas plants
WMM
Power Cycles Most power-producing devices operate on cycles, and the study of power cycles is an important part of thermodynamics The cycles encountered in actual devices are difficult to analyze because of the presence of complicating effects, such as friction, and the absence of sufficient time for establishment of equilibrium conditions during the cycle. The idealizations and simplifications commonly employed in the analysis of power cycles can be summarized as follows: The cycle does not involve any friction. Therefore, the working fluid does not experience any pressure drop as it flows in pipes or devices such as heat exchangers All expansion and compression processes take place in quasi-equilibrium manner The pipes connecting the various components of a system are well insulated, and heat X-fer through them is negligible WMM
Refrigeration Cycles Refrigerators Air conditioners Heat pumps The most frequently used refrigeration cycle is the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle in which the refrigerant is vaporized and condensed alternately and is compressed in the vapor phase WMM
Power Cycles The Carnot cycle (totally reversible, int. and ext.) is the ideal cycle for heat engines The Otto cycle is the ideal cycle for spark ignition automobile engines The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for compression ignition engines The Brayton cycle is the ideal cycle for gas turbine engines The Rankine cycle is the ideal cycle for vapor power plants
WMM
Carnot Cycle The Carnot cycle is composed of four totally reversible processes Two isothermal (constant temp. processes) Two isentropic (a process with no heat x-fer) It can be executed either in a closed or in a steadyflow system Is a totally reversible cycle Considered the ideal cycle for heat engines It is the most efficient cycle operating between two specified temperature reservoirs (TH and TL)
All four processes that comprise the Carnot cycle are reversible, and thus the area under each process curve represents the heat transfer for that process. WMM
Carnot Cycle Show that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the temperature limits of TH and TL is solely a function of these two temperatures.
CARNOT
= 1 T L
WMM
Carnot Cycle Show that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle operating between the temperature limits of TH and TL is solely a function of these two temperatures. Start with the definition of the thermal efficiency of a power cycle in terms of net work output and total heat input. w = q q
Th
Wnet = Qin
or
Th
wnet = qin
net
in
out
Per unit mass basis Introduce the temperatures
2
Th
w q q out q = net = in = 1 out qin qin qin
q out qin
f (T )
f (T )
Qint, rev = TdS
qin = TH (s 2 s1 )
Qint, rev = TdS
1
qint, rev = Tds = Ts
1
q out = TL (s3 s 4 ) = TL (s 2 s1 )
s3 = s 2 s1 = s 4 th = 1 TL TH WMM
Note that
q T (s s ) T th = 1 out = 1 L 2 1 = 1 L qin TH (s 2 s1 ) TH
Carnot Cycle Notice that the thermal efficiency of a Carnot cycle is independent of the type of working fluid used (therefore it is good for Ideal and Non-ideal) or that the cycle is executed in a closed (pistonassembly) or steady-flow system (engine or open systems).
Carnot Cycle The Carnot Cycle Is A Theoretical Thermodynamic Cycle Proposed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1823 and Expanded by in The 1830s and 40s.
Carnot Cycle The Carnot Cycle Is A Theoretical Thermodynamic Cycle Proposed by Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot in 1823 and Expanded by in The 1830s and 40s.
