1 Normal Stresses Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength.

It is the force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly express in psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.

where P is the applied normal load in Newton and A is the area in mm2. The maximum stress in tension or compression occurs over a section normal to the load. Normal stress is either tensile stress or compressive stress. Members subject to pure tension (or tensile force) is under tensile stress, while compression members (members subject to compressive force) are under compressive stress.

Compressive force will tend to shorten the member. Tension force on the other hand will tend to lengthen the member.

2 Problem 104 A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to 120 MN/m2. Solution 104

where:

For bronze cable:

answer Thus, For steel cable:

answer answer Problem 105 A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig. P-105. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel. Problem 106 The homogeneous bar shown in Fig. P-106 is supported by a smooth pin at C and a cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at D. Find the stress in the cable if its diameter is 0.6 inch and the bar weighs 6000 lb.

Solution 106 Solution 105 By symmetry:

For aluminum:

answer For bronze: Problem 107 A rod is composed of an aluminum section rigidly attached between steel and bronze sections, as shown in Fig. P-107. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. If P = 3000 lb and the cross sectional area of the rod is 0.5 in2, determine the stress in each section.

answer

answer Problem 108 An aluminum rod is rigidly attached between a steel rod and a bronze rod as shown in Fig. P-108. Axial loads are applied at the positions indicated. Find the maximum value of P that will not exceed a stress in steel of 140 MPa, in aluminum of 90 MPa, or in bronze of 100 MPa.

Solution 107

For steel: Solution 108 answer For bronze:

4 Solution 109 Free body diagram of Joint A

For aluminum:

For wire AB: By sine law (from the force polygon): For Steel:

For safe value of P, use the smallest above. Thus, answer Problem 109 Determine the largest weight W that can be supported by two wires shown in Fig. P-109. The stress in either wire is not to exceed 30 ksi. The cross-sectional areas of wires AB and AC are 0.4 in2 and 0.5 in2, respectively. For wire AC:

For safe load W, answer Problem 110 A 12-inches square steel bearing plate lies between an 8-inches diameter wooden

5 post and a concrete footing as shown in Fig. P-110. Determine the maximum value of the load P if the stress in wood is limited to 1800 psi and that in concrete to 650 psi. For safe load P, Solution 110 For wood: answer Problem 111 For the truss shown in Fig. P-111, calculate the stresses in members CE, DE, and DF. The cross-sectional area of each member is 1.8 in2. Indicate tension (T) or compression (C).

From FBD of Wood:

Solution 111 From the FBD of the truss:

For concrete:

From FBD of Concrete:

At joint F:

At joint D: Stresses: (Stress = Force/Area) answer answer

answer By symmetry

Problem 113 Find the stresses in members BC, BD, and CF for the truss shown in Fig. P-113. Indicate the tension or compression. The cross sectional area of each member is 1600 mm2.

At joint E:

Solution 113 For member BD: (See FBD 01)

Tension

Compression

answer Problem 114 The homogeneous bar ABCD shown in Fig. P-114 is supported by a cable that runs from A to B around the smooth peg at E, a vertical cable at C, and a smooth inclined surface at D. Determine the mass of the heaviest bar that can be supported if the stress in each cable is limited to 100 MPa. The area of the cable AB is 250 mm2 and that of the cable at C is 300 mm2.

answer For member CF: (See FBD 01)

Compression

answer For member BC: (See FBD 02) Solution 114

8 Sfave value of W

answer

Based on cable AB:

Based on cable at C:

9 Shear Stress Forces parallel to the area resisting the force cause shearing stress. It differs to tensile and compressive stresses, which are caused by forces perpendicular to the area on which they act. Shearing stress is also known as tangential stress.

where V is the resultant shearing force which passes through the centroid of the area A being sheared.

answer

Problem 116 As in Fig. 1-11c, a hole is to be punched out of a plate having a shearing strength of 40 ksi. The compressive stress in the punch is limited to 50 ksi. (a) Compute the maximum thickness of plate in which a hole 2.5 inches in diameter can be punched. (b) If the plate is 0.25 inch thick, determine the diameter of the smallest hole that can be punched.

Problem 115 What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25 mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2. Solution 115 The resisting area is the shaded area along the perimeter and the shear force is equal to the punching force .

Solution 116 (a) Maximum thickness of plate:

10 Based on puncher strength: The bolt is subject to double shear.

Equivalent shear force of the plate Based on shear strength of plate:

answer Problem 118 A 200-mm-diameter pulley is prevented from rotating relative to 60-mm-diameter shaft by a 70-mm-long key, as shown in Fig. P-118. If a torque T = 2.2 kNm is applied to the shaft, determine the width b if the allowable shearing stress in the key is 60 MPa.

answer

(b) Diameter of smallest hole: Based on compression of puncher:

Equivalent shear force for plate Based on shearing of plate:

Solution 118 HideClick here to show or hide the solution

answer Problem 117 Find the smallest diameter bolt that can be used in the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b if P = 400 kN. The shearing strength of the bolt is 300 MPa.

Solution 117 HideClick here to show or hide the solution

11 Where:

Thus, answer

Problem 119 Compute the shearing stress in the pin at B for the member supported as shown in Fig. P-119. The pin diameter is 20 mm.

shear force of pin at B double shear

Solution 119 From the FBD:

answer

Problem 120 The members of the structure in Fig. P-120 weigh 200 lb/ft. Determine the smallest diameter pin that can be used at A if the shearing stress is limited to 5000 psi. Assume single shear.

12

Solution 120 For member AB: Length, Weight,

Equation (2) Add equations (1) and (2) Equation (1) Equation (2) Length, Weight, From equation (1):

Equation (1) For member BC:

From the FBD of member AB

13

shear force of pin at A From Equation (1),

answer Problem 121 Referring to Fig. P-121, compute the maximum force P that can be applied by the machine operator, if the shearing stress in the pin at B and the axial stress in the control rod at C are limited to 4000 psi and 5000 psi, respectively. The diameters are 0.25 inch for the pin, and 0.5 inch for the control rod. Assume single shear for the pin at B. Thus,

Again from Equation (1),

Thus,

Solution 121

Equation (1) Equation (2)

14 Based on tension of rod (equation 1):

Based on shear of rivet (equation 2):

Safe load P, answer Problem 122 Two blocks of wood, width w and thickness t, are glued together along the joint inclined at the angle as shown in Fig. P-122. Using the free-body diagram concept in Fig. 1-4a, show that the shearing stress on the glued joint is = P sin 2 / 2A, where A is the cross-sectional area. Solution 122 Shear area,

Shear force,

(okay!)

15 Problem 123 A rectangular piece of wood, 50 mm by 100 mm in cross section, is used as a compression block shown in Fig. P123. Determine the axial force P that can be safely applied to the block if the compressive stress in wood is limited to 20 MN/m2 and the shearing stress parallel to the grain is limited to 5MN/m2. The grain makes an angle of 20 with the horizontal, as shown. (Hint: Use the results in Problem 122.)

Based on maximum shearing stress: Shear force:

Shear area:

For safe compressive force use answer

Solution 123 HideClick here to show or hide the solution Based on maximum compressive stress: Normal force:

Normal area:

16 Bearing Stress Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress caused by compressive forces. Part (a): From shearing of rivet:

From bearing of plate material:

answer Part (b): Largest average tensile stress in the plate:

answer Problem 126 The lap joint shown in Fig. P-126 is fastened by four in.-diameter rivets. Calculate the maximum safe load P that can be applied if the shearing stress in the rivets is limited to 14 ksi and the bearing stress in the plates is limited to 18 ksi. Assume the applied load is uniformly distributed among the four rivets.

Problem 125 In Fig. 1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress in the plates.

Solution 126 Based on shearing of rivets:

Solution 125

17 diameter of bolt Based on bearing of plates: For bearing of yoke: answer

thickness of yoke Safe load P, answer Problem 127 In the clevis shown in Fig. 1-11b, find the minimum bolt diameter and the minimum thickness of each yoke that will support a load P = 14 kips without exceeding a shearing stress of 12 ksi and a bearing stress of 20 ksi.

answer

Problem 128 A W18 86 beam is riveted to a W24 117 girder by a connection similar to that in Fig. 1-13. The diameter of the rivets is 7/8 in., and the angles are each L4 31/2 3/8 in.. For each rivet, assume that the allowable stresses are = 15 ksi and b = 32 ksi. Find the allowable load on the connection. HideSummary of the problem Given: Shape of beam = W18 86 Shape of girder = W24 117 Shape of angles = L4 3-1/2 3/8 Diameter of rivets = 7/8 inch Allowable shear stress = 15 ksi Allowable bearing stress = 32 ksi Required: Allowable load on the connection

Solution 127 HideClick here to show or hide the solution For shearing of rivets (double shear) Solution 128 Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Wide-Flange Sections (W shapes): U.S. Customary Units Designation W18 86 W24 117 Web thickness 0.480 in 0.550 in

18 Given: Diameter of bolt = 7/8 inch Diameter at the root of the thread (bolt) = 0.731 inch Inside diameter of washer = 9/8 inch Tensile stress in the nut = 18 ksi Bearing stress = 800 psi Required: Shearing stress in the head of the bolt Shearing stress in threads of the bolt Outside diameter of the washer

Shearing strength of rivets: There are 8 single-shear rivets in the girder and 4 double-shear (equivalent to 8 single-shear) in the beam, thus, the shear strength of rivets in girder and beam are equal.

Bearing strength on the girder: The thickness of girder W24 117 is 0.550 inch while that of the angle clip L4 3-1/2 3/8 is 3/8 or 0.375 inch, thus, the critical in bearing is the clip.

Bearing strength on the beam: The thickness of beam W18 86 is 0.480 inch while that of the clip angle is 2 0.375 = 0.75 inch (clip angles are on both sides of the beam), thus, the critical in bearing is the beam.

The allowable load on the connection is answer Problem 129 A 7/8-in.-diameter bolt, having a diameter at the root of the threads of 0.731 in., is used to fasten two timbers together as shown in Fig. P-129. The nut is tightened to cause a tensile stress of 18 ksi in the bolt. Compute the shearing stress in the head of the bolt and in the threads. Also, determine the outside diameter of the washers if their inside diameter is 9/8 in. and the bearing stress is limited to 800 psi. HideSummary of the problem Solution 129 Tensile force on the bolt:

Shearing stress in the head of the bolt:

answer

19 Shearing stress in the threads:

answer Outside diameter of washer:

answer

Problem 130 Figure P-130 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint B. Using allowable stresses of = 70 MPa and b= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm-diameter rivets are required to fasten member BC to the gusset plate? Member BE? What is the largest average tensile or compressive stress in BC and BE?

Solution 130 HideClick here to show or hide the solution At Joint C: (Tension) Consider the section through member BD, BE, and CE:

(Compression)

For Member BC:

20 Based on shearing of rivets: Where A = area of 1 rivet number of rivets, n Tensile stress of member BC (L75 75 6):

say 5 rivets Based on bearing of member: Where Ab = rivet diameter thickness of BC n rivets

answer Compressive stress of member BE (L75 75 13):

answer say 7 rivets Use 7 rivets for member BC. answer Problem 131 Repeat Problem 130 if the rivet diameter is 22 mm and all other data remain unchanged. Solution 131 For member BE: Based on shearing of rivets: Where A = area of 1 rivet number of rivets, n For member BC: (Tension) Based on shearing of rivets: say 5 rivets Based on bearing of member: Where Ab = rivet diameter thickness of BE n rivets say 4 rivets Based on bearing of member:

say 3 rivets say 6 rivets Use 5 rivets for member BE. answer Use 6 rivets for member BC. Relevant data from the table (Appendix B of textbook): Properties of Equal Angle Sections: SI Units Designation L75 75 6 L75 75 13 Area 864 mm2 1780 mm2 For member BE: answer Tensile stress: answer

21 (Compression) Based on shearing of rivets:

say 4 rivets Based on bearing of member:

say 2 rivets Use 4 rivets for member BE Compressive stress: answer

answer

22 Thin-walled Pressure Vessels A tank or pipe carrying a fluid or gas under a pressure is subjected to tensile forces, which resist bursting, developed across longitudinal and transverse sections. TANGENTIAL STRESS, t (Circumferential Stress) Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The length of the tank is L and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half of the tank: section of the tank:

The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total longitudinal stress on the wall PT = LAwall. Since t is so small compared to D, the area of the wall is close to Dt

The forces acting are the total pressures caused by the internal pressure p and the total tension in the walls T.

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be expressed as:

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi, the formula may be expressed as:

It can be observed that the tangential stress is twice that of the longitudinal stress.

LONGITUDINAL STRESS, L Consider the free body diagram in the transverse

23 SPHERICAL SHELL

If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a pressure of p = pi - po, the stress at the wall can be expressed as:

answer Longitudinal Stress (transverse section):

Problem 133 A cylindrical steel pressure vessel 400 mm in diameter with a wall thickness of 20 mm, is subjected to an internal pressure of 4.5 MN/m2. (a) Calculate the tangential and longitudinal stresses in the steel. (b) To what value may the internal pressure be increased if the stress in the steel is limited to 120 MN/m2? (c) If the internal pressure were increased until the vessel burst, sketch the type of fracture that would occur. Solution 133 HideClick here to show or hide the solution Part (a) Tangential stress (longitudinal section): answer

Part (b)

24 Total internal pressure: From (a), and thus, shows that tangential stress is the critical. , this

Resisting wall:

answer The bursting force will cause a stress on the longitudinal section that is twice to that of the transverse section. Thus, fracture is expected as shown. answer Problem 135 Calculate the minimum wall thickness for a cylindrical vessel that is to carry a gas at a pressure of 1400 psi. The diameter of the vessel is 2 ft, and the stress is limited to 12 ksi. Solution 135 The critical stress is the tangential stress Problem 134 The wall thickness of a 4-ft-diameter spherical tank is 5/6 inch. Calculate the allowable internal pressure if the stress is limited to 8000 psi. answer Solution 134 Problem 136 A cylindrical pressure vessel is fabricated from steel plating that has a thickness of 20 mm. The diameter of the pressure vessel is 450 mm and its length is 2.0 m. Determine the maximum internal pressure that can be applied if the longitudinal stress is limited to 140 MPa, and the circumferential stress is limited to 60 MPa. Solution 136 Based on circumferential stress (tangential):

25 Problem 137 A water tank, 22 ft in diameter, is made from steel plates that are 1/2 in. thick. Find the maximum height to which the tank may be filled if the circumferential stress is limited to 6000 psi. The specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3. Solution 137

Based on longitudinal stress: Assuming pressure distribution to be uniform:

answer Use answer

26 COMMENT Given a free surface of water, the actual pressure distribution on the vessel is not uniform. It varies linearly from zero at the free surface to h at the bottom (see figure below). Using this actual pressure distribution, the total hydrostatic pressure is reduced by 50%. This reduction of force will take our design into critical situation; giving us a maximum height of 200% more than the h above. Based on actual pressure distribution: Problem 138 The strength of longitudinal joint in Fig. 1-17 is 33 kips/ft, whereas for the girth is 16 kips/ft. Calculate the maximum diameter of the cylinder tank if the internal pressure is 150 psi.

Solution 138 For longitudinal joint (tangential stress):

Total hydrostatic force, F: = volume of pressure diagram Consider 1 ft length

For girth joint (longitudinal stress):

27

Use the smaller diameter,

answer