The Terminal Spy by Alan S. Cowell - Excerpt

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The
TERMINAL
SPY
A TRUE STORY OF ESPIONAGE, BETRAYAL, AND MURDER
ALAN S. COWELL
Broadway Books
NEW YORK
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For Sue
Copyright © 2008 by Alan S. Cowell
All rights reserved.

Published in the United States by Broadway Books,
an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division
of Random House, Inc., New York.
www.crownpublishing.com
BROADWAY BOOKS and the Broadway Books colophon are trademarks

of Random House, Inc.
Originally published in hardcover in the United States by Broadway Books,

an imprint of the Crown Publishing Group, a division of Random House,
Inc., New York, in 2008.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cowell, Alan.
Terminal spy : a true story of espionage, betrayal, and murder /
Alan S. Cowell
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Litvinenko, Alexander, 1962–2006. 2. Spies—Russia (Federation)—
Biography. 3. Dissenters—Russia (Federation)—Biography. 4. Political
crimes and offenses—Russia (Federation). 5. Federal’naia sluzhba
bezopasnosti Rossii. 6. Murder—Investigation—England—London.
7. Russia (Federation)—Politics and government—1991–. I. Title.
JN6695.A55I606 2008
327.12470092—dc22
[B] 2008011061
ISBN 978-0-7679-2816-8
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
First Paperback Edition
www.BroadwayBooks.com
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CONTENTS
AUTHOR’S NOTE ix
DRAMATIS PERSONAE xi
PROLOGUE 1
1. BROKEN HOMES, BROKEN EMPIRE 17
2. POOR MAN, RICH MAN 39
3. A C O LY T E S 66
4. RENEGADE 81
5. WAR STORIES 96
6. F R O M R U S S I A W I T H S T E A LT H 122
7. SILOVIKI 146
8. GILDED EXILES 190
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viii | CONTENTS
9. CROWN PROTECTION? 217
10. A ROLODEX TO DIE FOR 235
11. POISON AND PR 260
12. INVISIBLE ASSASSIN 292
13. THE POLONIUM TRAIL 324
14. HIT MEN OR FALL GUYS? 374
15. PUTIN’S DOPPELGÄNGER 392
EPILOGUE 422
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 425
NOTES AND SOURCES 427
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 431
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AUTHOR’S NOTE
The reporting for this book began when, as head of the New York Times
bureau in London, I covered the breaking news of the Litvinenko case
in the days before and after his death. Over the subsequent weeks and
months, my research expanded to include interviews and conversations
with contacts and the key players in Austria, Britain, France, Germany,
Israel, Italy, Russia, and the United States. Throughout the book I have
tried to identify by name the people I spoke to. But there were other
sources who could not be so easily identified because of the nature of
their work. In the case of informants able to speak only in return for
anonymity, I have honored their desire for confidentiality.
Alan S. Cowell
Paris, May 2008
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D R A M AT I S P E R S O N A E
The Victims
Litvinenko, Alexander: former officer in the KGB and FSB
Politkovskaya, Anna: Russian journalist, murdered in Moscow,
October 2006
Visitors to London, November 2006

Kovtun, Dmitri: former Soviet army officer, business associate of
Andrei Lugovoi
Lugovoi, Andrei: former KGB bodyguard, now owner of a private
security company and member of the Duma
Sokolenko, Vyacheslav: former KGB bodyguard, business associate of
Andrei Lugovoi
Londongrad
Abramovich, Roman: wealthy Russian tycoon, owner of London’s
Chelsea soccer club, former business associate of Boris Berezovsky
Berezovsky, Boris: wealthy Russian tycoon in self-exile in Britain,
bitter opponent of Vladimir Putin, onetime employer of Andrei
Lugovoi and Alexander Litvinenko
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xii | D R A M AT I S P E R S O N A E
Bukovsky, Vladimir: Soviet-era dissident living in Cambridge,

England
Clarke, Peter: head of British counterterrorism police
Gordievsky, Oleg: former KGB double agent and defector to Britain
Hyatt, Brent: British detective investigating the murder of Alexander
Litvinenko
Zakayev, Akhmed: exiled Chechen leader in London and neighbor of
Alexander Litvinenko
The Kremlin
Medvedev, Dmitri: president of Russia nominated by Vladimir
Putin
Putin, Vladimir: former KGB officer, ex-president, now prime
minister, of Russia
Yeltsin, Boris: former president of Russia
The Family
Belyavskaya, Nina: mother of Alexander Litvinenko
Litvinenko, Marina : second wife of Alexander Litvinenko
Litvinenko, Maxim: half brother of Alexander Litvinenko, living
in Italy
Litvinenko, Natalia: first wife of Alexander Litvinenko
Litvinenko, Walter: father of Alexander and Maxim Litvinenko
The American Connection

Felshtinsky, Yuri: Russian-American historian, sometime associate of
Boris Berezovsky, living in Boston
Goldfarb, Alex: senior aide to Boris Berezovsky, living in New York
Shvets, Yuri : former KGB officer living in Washington, D.C.
The French Connection

Limarev, Yevgeny: Russian security consultant living in France
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D R A M AT I S P E R S O N A E | xiii
The Italian Connection

Guzzanti, Paolo: head of the Mitrokhin Commission investigating
KGB activity in Europe
Scaramella, Mario: Italian researcher, consultant to the Mitrokhin
Commission
The FSB Connection

Gusak, Alexander: former commander of Alexander Litvinenko in
URPO unit of FSB
Khokholkov, Yevgeny: former commanding officer of URPO unit of
FSB
Patrushev, Nikolai: head of the FSB
Ponkin, Andrei: former FSB colleague of Alexander Litvinenko in
URPO unit
Shebalin, Viktor: former FSB colleague of Alexander Litvinenko in
URPO unit
Trepashkin, Mikhail: FSB whistle-blower
Trofimov, Anatoly: Moscow regional chief of FSB, murdered in
Moscow, April 2005
Business Connections
Glushkov, Nikolai: Berezovsky associate jailed in connection with
Aeroflot embezzlement case
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail: former head of Yukos oil company,
imprisoned on embezzlement and fraud charges
The KGB Connection

Chemezov, Sergei: contemporary of Putin in the Dresden station of
the KGB, headed the state arms exporter
Cherkesov, Viktor: former KGB officer in Leningrad, head of Russia’s
drug-control agency
Ivanov, Sergei: former KGB spy, first deputy prime minister of Russia
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xiv | D R A M AT I S P E R S O N A E
Ivanov, Viktor: former KGB officer and senior aide to Vladimir Putin,
chairman of Aeroflot
Khokhlov, Nikolai: KGB defector, poisoned in Frankfurt, 1957
Sudoplatov, Pavel: former officer of Stalin’s secret police
The History
Curie, Marie and Pierre : discoverers of polonium
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PROLOGUE
The English autumn was unseasonably warm, and November 1, 2006—

the day Alexander Litvinenko began to die—was no exception.
A breeze from the northwest rustled leaves turned gold on the trees
of Muswell Hill—a demure suburb of Edwardian row houses in north
London. The temperature was in single digits on the Celsius scale but
well above freezing. The red double-deck buses ran in their familiar
not-quite-predictable way. Life unfolded with the unhurried compla-
cency of far-flung neighborhoods when those abandoned to humdrum
routines pause between the day’s panicky bookends—the school run,
the supermarket, the dry cleaner, the post office, furtive affairs, perhaps,
behind hastily drawn curtains.
The climate, not to mention the tranquillity, must have seemed in-
congruous to Litvinenko, a onetime secret agent turned whistle-blower,
an exile and defector from his native Russia and bitter enemy of its
regime. Raised for many years in the northern Caucasus, he had trained
for a career in the KGB to spy on his comrades, to interrogate ragged
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child prisoners from Chechnya, and to chase down the Russian mafia in
Moscow. But Litvinenko had turned his back on all that, on everything
he had been taught to do, as the Soviet Union dissolved into the new
Russia. Brazenly, he defied his masters in Moscow, betraying what he in-
sisted were their innermost secrets.
Now it was payback time, although, as so often in matters of deceit,
the victim was the last to know.
On this day in late 2006—the last when his life might pass for nor-
mal within the somewhat abnormal émigré circles he inhabited—Litvi-
nenko bade farewell to his elegantly coiffed wife, Marina, and his gifted
twelve-year-old son, Anatoly, of whom he was exceptionally proud. He
headed for the city center—the capital of his own adoptive land. Just
weeks earlier, on October 13, Litvinenko and his family had been granted
citizenship, and he boasted happily to friends that he was British. He
brandished his pristine plum-colored passport, proclaiming with an al-
most childish delight that it was his protector, the freshly burnished
shield of this crusader against evil, this champion of the free (this tilter at
windmills, some thought, this swashbuckling D’Artagnan).
To mark the family’s new status, his son hung their new banner—
the red-on-white cross of St. George, the English emblem—from the
first-floor balcony of the Litvinenkos’ pale brick town house a mile
north of the center of Muswell Hill at 140 Osier Crescent.
The three-story house was one more unassuming home in a new-
looking development in the commuter belt on a quiet street that filled
with young children when the school day ended and with parked cars
when the workday was over. But for Litvinenko it was his castle. Out-
lawed and outcast by the Kremlin, given refuge in London, he told his
wife with tragic naïveté that they were safe now.
In many ways the journey from his semi-gentrified suburb to May-
fair—London’s swankiest square mile—offered a metaphor for his own
life, caught between dream and reality, between modest circumstance
and grand vision.
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If, as Litvinenko had often done, you walk south from Osier Cres-
cent and take the bus—the 134—from the parade of shoe shops and
liquor stores and pubs on Muswell Hill Broadway, if you sit on the up-
per deck and peer out at the level of the lesser treetops, you will see a
London the tourists never see, displaying its confused and conflicted
soul—tawdry, vain, self-congratulatory, decaying.
After St. James’s Church, with its bright billboards and blunt en-
treaties to worship, the bus lurches and grumbles its way past the ivy-
choked, ghostly trees of Highgate Wood, turning left onto the Archway
Road, a north-south artery rushing with commuter cars and white-
flanked delivery vans. If you want to spy, you peer into the first-floor
bed-sitting-rooms of the houses along the route, but there is little to see
beyond the graying net curtains and the weak glow of low-wattage
lightbulbs. If you want imagined drama, you wait for the point where
the road runs below the wrought-iron curve of the Hornsey Lane
bridge, nicknamed Suicide Bridge to honor those who leaped in despair
and plunged a hundred feet into the traffic below.
But on this day, there is no despair for Litvinenko. He is spry of foot,
nimble in his early forties. His thoughts are in a different London, in the
London of five-star hotels and wealthy shopping streets, of discreet,
whispering offices and plump consultancies, of contact with his erst-
while peers in the KGB, with people who, like him, inhabit an opaque
world between illusion and reality, between conspiracy and riches.
In retrospect, it was easy to ask the question: Why was this day, this
Wednesday, November 1—not one day earlier, nor one day later—cho-
sen to be his last in good health, and by whom? But then, on that day,
there seemed to be nothing exceptional. There was no premonition of
catastrophe.
“Sasha was absolutely normal,” his wife, Marina, recalled, using the
affectionate form of her husband’s first name by which his friends and
associates knew him. “Sasha was absolutely looking forward to life.”
Just a day earlier, he had bought expensive new boots—“very high
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quality”—on sale. He had plans, happy to be busy. “Everything was just

normal, as it was every time,” Marina told me during one of several en-
counters when she met me at rendezvous points of her choice—in of-
fices and cafés and once on the steps of St. Paul’s Cathedral—to go
backward and forward over her memories of their life together.
Most days when he headed into town, she would drive him to the
Northern Line subway station at East Finchley to catch a southbound
train on the High Barnet branch—a routine commuter ride through
some of the city’s oldest, deepest, grimiest tunnels. On that day, though,
she had made promises to friends, she had other things to do, and he
did not mind making his own way. He took a bus to start his journey,
then the subway, using an electronic blue plastic ticket the size of a
credit card called an Oyster card. For most Londoners, the cards were a
commonplace, a device for discounted travel on the public systems,
linked to a central computer through terminals on buses and in subway
stations. For Litvinenko, the card would offer a vital clue to the timing
of a murder.
To look at him with his sandy hair and boyish mouth, perched on
his seat, peering indifferently at the city luring him to his destiny, to its
dark and glistening heart, you would not know that this is a man on
such critical missions as Litvinenko has in mind.
His cover is intact. He does not stand out from the crowd. No one
in his immediate circle—not even his wife—really knows what the day
is supposed to bring or what it will, in fact, yield. No one would guess
at this precise moment that the fate of Alexander Litvinenko will nudge
East and West toward a revival of the Cold War.
The 134 bus route burrowed through the palimpsest of bleak and cos-
mopolitan modernity that time has spread over the Gothic frame of
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Victorian London—the kebab houses and betting shops, the McDon-

ald’s and Burger Kings and KFCs, the cold pubs, the angry, gridlocked
traffic, the news and candy stores (“Shannon News—Irish and Conti-
nental Newspapers”), the unremitting gloom punctuated by Chinese
takeouts and Balti houses, the Western Union money transfer shops, the
ailing churches, the busy mosques. The stops along the route—Archway
and Tufnell Park, Kentish Town and Camden—were places where life
ground the people down, dealt them poor hands played out in housing
projects and on the welfare rolls. By the looks of many of them, they
seemed to be the walking wounded of cool Britannia, aged prematurely
by liquor and poverty, myopic from the failing light of shrinking hori-
zons. On the street corners, on the bridge at Camden Lock, knots of
peddlers hawked drugs. The young women with their hair pulled back
from their pale faces wore tight jeans and spindly high heels, shaky as
stilt walkers. The young men were hooded, inscrutable. Police officers
ventured forth only in pairs—at a minimum.
On this day, among these people yet not of them, Litvinenko has
higher goals. He rides the bus among the losers, but knows he belongs
among the winners, a survivor of many adventures and near misses.
On November 1, 2006, Alexander Litvinenko was celebrating the
anniversary of his flight from Russia to Britain. He had arrived, by a cir-
cuitous route exactly six years earlier, on November 1, 2000. He had
been given political asylum in 2001 as a precursor to citizenship. But,
whatever the passport proclaimed him to be, Alexander Litvinenko,
aged forty-three years and eleven months, never to reach forty-four,
was still steeped in Russia, as his CV had molded him to be: former
counterintelligence officer in the Dzerzhinsky Division of the Interior
Ministry troops, former operative of the KGB (the Komite Gosu-
darstvennoy Bezopasnosti, the Soviet Committee for State Security),
and former lieutenant colonel in its domestic successor, the FSB (the
Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti, the Federal Security Service). In ex-
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ile, he followed and fueled Moscow’s conspiracies, writing articles on

dissident Web sites, publishing books, giving interviews to anyone offer-
ing a platform for his tirades against the Kremlin. He fed on news from
the motherland, sought information assiduously, placing calls back to
Moscow, exchanging e-mails across what had been the Iron Curtain. He
sought friendships and information from those who visited from Rus-
sia. His grasp of English was imperfect, halting, and some of the people
he met in London told him he should try harder. (His wife, by contrast,
became fluent in the language, and his son Anatoly won academic ac-
claim in his English classes at an upmarket private school.) But he
missed no opportunity to demonize the rulers of modern Russia,
Vladimir Putin in particular.
Only days before his final commute, Alexander Litvinenko rose
among an audience at the Frontline Club, a boozy journalists’ haunt in
the side streets near Paddington railroad station, to denounce Putin in
the murder in Moscow on October 7, 2006, of Anna Politkovskaya, a
Russian investigative reporter of some renown, shot dead in the lobby
of her apartment house coincidentally on Putin’s fifty-fourth birthday.
“My speech is difficult for me, can I use translator?” he inquired in ac-
cented English to preface his verbal assault on the Kremlin—one of
many J’accuse moments in his émigré life.
Litvinenko lived among dislocated exiles, condemned to pine for a
homeland that no longer existed in the way they recalled, and had not
changed in the way they hoped. His passion was to expose the iniquities
of his home country, to burrow under the Kremlin walls shielding the
new elite. Among his friends and acquaintances, he counted former
spymasters and Soviet-era dissidents, Chechen separatists, at least one
self-exiled tycoon. He moved in a twilit, ambiguous world of rumor and
riddles, populated by plotters and fantasists, hoodlums and propagan-
dists. He cultivated people who, like himself in his final months, sought
to parlay KGB training into careers in private security, industrial espi-
onage. He was big on ideas, short of cash.
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After his death, the Kremlin went to great lengths to belittle Litvi-
nenko as a thug, a lowlife, a former guard on military convoys, a man of
no substance. But why, then, did someone spend so much money and
time and flawed ingenuity to ensure that he would be launched unwit-
tingly onto the trajectory of the most macabre and gruesome assassina-
tion of modern times? If he was a nobody, why snuff out the last flicker
of his nonentity with such lurid drama? But if he was more than the
Kremlin depicted him to be, what had he done to deserve a death that
depended on such ingenuity and cruelty?
On November 1, 2006, Litvinenko’s mental diary listed a series of criti-

cal meetings. All of them foreshadowed his murder, but one of them at
least seemed improbable, melodramatic if not bathetic. He made a late
start in Muswell Hill and headed into town. He bought a newspaper
from a newsstand sometime after noon at Piccadilly Circus within sight
of the statue of Eros, one of his landmark rendezvous points in central
London, at the junction of some of the city’s main thoroughfares—Re-
gent Street, Shaftesbury Avenue, and Piccadilly. (He liked to ask people
to meet him there so that he could observe them unseen, and approach
them without their knowing, and startle them with a tap on the shoul-
der. Tradecraft, he called it.) That day he met with a man called Mario
Scaramella, who walked west with him for a late lunch three hundred
yards away in the itsu sushi bar on Piccadilly. Scaramella drank water.
Litvinenko, an aficionado of Eastern food, took miso soup.
Scaramella was an Italian gadfly who had brought with him the
printout of an e-mail warning that moves were under way among a sin-
ister group of former KGB professionals called Dignity and Honor to
harm Litvinenko, among many others. The e-mails offered hints about
the murder of Anna Politkovskaya—a killing that fascinated Litvinenko
and distracted him from considerations of his own security. The hit list
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was almost certainly a work of dubious value, a figment of some fever-

ish or cynical imagination. Litvinenko was inclined to dismiss it as be-
ing without substance. But, in his case, it was curiously, improbably
prophetic.
There is a lacuna in the publicly known reconstruction of Litvi-
nenko’s last day as a whole and healthy person—one or two hours that
are not explained by the chronology offered subsequently for public
consumption. The gap lay between Litvinenko’s arrival in the city cen-
ter and his meeting with Scaramella. If he left Osier Crescent in late
morning, where did he go until his mid-afternoon meeting with
Scaramella? Did he drift about town, knocking on his contacts’ doors,
filling time? Or did he leave home later, arriving in time to meet
Scaramella and stroll past the clogged traffic on Piccadilly, past the
bookstores and cafés, to the self-service haven of itsu? It was in that
space that some sought the answer not to the question of why Litvi-
nenko had to die but to an equally urgent question: How was he lured
to this watershed, this Wendepunkt? And if we can discover the answer
to “how,” perhaps the questions of “who” and “why” will become less
mysterious.
From the itsu sushi bar, Litvinenko headed northwest toward

Grosvenor Square and the Mayfair Millennium Hotel, close to the for-
bidding off-white rampart of the American Embassy beyond the Roo-
sevelt Memorial in the square’s gardens. From the front door of the
hotel, on most workdays, you could see the lines of visa applicants out-
side the fortress-embassy, threading past armed British police officers
through the concrete barriers designed to prevent truck bombings.
(The building, constructed in easier times and opened in 1960, was seen
as such an inviting target for Islamic militants that the wealthy people
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in the adjacent Georgian town houses complained noisily that their

property values were deflated by the threat of collateral damage in what
George W. Bush called the war on terrorism.) Grosvenor Square also
hosted its own September 11, 2001, memorial gardens. Five years after
those attacks in New York and Washington, the Litvinenko case was to
offer the chilling possibility that terrorists might make his destiny a
template for more insidious ways of spreading mayhem.
The revolving glass door at the Millennium gave onto a lobby in
white stucco with gilded columns, a chandelier, and banks of elevators
with clock-like indicators to show which of the seven floors the cars
were on. There was a hint of faded glory, of pretension, about the place.
It looked as if it ought to be a five-star hostelry; in fact it qualified for
only four.
Litvinenko turned sharp left at street level, through the white
double doors of the Pine Bar, where he met with at least three other
Russians—Andrei Lugovoi, Dmitri Kovtun, and, briefly, Vyacheslav
Sokolenko. There was another man Litvinenko would describe as hav-
ing cold, dark eyes. The bar was noisy, busy. He drank tea—green tea
with honey and lemon—from a pot already on the table while his com-
panions drank liquor. At least four more Russians whose names were
never publicly acknowledged sat in an arc surrounding the table where
Litvinenko met his contacts. Were they players or bystanders, in place by
accident or by design?
With one of the men at the table, Andrei Lugovoi, Litvinenko had
business to talk about, a contact to be nurtured, a line to be kept open
to events back home.
There were some who met him that day who would question
whether the inexorable process of his demise had started earlier, in that
mysterious gap between his commute and his appointment at the statue
of Eros on Piccadilly with Mario Scaramella. But it was the Pine Bar that
the British authorities identified as the place where Litvinenko’s destiny
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10 | ALAN S. COWELL
took its final turn, on his adoptive home turf, on territory he knew well
and reconnoitered often.
From the Millennium it was a two-minute walk to the offices of a
private security company, Erinys, at 25 Grosvenor Street, where Litvi-
nenko had, in the recent past, sought to learn the inside story of Russia’s
booming oil and gas business, to trade information on such corporate
giants as the former Yukos and Gazprom—entities laden with secrets
worth far more than one man’s life. Grosvenor Square indeed provided
a kind of center of gravity for this downtown double life that Litvi-
nenko led, away from his suburban home. At the end, Litvinenko’s
stock-in-trade had become what private security contractors call due
diligence—the scuttlebutt and pay dirt on companies and individuals in
Russia being sought out as business partners by Western entrepreneurs.
It was a thriving business.
It may have cost Litvinenko his life.
From his hasty meeting at the Pine Bar he went on—not too far away—
to the offices of his mentor, Boris Berezovsky, an exiled Russian oligarch
with a reputation for ruthless and devious business dealings.* Bere-
zovsky had made his money as an entrepreneur-cum-politician in
Moscow’s freewheeling 1990s. In that era, his power was such that he
was known as the gray cardinal of the Kremlin. (He sued Forbes maga-
zine for calling him a godfather rather than a cleric.) In those days, like
a snug inner layer of a Russian Matryoshka nesting doll, Berezovsky en-
*The use of the word “oligarch” became widespread in Russia in the 1990s, initially to
denote those people whose political influence in the inner circles of the Kremlin both
derived from and yielded great wealth, acquired in the sell-off of state assets that
marked the end of the Soviet Union. Later, it came to mean any wealthy tycoon. Bere-
zovsky was one of the earliest examples of the term’s original meaning.
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joyed the wraparound protection of President Boris Yeltsin, and then, in

turn, folded his ambiguous embrace around his inner protégés and pro-
tectors—who, it turned out, included both Litvinenko and at least one
of the men he met that afternoon in the Pine Bar. Berezovsky’s influence
and good fortune inside Russia did not endure; power turned to oppro-
brium and self-exile; and that wove another thick strand in the Litvi-
nenko story.
Like Litvinenko, Berezovsky burned with a visceral hatred of
Vladimir Putin, Yeltsin’s successor, himself a former KGB officer who
had replaced Russia’s chaos with a new nationalism—popular among
Russians, menacing to outsiders.
On November 1, 2006, at Berezovsky’s offices, Litvinenko xeroxed
the papers he had received from Mario Scaramella. He handed them to
Berezovsky, who said he was too busy to read them as he prepared to
leave London for a brief business trip to South Africa. The two men
were not as close as they had once been. But Litvinenko still had access
to the rich man’s office.
Finally, to complete a Russian’s day in London, Litvinenko hopped
a ride home through the clogged traffic with a prominent Chechen sep-
aratist, Akhmed Zakayev, another exile sponsored by Berezovsky, an-
other part of this modest galaxy of malcontents that orbited around the
tycoon and his munificence. The Kremlin called Zakayev a terrorist and
fugitive from justice. But his public persona in London was far more
nuanced. A former actor who had performed Shakespeare, he im-
pressed Westerners as courteous and elegant. He dressed neatly, favor-
ing dark two-piece suits and color-coordinated ties, tending carefully to
his short silvery beard and quiffed hair. Among his allies he counted
Vanessa Redgrave, the actor. Like Berezovsky and Litvinenko, he
yearned for Putin’s overthrow as his passport home to Chechnya. He
was Litvinenko’s neighbor, so they rode home through the traffic jams
to Muswell Hill, where the day had started a few hours earlier with a bus
ride.
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At around 7:00 p.m., Zakayev dropped off his friend at the town
house in Muswell Hill, then worth around $1.5 million, which Bere-
zovsky had bought through a front company in the British Virgin Is-
lands for around $500,000 in 2002 and placed at the Litvinenko family’s
disposal. (Berezovsky also paid Litvinenko around $9,500 a month to
act as his agent and emissary—a stipend that had recently been severely
reduced as the two men drifted apart.)
Litvinenko promised to call at Zakayev’s nearby home later. But he
never did. Instead, he stayed home with Marina and Anatoly and ate the
chicken dinner—a favorite—that his wife had prepared for him, relish-
ing, as she said often, the homemaker’s role she had assumed in Britain.
The recipe came from her mother, who had visited a week earlier:
chicken diced small, mixed with herbs and sour cream, turned in a skil-
let. Litvinenko liked it and asked for it again on the anniversary of their
arrival in London, so it was being prepared when he arrived home.
There was no sign, at that precise moment when he entered 140 Osier
Crescent, passing his homemade gymnasium on the way to the kitchen
at the rear, that he had begun to die.
In Russia, Marina Litvinenko had studied the oil and gas industry
at Moscow’s Gubkin Institute. She had been on the professional ball-
room dancing circuit and maintained a dancer’s poise and power. She
had taught aerobics and fitness classes. But now, with a smart new
house and a son at school—as well as a husband prone to obsessions
and crusades beyond the imagination of most Don Quixotes—she had
adopted what she thought to be the ways of an English wife.
“I do everything for our son,” she told me. “I am involved in every-
thing he does, his activities, his trips.” She had tried to persuade her hus-
band to be less of a serial conspirator, more of a father, and felt she was
succeeding: Alexander Litvinenko had even started taking his son for
swimming lessons. But Marina kept a close and not always approving
eye on her husband’s increasingly inflammatory writing in the articles
he wrote for Zakayev’s ChechenPress Web site.
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“I was a strong critic. I was very hard on him,” she said. But he was
a different man from the man she had married in Moscow, more mel-
low perhaps, with fewer hard edges. “I could see how he changed when
he arrived,” she said. “He was an officer of the FSB in England—but he
changed into a different person.”
This small, tight-knit family seemed to find England to its liking, at
least in Marina’s account. “I never had any second thoughts that I would
like to leave England. We were very happy here. He was very proud of
our boy. He said he was like a real English boy, and we had a lot of
friends who supported us.”
But even on this special anniversary night, Litvinenko could not
quite tear himself away from the parallel world of conspiracy. The fol-
lowing morning he had scheduled a meeting at a security company
called RISC Management along with the men he had met at the Pine
Bar, Lugovoi and Kovtun. He had e-mails to send, one of them to
Vladimir Bukovsky, a Soviet-era dissident living in the English univer-
sity town of Cambridge, sixty miles northeast of London, and one of
the leading lights in the émigré circle that had embraced the Litvinenko
family.
Nothing in his behavior suggested that he was in any way aware of
the death sentence that had just been executed. He was a man prepar-
ing for life, not death. The family dinner in their unassuming suburban
home was to mark the distance they had traveled together and the
routes they planned for the future, certainly not the end of the road.
“On November 1, Sasha and I decided to have a family dinner in
honor of the anniversary of our move to London,” Marina Litvinenko
said. “Sasha came home and didn’t even stop by to see Akhmed Zakayev
the way he usually does. He went upstairs, checked some information
on the Internet, and then we had dinner together.”
At 9:33 p.m., Litvinenko sent an e-mail to Bukovsky, attaching a
photograph of himself twenty years earlier in camouflage uniform at
the KGB’s counterintelligence school, lying in a field of leaves in a for-
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14 | ALAN S. COWELL
est aiming a sniper rifle on some kind of military training exercise. He

seemed to be marveling at the changes in his life that had brought him
from a KGB academy to the suburbs of London. His caption, in English,
read: “20th year ago! 1986.”
But then he began to vomit, uncontrollably, as if his entire body
were in open revolt to expel some vicious, anonymous, irresistible in-
truder. He was racked with convulsions, bending over the lavatory to
throw up. “It’s just like a horror movie, a mysterious coincidence,” his
wife said. He became so ill that she made up a separate bed for him in
the first-floor room that he had converted into a study where he kept
his computer and his trove of files and videos.
No one in his immediate circle imagined that Alexander Litvinenko
had fallen victim to what his father, Walter, would later describe as a
“tiny” nuclear attack. But the fact remained that on November 1, 2006,
the sudden onset of an inexplicable, gut-wrenching nausea was the be-
ginning of the end.
Twenty-two days later he was dead, poisoned in a manner that
seemed to propel his native land and his adopted nation back toward
the brink of the East-West confrontation. Nobody would, or could, an-
swer the question, Why? Those in high places who knew the answer
were not talking. And those who did not know the answer could only
guess. But the basic facts as they emerged were incontrovertible. Mur-
der had been committed in broad daylight, near the American Embassy,
in central London. The evidence pointed in one very clear direction—
toward Moscow. Litvinenko’s death represented, in the words of one
group of experts, “likely the first provable act of radiological terror” in
the Western world. But the unfolding of the Litvinenko story suggested
that no killer would be brought to justice.
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If you talk to people now and ask them what kind of man Alexander
Litvinenko was, they will tell you—with varying degrees of forbearance
or scorn—that he talked too much. He seized on ideas. He was undis-
cerning of the truth. He relished campaigns, reached wild conclusions.
He was a zealot. He was flaky. He saw connections where no one else
did. He was obsessive. But they will also say he was professional, an in-
vestigator, well practiced in the dark arts of his business. He could get
to the bottom of things, gather information, distill mysteries into ac-
tionable quantities. He had a great memory, phenomenal recall of dates,
places, people, times. He loved his wife, his son, never smoked, never
drank, never strayed.
Did that mean his hands were clean? Very unlikely: he had been
trained in the counterintelligence branch of the KGB, where they did
not breed gentleman spies. Were there stains on his record? Why not?
He had interrogated Chechen prisoners for the FSB—the domestic suc-
cessor to the KGB—and had worked for a secretive FSB unit in Moscow
that he boasted openly was licensed to kill. So how could he be an inno-
cent? Why would he not have used the terrible powers vested in him by
his rank and calling, first in the KGB then in the FSB?
If you ask, people will reach for literary caricatures, not just
D’Artagnan and Don Quixote, but also Jekyll and Hyde—a dual person,
sunny and open, naive, cruel, insecure; indifferent to money, desperate
for riches; loyal, devious. “Inside, Sasha always remained a child,” his fa-
ther, Walter Litvinenko, a government physician who had worked in the
Soviet penal colonies, said later. Perhaps, like a child, he fed an inner life
with dreams and was uneasy with reality. Perhaps, his father meant to
say, he was easily convinced of a righteous cause, undiscerning, lacking
in judgment, too ready to trust those who meant him harm.
Yet people will also say that he made enemies, within his family,
with his colleagues. He inspired violent reaction. He infuriated the
Kremlin by publicly insulting Vladimir Putin, labeling him, among
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16 | ALAN S. COWELL
other things, a pedophile—a far cruder taunt than simply calling him a
dictator, which might even bring some approval in his native land.
Some of Litvinenko’s former associates called him a “scumbag,” a Judas.
He exasperated people, including his sponsor, Boris Berezovsky, and he
used people as his sounding board for crazy ideas. He pestered them
and attached himself to them, seeking benefit for himself and his
causes. He tried to please, to help, to arrange other people’s lives. But he
quested for opportunity, advantage. If you ask those who met him, they
will say he was physically fit, a model of abstemiousness. He could
run—not jog—ten miles at a stretch. He pumped iron. He had a sense
of humor that did not appeal to everyone: after his death the Observer
newspaper in Britain got hold of a photograph showing him wearing a
Scottish tam-o’-shanter cap and KGB-issue gauntlets, waving a double-
handed Chechen sword. The eyes were cold, the face unshaven, the
mouth tight, unsmiling, cruel. The portrait was taken by Pavel Stroilov,
a friend of Vladimir Bukovsky’s, to celebrate the family’s naturalization
as British citizens. The backdrop was a Union flag, and perhaps it
showed just how many conflicting influences had coalesced in the man
who began to die on November 1, 2006.
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1
BROKEN HOMES, BROKEN EMPIRE
Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko was born on December 4, 1962, in a

hospital in Voronezh, three hundred miles south of Moscow, a univer-
sity town where his father was a medical student specializing in pedi-
atrics. He arrived one month before term. He weighed 2.4 kilograms,
around 6 pounds. His mother, Nina, remembered a difficult birth. She
fretted he might not survive. Then a woman in another bed in her ward
at the Soviet-era hospital told her that all eight-month babies became
famous—an adage that no one would deny in Litvinenko’s case, though
not in the manner his mother would have forecast or preferred. Even so,
who could have imagined that a child of the U.S.S.R. would secure
renown in such a bizarre manner, so far from home?
In 1962, Nikita Khrushchev was in power in Moscow, and the So-
viet empire spanned half the globe, from central Asia to the Baltic and
the Pacific, its satellite states patrolling the line that divided Europe. The
Soviets had been the first to put a man in space—Yuri Gagarin—in
1961, a huge propaganda victory over the United States, challenging
Americans with the shocking implication that Communism, progress,
and technology were not incompatible. This sprawling, secretive empire
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18 | ALAN S. COWELL
was not shy about confronting American power. Litvinenko was born in
the year of the Cuban missile crisis that pushed the United States and
the Soviet Union to the brink of nuclear war. True, Khrushchev had of-
fered a kind of liberalization after the death of Joseph Stalin, permitting
the publication of the works of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and famously
decrying the Stalinist “cult of personality.” But Khrushchev also led a
muscular drive to cement Soviet influence. He approved the crushing of
the Hungarian revolt in 1956, the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961.
And at home, the state’s writ ran unchallenged, its power exercised
through the taut sinews of the KGB and other internal forces created to
forestall dissent. Soviet troops occupied garrisons across Eastern Eu-
rope. Soviet spies tunneled into the Western political establishment.
When Alexander Litvinenko was born, the Cold War was decades away
from any thaw, and the Soviet Union was years from collapse. None of
that brought direct comfort to ordinary citizens struggling to make
ends meet, find an apartment, a telephone line, a car, a television set.
The economy ran to order, according to the principles of scientific so-
cialism. Save for the elite, and those with scarce American dollars or
British pounds to finance themselves, there was no abundance. The out-
put from the collectivized farms failed to keep pace with the growing
population. The harvests were often poor. The shelves in the rubles-
only food stores were never full, usually empty. Lines formed. In grim
concrete apartment houses, ordered up by Khrushchev himself to ease
a dire shortage of dwellings in postwar Russia, communal heating failed
and sputtered. The Russian winter had no mercy.
Litvinenko’s life spanned his land’s liberation and emasculation—
from oppressive superpower to something far less than that, yet some-
thing far more than an ordinary nation: a diminished land that
dreamed of glory revived. He was a child of history.
“We lived in a small room in a hostel in Voronezh,” Nina
Belyavskaya, Litvinenko’s mother, recalled in an interview, sitting in the
same two-bedroom apartment outside Moscow where her son spent
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some of his early years while his father moved on to the northern Cau-
casus and Russia’s far east.
“We went hungry and cold because there was no food in the shops,
no meat in Russia at the time. We used to buy bones.”
When she spoke in the summer of 2007, Nina Belyavskaya was
sixty-seven years old, a frazzled, faded blonde living on the margins of
Russian life, remote from the glitzy ostentation of downtown Moscow
with its high-end imported cars and smart eateries. She tended a
makeshift shrine to her lost son with a photograph and flowers and
lived on a pension worth about $150 a month.
The early years were not so easy, either. Imagine a young woman in
her early twenties, boiling bones for soup, prizing open cans of cheap
meat, suckling a child from reluctant breasts. “There was no milk in the
shops and I had very little milk. In the factory next to where I worked,
they used to give workers special milk rations. I’d go there at 4:00 p.m.
as people were leaving with their milk and would ask them to sell me a
couple of bottles to feed my baby,” she said. “Life was very hard.”
In the Soviet way, with the Russian Orthodox Church suppressed,
his mother took the infant Litvinenko secretly to a priest for clandestine
baptism—a common enough occurrence in those days.*
Through the rose glow of maternal retrospect, Nina Belyavskaya re-
called the early years of motherhood as a valiant, single-parent struggle
to make ends meet while tending an ailing but virtuous child.
“Sasha was a very good boy,” she said. He would come home from
kindergarten—the kind of child care the Soviet system offered to all so
that all could work in their designated slots in the command econ-
omy—and balance on a stool at the kitchen sink to start washing the
dishes she had left unwashed and tell her not to worry, he would “do
*In the very last days of his life, Litvinenko’s adherence to his baptismal faith became
something of an issue, but his family disputed the extent of its importance to him. His
mother insisted that the young Sasha had no interest in religion at all.
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20 | ALAN S. COWELL
everything for you.” She gave him scarce kopecks to buy ice cream when
he went for a day at the VDNK exhibition complex in northern
Moscow. He returned with a cigarette lighter. “I decided to buy you a
lighter because you are always saying that by using matchsticks you are
poisoning yourself,” he told her.
During his early school years, he made for her a wood burning—a
pyrograph—depicting Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and she kept
it throughout her life. He was a skinny, spindle-shanked boy, too eager
to please, begging recognition, offering favors as a coded way of seeking
love or at least attention. An early photograph of mother and son
showed a wistful-looking woman with peroxide blond hair, wearing a
polka-dot dress, with the young Sasha in a white shirt and combed fair
hair, peering at the camera with a look that could be interpreted as re-
proachful or sulky. Neither of them smiled. For the young Sasha, there
was an uncanny resemblance in the set of the mouth and the directness
of the gaze to an iconic photograph of the dying Alexander Litvinenko
that the world came to know in 2006. Then, as earlier, he sought at-
tention.
“He was gentle and attentive and loving,” his mother said, but “we
didn’t always have much time to spend together.
“Sometimes I’d come home and would do some work at home.
‘Mum, stop working,’ he’d say. ‘Let’s spend some time together.’ ” The
loneliness of the latchkey kid would one day create a yearning for com-
pany, for a team, for a mentor. Sasha was never destined to be a loner.
“He was very sociable,” his mother said. When he was a young man and
living away from her, “I bought a lovely suit from Finland, and when he
got back, I asked him where it was. He said he gave it to a friend who
was going to Germany. He was one of those who would give anything
to a friend.”
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The precise calendar of those early years remained splintered through

the rival memories of those close to him. Litvinenko’s genealogy got
caught up in a family whose lines bifurcated with divorces and liaisons
of the kind that carried over into his own adulthood. Was he, thus, two
or four years old when his parents split up? Perhaps it was enough to
say that they did split up when he was a toddler, that Nina, his mother,
met another man, Vladimir Belyavska, and that this newly minted cou-
ple moved to Fryazino, just east of Moscow city limits, when Sasha was
nine years old. His mother and stepfather produced a daughter of their
own, Svetlana, a half sister to Alexander Litvinenko, who went on to
live in Germany. “Sveta once asked me who I loved more—her or
Sasha,” Nina Belyavskaya said, remembering a time when Litvinenko
was in military training. “I said: ‘Sasha, because you are always here
with me and he is far away at the academy.’ Mothers always love their
sons more.”
By his mother’s account, the infant Sasha was sickly, prone to pneu-
monia and colds, but he grew into an open, gregarious child, shuttled
between maternal homes in Voronezh and Fryazino and Nalchik, the
capital of the Kabardino-Balkaria Republic in the northern Caucasus,
where Alexander Litvinenko’s grandparents still lived.
And then, on the other branch of his biological family, there was
Walter, his father, who returned to Nalchik, his hometown, in the
northern Caucasus after graduating in Voronezh, abandoning a failed
college marriage to build a second life with three more children—
Tatiana, Vladimir, and Maxim—and travel far away to Sakhalin Island
on his business as a penal colony medical doctor.
In Walter Litvinenko’s memory, his young son lived with his grand-
parents in Nalchik until he was five years old, then spent seven years
with his mother before returning to the Caucasus. But the father and
son never synchronized their lives. When Sasha returned to Nalchik, his
father moved to Sakhalin. And when Walter returned from Sakhalin,
Sasha went into the army.
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22 | ALAN S. COWELL
The northern Caucasus, eight hundred miles southeast of Moscow,

is known these days as an unstable area, perched uneasily on a fault line
of faith and ethnicity. The string of cities that molded so much of Litvi-
nenko’s life—places such as Nalchik and Vladikavkaz—were products
of the advance of Russian imperialism in the late eighteenth and the
nineteenth centuries, when tsarist armies built forts and sought with
varying degrees of success and failure to subdue regions straddling ac-
cess to the Caucasus and beyond. In these places, along a fissure of em-
pire, Islam collided with Orthodox Christianity, and the Russian
advance met fierce resistance for decades. Historians date the Caucasus
War as lasting from 1817 to 1864 and argue that many of the modern
conflicts that have seized the region, most notably in Chechnya and
Dagestan, have their roots in those distant campaigns at the intersection
of the same beliefs that molded Alexander Litvinenko.
Yet when his mother sent her son to Nalchik as a child, her reasons
had nothing to do with gods or conflict. The fresh air of the Caucasus
foothills, sixteen hundred feet above sea level on the Nalchik River, was
known for its restorative powers and its spas. “I sent him for two rea-
sons,” his mother said. “Firstly, it was a healthier place, but more impor-
tantly because I thought it would be easier for him to get into university
there. He wasn’t brilliant at school . . . It was hard to get into university
then. You had to have an exam, but they took students in without an
exam if you excelled at sports. In Nalchik there was a very good school
for pentathlon. So I decided to send him there.”
Were there other reasons she chose not to recall? Possibly. In most
broken families, memory is elastic, stretched between denial and half-
truth—good training for spies and operatives at ease with ambiguity.
Decades later, with his own son on the cusp of his teens in London,
secure in a family that had not divided, it is tempting to imagine Litvi-
nenko thinking back to his own mixed-up childhood, his dislocations
and resettlements, glad to be giving his own boy a modicum of security
that was not, as it turned out, to endure.
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In his early years, his mother said, he was drawn to collections of

objects that could be ordered and controlled and cataloged—bright
postage stamps and pins and toy soldiers and miniature tanks. She
brought recruits for his small armies as gifts when she returned from
trips to Moscow, she said, and there is something poignant about these
platoons, these maternal brigades. Litvinenko’s many critics said later
he was no more than a toy soldier himself, a construct, an artifice cre-
ated in a world outside reality. But he went on to witness the real wars
that gnawed away his faith in Russia’s political leaders as much as his be-
lief in the church of his secret baptism. When he was a child, his minia-
ture heroes fell in tabletop battles. When he was a man, the games gave
way to reality: a comrade died in his arms, he would recall for the ben-
efit of interviewers, and others returned from the Chechen fray suicidal
with despair, abandoned by the politicians who dispatched them to war.
So maybe, after all, there was no room in a hardened heart for memo-
ries of a time when he played with toy soldiers.
If he compared his life with that of his own twelve-year-old son,
perhaps Litvinenko’s thoughts sometimes flipped back to his own age of
preteen innocence and the first stirrings of love beyond his family.
Alexander Litvinenko, too, was twelve years old when he attended a
friend’s birthday party in Fryazino back in 1974 and met an eleven-
year-old girl called Natalia, who was to become his first love, his first
wife. (He met his second wife at someone else’s birthday party, too.)
The way Natalia described those remote events, Litvinenko had struck
up a close friendship with her cousins in Fryazino before she ever met
him, but he became a regular caller during the summer of 1974 at her
family’s dacha (her family was better off than his, Natalia said, and his
mother thought her quite a catch).
“He was thin and modest, he did not stand out, but he was good-
looking. He had big blue eyes and fair hair,” Natalia said. “My two
cousins were his closest friends. The three of them were always together.
He was friendly. In the summer I and my cousins lived at the dacha, and
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24 | ALAN S. COWELL
Sasha would often come to visit. We’d spend the days running around
the fields, swimming in lakes, and so on.”
How remote those memories seem from Litvinenko’s destiny—the
sunlit, endless summer days, the chill frisson of fresh, clean water on
sunburned skin, the pollen in the air and the games of hide-and-seek
and desultory, childish chatter in the heat of the day. It was a time when
Soviet military and diplomatic power toward the United States was at
its height, the time of Leonid Brezhnev’s thaw in the Cold War that be-
came known as détente between East and West. It must have seemed as
if the world would never change.
“For both, it was our first love,” Natalia said. “Once, we sat next to
each other during a theater performance, and for the first time we
sensed this very strong feeling between us, a platonic love between two
children which grew with every passing year.”
But, in those days as much as later, a dark shadow crossed the sun.
“Vadim, one of my cousins, even then told me that Sasha was not a
good friend,” she recalled. “He said he was tricky. He could betray you,
he told me. I didn’t ask why.”
One thing everyone seemed to agree on is that this young man, this fu-
ture KGB operative whose death would unfold on a global stage, was no
great achiever in class. His Russian grammar was poor. He liked math
and geography, but his grades were middling. He did better at sports.
Walter, his father, said he cut classes to go shooting at tin cans, to nuz-
zle horses and ride them, to run. “He was a bit like Forrest Gump,” his
father said. He liked to play chess and to swim. He gravitated toward the
modern pentathlon, which demands skills in pistol shooting, épée fenc-
ing, swimming, horseback riding, and cross-country running. But he
was never going to make it on to college without a bribe, a back-
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channel contact, or an upsurge of academic excellence, and he had none

of those.
Whatever he learned in class at No. 5 High School in Nalchik, or on
the track, Alexander Litvinenko built routines with his grandfather,
who had been an air force bombardier and had fought in the war
against Japan. The Litvinenkos saw themselves as heirs to a proud mili-
tary tradition. When I met Walter Litvinenko a year after his son died,
he described how the young Sasha once declared to his grandfather that
he did not wish to grow up to become “a bloody soldier.” The old man
responded by breaking a plate over his grandson’s head. There were, of
course, more benign moments.
Together grandfather and grandson visited the zoo and the cinema.
The grandfather gave the young Litvinenko a camera, and he enjoyed
taking photographs. At the regional history museum, his grandfather
showed him the Red Army banners from the Great Patriotic War, as the
Second World War is known in Russia. In 1942 and 1943, Nazi forces
briefly occupied Nalchik as their push to the eastern Caucasus faltered.
The city had been devastated, and the memory of that destruction by
outsiders infused a deep vein of patriotism. Russia, his grandfather told
Alexander Litvinenko, must always be defended against any future
threat. The teenager took the message to heart. From his own perspec-
tive, whatever his critics said, Litvinenko was always a patriot, even if
that meant saving the motherland from itself, from its own institutions,
and from its own leaders.
When his father, Walter, finally returned to his native Nalchik, he
brought with him his newer family. Litvinenko was unsettled by their
arrival, by the disruption of his routines, by the strangers sharing his fa-
ther’s time and affection.
So the picture emerges of a young Sasha, the latchkey kid, the na-
scent jock, a not-too-bright boy without a permanent family, moved
from mother to grandparent, raised with a half sister in the home of a
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26 | ALAN S. COWELL
stepfather, forever competing for attention with the children of his par-
ents’ other liaisons. When he was conscripted into the army at the age
of eighteen, he was glad enough to go.
“In Fryazino his mother had a second husband and a daughter, and
in Nalchik his father had a big family with many kids,” Natalia Litvi-
nenko said during a long conversation in the summer of 2007 in the
kitchen of her small wooden dacha outside Moscow—a modest place
with no running water and an outhouse for a toilet.
“No one needed him,” she said. He “didn’t really have a proper
family.”
In 1980, Alexander Litvinenko was drafted into the Interior Ministry

forces, a unit totaling some 260,000 soldiers, responsible for an array of
duties that included guarding strategic installations and, most impor-
tant, quelling unrest and internal disorder that might threaten the iron
grip of the Soviet Communist Party.
The force dated to 1919, when it was established as a uniformed
wing of the NKVD—the forerunner to the KGB. Then the Interior Min-
istry took control, but by the time young Alexander pulled on his
uniform for the first time, it had again been infiltrated by KGB counter-
intelligence operatives on the lookout for any signs of disloyalty. Litvi-
nenko was to become one of these latter-day commissars.
For his mother, the choice of the Interior Ministry troops was a re-
lief. In 1979, one year before Litvinenko was drafted, Soviet forces in-
vaded Afghanistan, and the troops of the Interior Ministry were held
back, out of harm’s way, within the Soviet Union and its republics. But
life as a conscript was not easy. When I talked with Litvinenko’s father
about his son’s early life in the military, he became agitated, as much by
the memory of the harsh conditions as by a sense of loss. “We used to
take him food, chicken,” he said. “He was so hungry he would tear it
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apart with his bare hands and eat it.” The father told the story with ap-
propriate gestures mimicking the actions of a starving man. He leaped
up to show how his son had grabbed the chicken. But his anger sud-
denly dissolved into a welling of tears, and he ceased his narrative, sit-
ting down abruptly in his chair.
In his son’s early days in the military, Walter Litvinenko recalled, the
Communist system worked on individual networks of influence and
contacts—people with debts to repay, obligations to redeem. And so,
through various channels, Litvinenko secured a place at the Internal
Forces military academy in what is now called Vladikavkaz, the capital
of North Ossetia, a city of some 300,000 people only eighty miles from
Nalchik. For much of the Soviet era, the city had been known as Or-
dzhonikidze, and in that period the military school had been named for
S. M. Kirov, an associate of Joseph Stalin’s assassinated in 1934. Some
scholars perceive Kirov’s murder as a pretext for unleashing a reign of
terror that culminated in the murder of millions. Years later, Litvi-
nenko’s friends raised similar questions about the Kremlin’s pursuit and
abuse of power. Would Russia’s modern rulers resort to the same tactics
of murder to cement their supremacy? Certainly Alexander Litvinenko
believed so.
The academy—now called the North Caucasian Military Institute
of Internal Forces of the Ministry of Interior of the Russian Federa-
tion—offered Litvinenko his first experience of life outside his extended
family. He was an eighteen-year-old at the beginning of a four-year
course that would mark him out as an officer—a career his parents wel-
comed. But he was also a young cadet in the throes of early manhood,
casting about for love, for attachment, for passion. Adrift from his com-
plicated family, he may well have been plain lonesome, too.
Out of the blue, and after a silence of four years since his move to
Nalchik, Natalia Litvinenko recalled, Alexander began writing her to
rekindle their childhood romance, although under different circum-
stances: she was on the rebound from a broken relationship with a boy-
PDF
28 | ALAN S. COWELL
friend who left her; he was pining. Neither of them were children any-
more.
Alexander “wrote many very affectionate letters. He was in the
academy, felt lonely. I fell in love later. At first it was a way of getting
over my boyfriend.” As an aside she also noted that his epistles were
grammatically challenged. “He couldn’t write without making grammar
mistakes. Later, when he used to write to me, I used to always correct his
Russian and send him back his letter, covered in red marks.”
Whatever their literary flaws, the letters led to encounters, to trysts
during the summer vacation in Moscow, to breathless phone calls, and
to yet more letters promising fidelity and undying love when the two
were apart. The relationship blossomed. (Litvinenko’s mother had al-
ways taught him to behave honorably with women: “I used to say:
‘Don’t run around after women, be sensitive and clear with them,’ ” she
said.) But in the harsh light of jilted hindsight, Natalia recalled a
stranger, darker side to him.
“At the academy, they had the equipment to listen in on phone
calls,” she said. “I was once chatting to a male friend of mine when sud-
denly Sasha’s voice interrupted us, jokingly asking me who I was talking
to. From Ordzhonikidze he had linked up and hooked into our phone
call. It was a joke, but he was always checking on me. It was in his
blood.”
In later life, Natalia recalled such moments to build a crescendo of
enduring bitterness toward Litvinenko.
The wedding of Alexander and Natalia took place in Moscow on August

25, 1983. He was still at the military academy. She was studying optics
at the Moscow Energy Institute and living at home with her parents in
northeastern Moscow. The honeymoon lasted three days before he was
obliged to return to his studies.
PDF
Alexander Litvinenko can no longer shape the debate about the na-
ture of his childhood, this reconstruction of his growth to manhood.
There are snippets and versions, captured on videotape, in notebooks,
in memories. But ultimately, the picture that emerges is colored by the
judgments of those he left behind and their assessment of his nature,
colored as much by political as by personal considerations. There are
flashes of insight, of tenderness, of treachery.
Consider, for instance, Natalia’s memory of the birth of their first
son, Alexander, on January 5, 1985, while the father was close to the end
of his studies in Vladikavkaz and his young wife lived with her parents
in northeastern Moscow, in the same apartment that Natalia lives in to
this day. “He was here on holiday at the birth, but then had to go back
to finish his exams,” she recalled. When their son was just twenty-nine
days old, he returned to Moscow. Natalia was still in the hospital after a
difficult birth. This soldier from the Caucasus, this putative KGB oper-
ative accused later of so much cruelty and deceit, “blushed at the sight
of his son. He didn’t know how to behave, was shy. His reunion with our
son was a very beautiful and emotional moment.”
If he was uncertain around infants, he was less so in his career. Just
as he had won a place at the military academy through family connec-
tions, Alexander Litvinenko pulled strings, courted the right people,
networked. A friend’s uncle had connections with the elite unit of the
Interior Ministry troops—the Dzerzhinsky Division, named for Felix
Dzerzhinsky, the head of the Cheka secret police, the wellspring of So-
viet and Russian internal espionage. And that was the unit he joined af-
ter his four years in training school.
Its training manuals dwelled on crowd control, protection of the
party leadership, keeping watch on sensitive cargoes—some of them
human in the prison trains that rumbled across Russia’s icy time zones.
The Dzerzhinsky Division had fought outlaws in the 1930s and joined
in the Battle of Finland in 1939. Its regiments guarded strategic loca-
tions such as the vaults holding the national gold and currency reserves
PDF
30 | ALAN S. COWELL
and the perimeters of nuclear facilities. In the old days of the May Day
military parade on Red Square before the assembled bosses of the So-
viet Communist Party, soldiers from the division’s Third Regiment
would dress in police uniform, deployed in the huge, ornate GUM store
across the way from the Kremlin, ready to put down any displays of dis-
satisfaction with the Central Committee.
The Dzerzhinsky Division was also known as ODON, the Separate
Special Purpose Division, and it was garrisoned near Moscow. To be as-
signed to it was not just a smart career move, it was the kind of move
an ambitious military wife like Natalia Litvinenko would approve—far
more than being dispatched to some remote provincial garrison. But for
Alexander Litvinenko it meant something else that would change his
life: while still in the Dzerzhinsky Division, he joined the KGB, and
from that point on his destiny was sealed, one way or another.
For, as countless former agents have testified, the KGB was a lifelong
commitment: you might think you can quit, but you can never escape
its long reach.
Little has been reported about the precise mechanism of Litvinenko’s

recruitment. Andrei Soldatov, a Russian journalist specializing in cover-
age of the intelligence world, told me that Litvinenko’s absorption into
the KGB did not fit the normal pattern, largely because he did not have
the usual college qualifications. Recruitment, Soldatov said, was “nor-
mally from school or from technical university if you have technical
skills in math and so forth.”
But there was one account that drew little attention, and it came
from Alexander Litvinenko himself in a remarkable four-and-a-half-
hour interview in late 2001 with the British novelist Gerald Seymour.
(The notes from the interview inspired the fictional character of a KGB
interrogator called Yuri Bikov in Seymour’s novel Traitor’s Kiss.)
PDF
Seymour conducted the interview under unusual conditions. Apart

from himself and Litvinenko, a third person was present who had
arranged the encounter. Seymour promised to protect that person’s
identity and he did. The circumstances of the interview, however, were
such that Litvinenko would have found it difficult to mislead his inter-
locutors. He was speaking in the very early days of his time in Britain,
and, Seymour indicated to me, the third person at the interview was a
very knowledgeable invigilator indeed whom Litvinenko would have
been reluctant—and probably unable—to deceive. Seymour handed
me his notes from the interview only in return for a guarantee of
anonymity for this mysterious “third man.”
During his interview with the novelist, Litvinenko seemed to be on
unfamiliar ground, not yet the noisy émigré he became and still feeling
his way in a new life of exile.
“I had the impression that he had never done anything like this be-
fore,” Seymour told me when we met at his home in rural Somerset in
early 2007. “The idea that anyone would come and pick his mind was
quite new to him. We spoke through an interpreter. The first thing that
struck me was how young he was. He told me that he was a lieutenant
colonel. I’m thinking: this is very much a highflier.”
But there was a hint of the sense of dislocation that would come
later as Litvinenko hovered between his Russian roots and the uneasy
transplanting to Britain.
“I felt very sad for this man,” Seymour said. “I just thought he
would be totally cut off.”
The very fact that Litvinenko had learned so little English in the pe-
riod since his arrival “is saying that this man has not accepted that he
has to integrate and become English and get a job and do a couple of
lectures a year. He’s living the life of a refugee. It must be a sign—the
failure to learn English, the failure to be employable.”
From Seymour’s notes it emerged that Litvinenko’s recruitment to
the KGB was a slow and cautious process. When he first joined the
PDF
32 | ALAN S. COWELL
Dzerzhinsky Division, his day job was barely spectacular. As his enemies
in the Kremlin recounted with scorn after his death, he was no James
Bond. Along with others, he guarded trains carrying diamonds, gold
bullion, currency printed in Russia for use in Cuba and Mongolia. The
trains carried prisoners, sometimes women. (“They’d jump on a man,
like animals, if they had a chance,” he told his wife.)
But within his unit Alexander Litvinenko was working toward a
new goal—the cherished invitation to join the KGB, at that time con-
sidered a matter not just of patriotic pride but of advancement and
benefit. Of all the military units, Litvinenko told Seymour, the Dzer-
zhinsky Division had the highest per capita proportion of KGB inform-
ers enlisted to snoop and report on their fellow soldiers.
Three officers from the KGB, or its successor, the FSB, were attached
to every regiment, and each officer was required to recruit a minimum
of twenty-five sources. “Some would be the wives of officers or troops,
some would be locals living close to the barracks. In addition, each of-
ficer must recruit a further thirty ‘confidential sources’—agents who are
less important and do not have files maintained on them,” Litvinenko
explained. “Out of the 1,000 officers and men in the regiment there
could be 170 sources and confidential sources.”
Russia at that time was moving, finally, toward liberalization. In
1985—the year Alexander Litvinenko joined the Dzerzhinsky Divi-
sion—Mikhail Gorbachev became general secretary of the Communist
Party and, later, the executive president until the coup of 1991 that de-
posed him and brought Boris Yeltsin to power.
Gorbachev’s rallying cries were “glasnost” and “perestroika”—
“openness” and “restructuring.” But the break with the old Soviet ways
did not seem to extend to the KGB. By the account relayed to Gerald
Seymour, Litvinenko first was recruited as a “source, then is invited to
join the KGB after two and a half years with the division. He becomes a
cadre officer of the KGB, a first-year candidate. He has been a source for
PDF
one year at that time. In his probation period he writes reports on many
fellow officers that are scrutinized by the KGB for reliability.”
There was no hint here of opposition to the KGB or its function.
Litvinenko emerged from this conversation with Seymour as an ardent
agent in the making. When people protested much later at the use of the
word “spy” to describe him, they chose a narrow definition of the word
relating to overseas espionage.
True, Alexander Litvinenko was not a KGB First Directorate agent
sent to the West, or even a lesser spy like Vladimir Putin dispatched to
East Germany, then a vassal state of the Soviet Union. But he was an of-
ficer in the Third Directorate—counterintelligence, which meant spy-
ing on his comrades to vet their loyalty and to seek out enemy agents.
And his family was proud of him.
“Joining the KGB was an honor then,” Natalia, his first wife, said.
“There’s a big difference between the Ministry of the Interior and the
KGB. A different level. Much better people.
“This opened up all sorts of opportunities, a far cry from guarding
prisoners all your life,” she said. His father, Walter, said the popular im-
age of the KGB was built on propaganda television programs depicting
valiant Soviet agents infiltrating Hitler’s armies during the Second
World War. “I was very pleased when Sasha was asked to join the KGB,”
he told me. “It was very honorable.”
KGB agents interviewed both Alexander and Natalia to assess their
loyalty and suitability. Natalia hoped her husband would one day be-
come a general. But there were many delicate steps along the way for a
young couple starting on what had all the makings of a good career.
With their infant son, they set up home for two years at the KGB
Military Counterintelligence School in Novosibirsk in Siberia. The early
days were not all free from difficulty, from challenges to be met, in part
by pulling strings, calling in connections. As a newly commissioned
KGB officer, Alexander Litvinenko was assigned to a dismal outpost in
PDF
34 | ALAN S. COWELL
Novomoskovsk, six hours south of Moscow—an experience his wife did

not enjoy and set about reversing.
“They gave us a derelict small house full of rats. To make things
worse, we were close to a TB colony. I went to see one of Sasha’s bosses
and caused a big fuss: ‘We can’t live here. My child is sickly.’ Eventually
we started renting a small flat but didn’t spend more than a year. We
managed to get sent back to Moscow, thanks to influential contacts my
family had.”
Litvinenko returned to the Dzerzhinsky Division, this time as an
agent of the KGB, a commissar of sorts. The job commanded an un-
usual status, at least in the account he gave Gerald Seymour, since KGB
officers could make or break the careers of the less exalted commanders
of the Interior Ministry forces. No promotion was approved without
the KGB’s assent. To the highest level of the command structure, coun-
terintelligence officers shadowed the division’s own hierarchy. And the
division itself occupied a special position on the outskirts of the capital,
its garrison resembling a separate city with its own subway line to trans-
port troops into Moscow to put down unrest if needed. The assignment
was perfect for Natalia Litvinenko, determined to enhance her hus-
band’s career and keep him out of harm’s way. When Sasha was dis-
patched to danger zones, she wasted no time in trying to bring him
back.
One of the first of his trouble spots, in the late 1980s, was Nagorno-
Karabakh, the object of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan. “I
was very scared. He used to call me on a special line, and I could hear
shooting in the background,” she said.
It was not the life she sought for them. She had a clear sense of the
way rank and power would bring them comfort and security through-
out their lives, a place in Moscow, a job at the Lubyanka—the dread
building in central Moscow that housed the KGB headquarters—a
proper apartment, a car and driver and prestige.
PDF
“I always used to tell him that we didn’t need much money,” Natalia
said. “As long as he was in the KGB-FSB, he had power, and that counts
more than money. I used to tell him that money solves nothing unless
you have power, and if you leave the Lubyanka, you’ll have no power.
Now you have power and a gun, we don’t need much money. You’ll be-
come a general, a KGB general; you won’t need anything else.”
Through her family, she said, the couple had access to high-level
people who influenced his career and his deployments. That was not
peculiar to the old Soviet Union or the modern Russia: many societies
operate on hidden channels of influence and patronage. But Litvi-
nenko’s reliance on a patron, a mentor, seemed to be a recurring pattern
of behavior: a Russian saying had it that everyone needs a krisha, a
“roof,” for protection.
“After a while, thanks to recommendations people in the KGB gave,
he was transferred to Moscow. We had a good family, I had good par-
ents, a good education. I always pushed him because I wanted him to
become a general,” Natalia said.
At times he took the networking too far.
“He came home from work, and instead of spending time with his
son, he’d get on the phone and start making calls. First one KGB gen-
eral, then another, to wind them up against one another. I worried and
told him to stop lying to these people, to stop plotting. He wouldn’t lis-
ten. He loved intrigue, muckraking. He did it to further his career. It was
his hobby.”
And there was one incident later, close to a turning point in Litvi-
nenko’s life, that showed his first wife how he defined his loyalties, and
the extremes to which he was prepared to go to pursue them. It hap-
pened soon after Litvinenko moved on from the Dzherzinsky Division
in 1991 to join the KGB at its Moscow headquarters, just as Russia was
teetering on the cusp of the chaotic era dominated by Boris Yeltsin. Na-
talia explained:
PDF
36 | ALAN S. COWELL
I remember once, at night, we were chatting in bed. I told

him that at work some women had come up to me to ask me to
add my signature to a petition in favor of Yeltsin, who at that
stage was in opposition to Gorbachev. I was against Yeltsin and
refused. They started putting pressure on me. I didn’t like the
way they sought to force me. I told Sasha about it that night and
complained that they had put so much pressure on me. The
next day as soon as I arrived at work—a plant which developed
military equipment—I was summoned to a huge office. We had
KGB officers at the plant since it was linked to the military and
developed sensitive equipment.
I was met by three men. Our local KGB officer and two
from the Lubyanka. And they started to question me. They
wanted to know who had been putting pressure on me to sign
in favor of Yeltsin. I refused to give them any names and was
amazed. Sasha—that morning—after I had told him about it
in bed, had gone to work and reported the incident. He
snitched. I was very upset and scared. He saw it as his duty to
report it because he had to support whoever was in power, in
this case Gorbachev, and therefore to report anything he’d
picked up which could be seen as being against Gorbachev. I
was shocked and felt betrayed. I confronted him that night.
“Why the hell did you report something so trivial which I told
you in a private conversation?” He didn’t care and barely lis-
tened. I saw it as an act of treason. It was a small incident, but
looking back at it now, it was very telling. He was inclined to
betraying.
The history of Soviet control in Russia and across Eastern Europe

was studded with instances of families divided by informers, and so
perhaps this episode was not exceptional in the culture of the times.
Perhaps, too, it displayed the evolving nature of the patriotism
PDF
that Litvinenko claimed to embrace in different ways throughout his

life.*
When you asked people after his death what kind of person Litvinenko
was, there was no uniform answer. As with most families—broken or
whole—the Litvinenkos built their own memory, their own narratives.
Litvinenko was different things to different people, and their percep-
tions of him canceled out each other to the end—hero and villain, Ju-
das and martyr, man of courage and coward.
In the months after his death, there was a snatch of poetry that, as
much as anything, revealed something of Litvinenko’s questioning
about his identity. The poem surfaced in a state-sponsored and very
negative television documentary about him in which mother and ex-
wife both referred to lines he was said to have penned in London, his
only poem, perhaps concocted—who knows?—as he mulled life from
the grimy window of the 134 bus. The documentary evoked the an-
guished musings of a man wondering whether, after death, his soul
would migrate to become “the soul of a scumbag, and an executioner.”
Each version of this same personality provided a point of departure
to see the man who began to die on November 1, 2006. At the simplest
level, Litvinenko was a symbol, a cardboard cutout, a pawn in a bigger
game played by people who did not seek his consent. But the accounts
provided by his family and parents and colleagues suggested a much
more complex figure.
Asking that question—who was Alexander Litvinenko?—I was
tempted to ponder whether opposites could be contained within the
*I offer the anecdote with a note of caution since it may be colored by the harsh judg-
ments of a former spouse, or it may in a perverse way show the extent to which he
sought to protect her in the complex political shoals of his calling.
PDF
38 | ALAN S. COWELL
same entity without one dominating the other, whether conflicting per-
sonalities could coexist in the same person.
In Litvinenko’s case it might be more accurate to say that he re-
vealed himself to different people in different guises depending on his
requirement of them—hardly an exclusive characteristic. For such peo-
ple, good and evil, light and shade fight in a perpetual battle for domi-
nance. But some of those Litvinenko left in his wake had much less
sympathetic words to describe him.
With the cruelty of the abandoned, his first wife ascribed his behav-
ior to clinical schizophrenia: “I think that Sasha was ill . . . I think that
even when he was still with me, he behaved strangely at times.”
Toward the end of the conversation at her dacha, the condemnation
moved into strident high gear. “I think he was a traitor because he be-
trayed his family, the FSB, his country, his religion. By nature he was
very slippery. He was not transparent. He loved intrigue and plotting
and all that. You’d look him in the eyes, and I’d feel sorry for him and
think he’s honest and open and so on, when in fact behind his eyes was
a mess. He was messed up. He was a terrible person, a traitor, someone
who could do anything.”
From her point of view, the biggest betrayals began when two new
people entered the life of Alexander Litvinenko, setting him on a course
that would wrench him far from his provincial roots and loyalties.
One was a ballroom dancer of modest means called Marina Shtoda.
The other was a very rich man called Boris Berezovsky.
PDF
About the Author
Alan S. Cowell was the London bureau chief of the New York
Times when the events narrated in this book reached their cli-
max. Previously, Cowell served as a correspondent for Reuters
and the New York Times in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.
He has been based in twelve capitals and has reported the news
from around ninety countries and territories. Cowell is married
and has three children. He is now based in Paris.
PDF

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qxp 4/30/09 2:04 PM Page v

A TRUE STORY OF ESPIONAGE, BETRAYAL, AND MURDER

Copyright © 2008 by Alan S. Cowell

All rights reserved.

BROADWAY BOOKS and the Broadway Books colophon are trademarks

Originally published in hardcover in the United States by Broadway Books,

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Printed in the United States of America

First Paperback Edition

1. BROKEN HOMES, BROKEN EMPIRE 17

2. POOR MAN, RICH MAN 39

8. GILDED EXILES 190

9. CROWN PROTECTION? 217

10. A ROLODEX TO DIE FOR 235

11. POISON AND PR 260

12. INVISIBLE ASSASSIN 292

13. THE POLONIUM TRAIL 324

14. HIT MEN OR FALL GUYS? 374

15. PUTIN’S DOPPELGÄNGER 392

Visitors to London, November 2006

Bukovsky, Vladimir: Soviet-era dissident living in Cambridge,

The American Connection

The French Connection

The Italian Connection

The FSB Connection

The KGB Connection

The English autumn was unseasonably warm, and November 1, 2006—

The TERMINAL SPY | 3

quality”—on sale. He had plans, happy to be busy. “Everything was just

The TERMINAL SPY | 5

Victorian London—the kebab houses and betting shops, the McDon-

ile, he followed and fueled Moscow’s conspiracies, writing articles on

The TERMINAL SPY | 7

On November 1, 2006, Litvinenko’s mental diary listed a series of criti-

was almost certainly a work of dubious value, a figment of some fever-

From the itsu sushi bar, Litvinenko headed northwest toward

The TERMINAL SPY | 9

in the adjacent Georgian town houses complained noisily that their

The TERMINAL SPY | 11

joyed the wraparound protection of President Boris Yeltsin, and then, in

The TERMINAL SPY | 13

est aiming a sniper rifle on some kind of military training exercise. He

The TERMINAL SPY | 15

Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko was born on December 4, 1962, in a

The TERMINAL SPY | 19

The TERMINAL SPY | 21

The precise calendar of those early years remained splintered through

The northern Caucasus, eight hundred miles southeast of Moscow,

The TERMINAL SPY | 23

In his early years, his mother said, he was drawn to collections of

The TERMINAL SPY | 25

channel contact, or an upsurge of academic excellence, and he had none

In 1980, Alexander Litvinenko was drafted into the Interior Ministry

The TERMINAL SPY | 27

The wedding of Alexander and Natalia took place in Moscow on August

The TERMINAL SPY | 29

Little has been reported about the precise mechanism of Litvinenko’s

The TERMINAL SPY | 31

Seymour conducted the interview under unusual conditions. Apart