EXPERIMENT 6

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
Objective: To differentiate solutions of acid bases and salts by color reaction to indicators

Classifications of compounds according to the kind of element present

1.Acids - compounds containing H+ ions in solution which when ionized break up into H+ and anion.
2.Bases -compounds containing OH-in solution which when ionized break up into a cation and OH-. 3.Salts - compounds containing a cation except H+ and anion except OH-. Salts are formed from the reaction of a base with an acid (neutralization reaction). They are usually ionic or electrovalent compounds and are strong electrolytes.

Properties of Acids and Bases

Acid
Taste sour pH less than 7 Turns blue litmus paper to red Bitter taste

Base

pH greater than 7 Turns red litmus paper to blue neutralize acid producing salt and water

Neutralize bases producing salt and water Acids are electrolytes Acid reacts with active metals to Produce hydrogen

Bases are electrolytes Bases are slippery

Substances tested 1M acetic acid 1M NaOH Soap solution Dilute pineapple juice Liquid soza sprite Diet cola

Red Litmus Paper

Blue Litmus paper

phenolphthalein

classification

Would you classify vinegar as an acid? Yes vinegar is an acid. It is 3 to 6 % acetic acid(CH3COOH) and is classified as a weak acid.

Neutralization - It is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form a salt A neutralization reaction is a type of double replacement reaction. Typically, the resulting solution produced by the reaction consists of a salt and water. The general formula for acidbase neutralization reactions can be written as

acid + base salt + water HA + BOH BA + H2O

where HA represents the Arrhenius acid, BOH represents the Arrhenius base, and BA is the salt produced. Notice how, typical of a double replacement reaction, the cations and anions of the substances merely switch places. An example reaction of this form is the reaction between hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH):

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

Water and sodium chloride, or common table salt are produced.

EXPERIMENT 7

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

OBJECTIVE: To be able to explain the different types of chemical reaction.

A chemical reaction is the change of a substance into a new one that has a different chemical identity. A chemical reaction is usually accompanied by easily observed physical effects, such as the emission of heat and light, the formation of a precipitate, the evolution of gas, or a color change. Absolute confirmation of a chemical change can only be validated by chemical analysis of the products!

Four introductory types of chemical reaction:

Combination/direct union- two or more substances being combined into a single compound. These reactions come in the general form of: A + B ---> AB

a) 2Cu + O2---> 2CuO b) 2Mg + O2---> 2MgO

Decomposition a compound is broken into two or more substances Heat or light is usually applied in order to decompose the Compound. These reactions come in the general form of:

AB ---> A + B KClO3---> KCl + O2

Single replacement occurs when one element displaces another from a compound or aqueous solution. These reactions come in the general form of:

A + BC ---> AC + B
a.) Zn + HCl---> ZnCl2 + H2 b.) CuSO4 + Fe---> FeSO4 + Cu
Double replacement/methathesis two compounds exchange anions.These reactions come in the general form of:

AB + CD ---> AD + CB
a.) AgNO3 + NH4Cl---> AgCl + NH4NO3 b.) CaCl2 + Na2CO3---> CaCO3 + 2NaCl
Copper cannot replace hydrogen in HCl because copper is listed below H2 in the activity series of metal, meaning no reaction because Cu is considered a less active metal and it cannot displace hydrogen from any source

EXPERIMENT 8

OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION

OBJECTIVE: a.) To study some of the oxidation-reduction reactions. b.) To show how oxidation-reduction take place when two types of substances is mixed to form another compound.

Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, have a number of similarities to acidbase reactions. Like acidbase reactions, redox reactions are a matched set, that is, there cannot be an oxidation reaction without a reduction reaction . Reduction and oxidation happen together.

Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction refers to the gain of electrons. The number of electrons gained always equal to the number of electron lost. The losing of electrons by a reactant is called oxidation. The gaining of electrons by a reactant is called reduction.

Oxidation number is a number that tells how many electrons are lost or gained by an atom. It is either positive(+) or negative(-). If a neutral atom loses electrons it then becomes positively charged, it has a positive oxidation number. If a neutral atoms gains electrons, it becomes negatively charged, it has a negative oxidation number. Uncombined elements has an oxidation number of zero.

EXPERIMENT 9

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN

OBJECTIVE: To be able to observe properties of oxygen. OXYGEN Is the most abundant element on earth Is the most reactive of the commonly known nonmetals It forms compounds with all metal and nonmetals It is essential to most combustion, corrosion and life processes Oxygen, O2, is a colourless odourless gaseous main group element which belong to Group VIb of the periodic table. Atomic Number :8 Atomic Mass : 15.9994 Melting Point : -214 degC Boiling Point : -183 degC Density : 1.429

Preparation of oxygen Using potassium chlorate Potassium chlorate decomposes at a low temperature if previously mixed with manganese dioxide which is a catalyst for the decomposition. :

2 KClO3 ==> 2 KCl + 3 O2

EXPERIMENT 10

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate various methods by which hydrogen gas may be produced and to learn some of the chemical and physical properties of hydrogen gas. Hydrogen

Hydrogen (H2) is a diatomic gas (two atoms) that is tasteless, colourless, and odourless and is the lightest element. The element hydrogen (H) has the lowest atomic weight (1.008 amu), and is the least dense of any known substance. Because of hydrogen's low density (1/14 the density of air), balloons filled with hydrogen will float. Because of the hydrogen molecule's small size, it will diffuse through many substances.

Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable and will react with oxygen to form water with a release of a great deal of heat.
The element hydrogen is the ninth most abundant element on earth, but is the third most common element found in all known compounds.

The sun is made up almost entirely of hydrogen gas, which is continually undergoing fusion.
Hydrogen gas can be generated in the laboratory by various chemical means

EXPERIMENT 10

RELATIVE ACTIVITIES OF SOME ELEMENTS

OBJECTIVES: To be able to study the relative activity of elements by observing the relative rate of release of hydrogen.

Activity Series of Metals

The Activity Series of the metals is an invaluable aid to predicting the products of replacement reactions. It also can be used as an aid in predicting products of some other reactions.

The notes below will help you make better use of the activity series than just the list of metals by themselves.

Each element on the list replaces from a compound any of the elements below it. The larger the interval between elements, the more vigorous the reaction.
The first five elements (lithium - sodium) are known as very active metals and they react with cold water to produce the hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The next four metals (magnesium - chromium) are considered active metals and they will react with very hot water or steam to form the oxide and hydrogen gas. The oxides of all of these first metals resist reduction by H2.

The next six metals (iron - lead) replace hydrogen from HCl and dil. sulfuric and nitric acids. Their oxides undergo reduction by heating with H2, carbon, and carbon monoxide. The metals lithium - copper, can combine directly with oxygen to form the oxide. The last five metals (mercury - gold) are often found free in nature, their oxides decompose with mild heating, and they form oxides only indirectly.

EXPERIMENT 12A

WATER AND ITS PROPERTIES

OBJECTIVES:

a.) To be able to know the importance of water. b.) To be able to know the different physical and chemical properties of water. c.) To be able to learn the different techniques in water purification.

DISTILLATION SET-UP