DBR 3

D.B.R.
ARMY LISTS
For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules
BOOK3
ARMIES OF THE
EASTWARD COLONIAL EXPANSION
AND OF
THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
Compiled by PHIL
BARKER
WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP

JANUARY 1997
D.B.R. ARMY LISTS

For use with the De Bellis Renationis Wargames Rules
BOOK3
ARMIES OF THE EASTWARD COLONIAL
EXPANSION
AND OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
Compiled by PHIL
BARKER
All Rights Reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in
writing from the copyright holder.
(c) Wargames Research Group November 1996.

The Keep, Le Marchant Barracks, London Road, Devizes, Wiltshire SN10 2ER
Printed in England
WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP
JANUARY 1997
D.B.R ARMY LISTS

BOOK3
These lists are intended for use with our "De Bellis Renationis" wargames rules for Renaissance Warfare,
more familiarly known as DBR. While mainly intended for competition games, they also provide a general
guide to armies' troop classification, proportions and numbers for scenario games and wargames
campaigns, especially when used in conjunction with more detailed sources such as the W.R.G army
handbooks.
They follow the general form of the DBM lists, except that, instead of the armies being arranged in
chronological order, each is grouped together with its main historical opponents. It is often a criticism of
competition gaming that it necessarily encourages unhistorical matches. Our army grouping should enable
competition organisers to arrange that at least the first round of a "Swiss Chess" competition matches most
armies with a contemporary from the same group, while still permitting enough meetings with unusual
opponents to provide variety.
The lists are primarily intended to produce 300 AP to 500 AP armies which closely simulate their real life
prototypes, while still allowing sufficient flexibility to cover historical variations during the period and
minor differences of opinion or personal preference. They are less permissive than some previous
renaissance lists which did not restrict choice by year within a longer period.
A list usually includes about 200 AP of compulsory troops. Unless otherwise specified, the total value of
troops listed as able to be used together is normally around 600 AP, excluding naval elements, artificial
defences and allied contingents; more where historical armies were unusually varied. This will usually
allow the army's largest historical battle to be refought in condensed scale. If you wish to refight such
battles in normal scale as a multi-player game, for instance as a public demonstration at a convention, you
must multiply the listed minima and maxima by 4 for cavalry and foot and by 2 for all other troops other
than pontooneers, then expect it to take much longer to complete. Where a historical army was small, its
list specifies that only normal scale should be used in historical refights and quotes the maximum army size
provided for.
300-400 AP is a typical army size for games with 1 player on each side. Larger games really require at
least 2 players on each side, ideally 1 player per command. Each army must include a commander-in-chief (Cin-C) and usually at least 1 other general, who may be a loyal subordinate or independently enough minded
or so fractious as to be classed as an ally. It must also include 2 baggage elements per command, all deployed
with the same command.
There is also provision for much smaller games using a single command and only one general. For
these, halve the cost of the general and divide all minima and maxima by 3, rounding up to the nearest
whole element. A 100 AP condensed scale army is very similar to a DBA army and can be used for the
same kind of quick games on a small board.
ALLIED CONTINGENTS
These are specified by reference to their own list. Each such contingent must include 1 general and 2
baggage elements, loss of which affects only the contingent and not the army joined. An allied
contingent's general can be his list's C-in-C or any of its other generals, but is always costed and
behaves as an ally-general. Unless stated otherwise in a particular list, he commands only his own
contingent and this can include only compulsory troop types. It must have at least a 1/4 of the normal
minima for each such type and not exceed 1/3 of the maxima, or 1 element, whichever is greater. Unless a
list specifies otherwise, only 1 allied contingent of each nationality can be used. Allied contingents must be
of the same year as the army they join.
NAVAL
Naval elements each replace a land element of the types that follow it in square brackets and disembark
as that element. The AP quoted is for the naval element, the land element being paid for separately. AP
spent on naval elements are wasted if they have no access to the table. Their landing troops can then still
be deployed, being assumed to have disembarked before the battle. The elements allowed represent a small
squadron co-operating with the army, not the main fleet.
CLIMATE, AGGRESSION, TERRAIN AND ARMY SIZE
The 2nd line of each list specifies the army's home climate, its aggression factor, codes for the types of
terrain feature it can choose from if the defender, and a note of any unusual army size.
The terrain permitted to a defending army is based either on that of its nation's heartland or its capital or
on that of a foreign base of operations. Terrain codes are:
Waterway suitable for ships, such as the sea, lakes or great rivers.
Ordinary rivers.
Hill with some or all slopes steep.
Hill or lesser rise with only gentle slopes.
Woods.
Orchards or olive or palm groves.
Vineyards.
Small fields enclosed by hedges, walls or irrigation ditches.
Rough going, such as moderately boggy or rocky ground or brush.
Inland marsh not on a river.
Non-coastal sand dunes.
Roads or frequently used tracks.
Built-up areas, such as villages or towns.
Ice, if waterways and rivers can freeze solid enough to bear troops.
WW
Rv
H(S)
H(G)
Wd
V
E
RGo
M
D
Rd
BUA
I
If some types listed for an army are underlined, this means that they are compulsory. Even if not listed, a
single patch of coastal dunes or marsh can always be used if in contact with a waterway, or a single patch
of marsh if in contact with a river.
Any notation of unusual army size starts with "Max". This can be followed by:
N, meaning that the listed maxima will reproduce the largest historical army in normal scale, followed
by the AP of the largest wargames army for which it is considered suitable.
multiplied by a number, which means that at condensed scale listed maxima must be multiplied by that
number to reproduce the largest reported historical army and that those maxima before multiplication will
provide a 500 AP wargames army with some margin for choice.
No notation means that at condensed scale the maxima will reproduce the largest historical army and that
the maxima will provide a 500 AP wargames army with some margin for choice.
FORTIFICATIONS
An army allowed a BUA can provide it with artificial defences. Otherwise, these can only be used if
specified by the army's list. Note that the costs of defences for a BUA and the extra costs of any
gateways, although not mentioned in lists, must still be paid. Defences specified as for camps must rest
both ends on a table edge and contain all the army's baggage. Any AP spent on BUA defences are wasted
if the terrain includes no BUA or if you are the invader. Troops which are specified by lists as to defend
camps or BUA must remain within these.
TROOP TYPE ABBREVIATIONS
The following abbreviations are used for troop types in these lists:
Ln
Pi
Si
LH
Cm
=
=
=
=
=
Lancers.
Pistols.
Sipahis.
Light Horse.
Camelry.
Dr =
Pk =
Sh =
Bd =
Bw =
Sk =
Wb =
Hd =
Dragoons.
Pikes.
Shot.
Blades.
Bows.
Skirmishers.
Warband.
Hordes.
Art
Pon
WWg
El
Bge
PO
FO
F
=
=
=
=
=
Artillery.
Pontooneers.
War Wagons.
Elephants.
Baggage.
Shp = Ships.
Gal = Galleys.
Bts = Boats.
= Portable obstacle.
= Fixed obstacle.
= Fortification.
ARMIES INCLUDED
ARMIES OF THE EASTERN COLONIAL EXPANSION
1. Portuguese Colonial.
2. Sebastianic Portuguese.
3. Maghrebi.
4. Tuareg.
5. West Sudanese.
6. Tupi or Tapuya.
7. West African Forest Peoples.
8. East African Pagan.
9. Arab.
10. Zanj.
11. Somali.
12. Abyssinian.
13. Wadj.
14. Aiwa.
15. Funj Empire.
16. Shaiqiya.
17. Indonesian or Malay.
18. Vietnamese.
19. Siamese, Burmese, Laotian or Cambodian/Khmer.
20. Dutch Colonial.
21. Sinhalese.
22. Polynesian or Melanesian.
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1578 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1692 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
Page 5
6
7
8
8
9
9
10
11
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1504 AD
1504 AD to 1700 AD
1660 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1602 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
1494 AD to 1700 AD
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
21
ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
23. Restoration British.

24. Dutch United Provinces.
25. Scots Western Covenanter Rebel.
26. English Monmouth Rebel.
27. Scots Jacobite.
28. Scots Constitutional.
1661 AD to 1688 AD
1649 AD to 1688 AD
1679 AD
1685 AD
1689 AD to 1690 AD
1689 AD to 1690 AD
22
23
24
24
25
25
29. Irish Jacobite.

30. Williamite Anglo-Dutch.
31. Louis XIV French.
32. Later Spanish.
33. Braganza Portuguese.
34. Savoyard.
35. Later Venetian Colonial.
36. Later Ottoman Turk.
37. Later Imperialist.
38. Hungarian Rebel.
39. Later Bavarian.
40. Later Saxon.
41. Brandenburg-Prussia.
42. Later Minor German States.
43. Later Danish.
44. Caroline Swedish.
45. Russian Conscript.
Later Polish.
1688 AD to 1691 AD
1688 AD to 1700 AD
1661 AD to 1700 AD
1660 AD to 1700 AD
1640 AD to 1700 AD
1648 AD to 1700 AD
1645 AD to 1700 AD
1645 AD to 1700 AD
1649 AD to 1700 AD
1670 AD to 1685 AD
1649 AD to 1700 AD
1649 AD to 1700 AD
1646 AD to 1700 AD
1649 AD to 1700 AD
1649 AD to 1700 AD
1649 AD to 1700 AD
1648 AD to 1700 AD
1632 AD to 1700 AD
26
27
28
29
29
30
30
31
32
33
34
34
35
35
36
37
38
39
ARMIES OF THE EASTWARD COLONIAL EXPANSION
1. PORTUGUESE COLONIAL 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Tropical. Ag 3 until 1600, then 1. WW, Rv, Wd, RGo, Rd, BUA.
Max N500
C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP or Bd (O) @ 27 AP.

Sub-generals - Bd (O) @ 27 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP.
Portuguese civilisados foot - up to 1/2 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
African slave or Arab infantry - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
Skirmishers - up to 1/2 Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest (I) @ 2 AP.
Cannon - up to 1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Nao - Shp (S) @ 6 AP |Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk).
Caravels - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk), or hulks - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any].
Fregatas, galleota, terradas or fusta - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Bd, Bw, Sh, Sk].
1
1-2
10-48
6-12
0-5
0-4
0-2
0-3
0-2
Only in Brazil:
Tupi allies - List: Tupi or Tapuya.
Only in Morocco until 1660 AD:
Garrison ginetes - LH () @ 5 AP.
0-4
Only in East Africa:

East African allies - Lists: Either Zanj or East African Pagan (Zimba, Segeju, Monomotapa).
Only in India and Ceylon after 1510 AD:
Indian lascarins with arquebuses - Sh (1) @ 4 AP.
Indian allies - List: Hindu Indian (Book 2).
Only in Macau or Indonesia after 1520 AD:
Local Chinese - up to 1/4 crossbow or firearm Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest Bd (I) @ 4 AP.
0-8
0-12
Only in Indonesia from 1520 AD to 1605 AD:

Moluccan allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.
Only after 1520 AD:
Replace civilisados Bw (O) crossbowmen with arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
1/2-all
Only after 1550 AD:

Replace all civilisados foot with arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 26 AP if general, 6 AP if not.
Replace skirmishers with musketeers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
African slave powder-pot throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
All
Any
0-1
Only after 1620 AD:

Replace civilisados with degredados - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Replace nao with smaller but heavier-gunned warships - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh, Bd|.
All
All
This army provides a link between the others of this section. While Columbus was acquiring a few
unprofitable islands for Spain, the Portuguese were seeking another route to the fabulous east down the
west coast of Africa, establishing fortified trading stations and colonies as they went. In 1500, they
discovered the optimum route to India using the prevailing winds via Morocco, Brazil, the Cape of Good
Hope and East Africa, and then pushed on to reach the Moluccas in 1512, China in 1513 and Japan in
1543. After beating a combined Gujerati/Mamluk fleet at Malabar, they established settlements at
Ormuz in Persia, Goa in India and Malacca in the East Indies, giving them a near monopoly of the rich
eastern trade. The alternative route across the Pacific via Cape Horn found for Spain by Magellan in 1520
soon proved economically inferior. Although Philip II of Spain became ruler of Portugal in 1580, the two
colonial empires remained separate. Portuguese colonial soldiers were badly paid, un-uniformed, slothful,
ill-disciplined, rapacious, but very tough. Their usual tactic was a single volley followed by a wild charge
and (usually) the opponents routing. However, a contemporary remarked that "just as they exceed all
other nations
by the speed of their advances, so they surpass them in the celerity of their retreats". Initially armed
with crossbows or a mixture of swords, halberds, boarding axes and bladed half-pikes, they were later
armed almost exclusively with the arquebus, plus a few muskets. African slave troops with sword and
buckler were invaluable, and the African heroine wielding a halberd at Macau in 1662 deserves a
mention. Skirmishers include bandeirantes "adventurers", mamelucos "half-breeds" and natives. Initially
armed with crossbows or native bows, they gradually replaced all the former and some of the latter with
arquebuses. Until 1620, even the biggest nao had only relatively light guns, though many soldiers. By
1620, soldiers were mainly convict degredados and their reputation so poor that Indians, Spanish and
Dutch called the Portuguese "chickens".
2. SEBASTIANIC PORTUGUESE 1578 AD
Warm. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, O, RGo, Rd, BUA.
Max 1/2N500
C-in-C (Dom Sebastian) - Ln (S) @ 35 AP or Ln (F) @ 31 AP.

1
Sub-general (Duke d'Aviero) - Ln (S) @ 35 AP, Ln (F) @ 31 AP or LH (O) @ 25 AP.
1
Moorish ally-general (Mulai Mohammed) - Si (O) @ 18 AP.
*1
Noble cavalry - Ln (F) @ 11 AP.
2-4
Tangiers garrison ginetes - LH () @ 5 AP.
2-4
Moorish allied cavalry - Si (O) @ 8 AP or LH () @ 5 AP.
1-6
Portuguese aventuros - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.
4-8
f
Tangier garrison arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 4 . ( 4;,;
2-4
Portuguese conscripts - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.
16-32
Upgrade conscripts stiffened by gentry volunteers to - Pk (F) @ 4 .
or 1/4
Portuguese arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
2-4
Spanish tercio foot: 1/2 pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 1/2 arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
6-12
German mercenary pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.
8-16
German arquebusiers - Sk (O) @ 3 AP or Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
0-1 per 4 German Pk
Papal Italian mercenaries - Pk (I) or Sk (O) @ 3 AP, or Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
3-6
Artillery - 1/3-1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art () @ 20 AP.
2-4
War wagons - WWg () @ 10 AP.
2-4
Nao-Shp(S)@6 AP|Pk(I)|.
0-2
Caravels - Shp (F) @ 4 AP |Pk (I)f.
0-3
This is the army of the young Dom Sebastian of Portugal that perished at El-Ksar el-Kebir in the "Battle of
the Three Kings". Sebastian's death left his uncle Philip II of Spain as heir to the Kingdom, which he
seized 18 months later against minimal resistance. Sebastian's first plan was to take his army to Goa to
carve out an Indian empire, but he had settled for an expedition to Morocco to dethrone Abd el-Malek, a
usurper fostering Turkish corsairs, and just possibly restore Mulai Mohammed. The army was based on
Tangiers. Sebastian's chivalric bent makes it likely that his entourage included men-at-arms. Aventuros
were hot-blooded gentry armed with pikes who formed the centre of the front line with the Germans on
their right and the Spaniards and Italians on their left. Each were winged by shot, the aventuros by
veteran arquebusiers of the Tangiers garrison. In the battle, the aventuros charged faster than the
Germans and Spanish to break the opposing front line, but were driven back by the second. The other
Portuguese foot were mostly conscripts armed exclusively with pikes. 2 regiments formed the flanks of a
hollow square with the baggage inside and were protected by columns of wagons filled with arquebusiers
on each flank. The rear face was formed by 2 more regiments stiffened with volunteers, with a battalion
of arquebusiers between. The noble cavalry was deployed to the left of the square and the Tangier
garrison horse was to its right, supported by the few followers of Mulai Mohammed who wore red caps
to distinguish them. The artillery had 1 gun at the rear of the square and the rest in front of it. Sebastian
expected his ally to attract considerably more support than he did, so we have allowed a large variation
in the maximum number of Moorish elements to simulate this. A Moorish general must command all and
only Moors. The item marked * only applies if more than 1 element of Moors are used. Mulai drowned
fleeing prematurely across a river, Sebastian found death charging into the enemy and the victor died
before the end of the battle, poisoned by the commander of his Turkish troops. An army list based on a
single battle is necessarily rigid and the historical army was an awkward size. Staying close to the
minima will allow a historical refight in condensed scale, but maxima must be doubled for normal scale.
3. MAGHREBI 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tripoli: Dry. Ag 0. WW, H(G), O, M, RGo, BUA.
Others: Warm. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP.
Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP or Wb (S) @ 25 AP.
Sipahis (with lances but no bows) - Si () @ 8 AP.
Tribal cavalry - LH () @ 5 AP.
Spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.
Skirmishers with crossbows and arquebuses - Sk () @ 3 AP.
Naffatun - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
Corsair galleys and galliots - Gal (F) @ 3 AP |Bd (F)|.
Corsairs - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
1
1-2
6-34
0-80
20-40
0-6
0-4
0-3
1 per Gal
Coastal bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
0-1
Only before 1570 AD:

Replace tribal spearmen with archers - Bw () @ 5 AP.
0-12
Only from 1530 AD:

Upgrade skirmishers with long accurate firearms - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
Sakers and/or culverins - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Only if Morocco from 1570 AD to 1602 AD:
Mounted arquebusiers - LH (1) @ 4 AP.
Replace spearmen with Morisco and other arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
All
0-4
0-1 per 4 Si
8-25
Only if Morocco in 1578 AD:

Reclassify C-in-C in litter with escort of peiks, solaks and halberdiers - WWg (I) @ 23 AP.
Reclassify sub-general as - LH () @ 25 AP.
1
0-1
Only if Tripoli:
Bedouin scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.
Bedouin warriors - Cm () @ 6 AP.
0-3
0-9
Only if Algeria until 1552 AD:

Italian and other renegades - Bw (O) crossbowmen @ 5 AP or Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
0-14
Only if Algeria from 1519 AD to 1540 AD and 1543 AD to 1551 AD or Morocco in 1610 AD: Spanish allies
- List: Either Spanish Imperial (Book 1) or Low Countries Spanish (Book 1).
Only from 1533 AD Algeria, 1551 AD Tripoli or 1574 AD Tunisia, or in 1545 AD if Morocco:
Janissaries - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
3-8
Only Tunisia:
Upgrade C-in-C with mamluk bodyguard to - Si (S) @ 10 AP. ' 5 A f, ,
This covers the armies of the "Barbary States" of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli. At this time the
Moroccan ports were occupied by Portuguese, Spanish and, from 1661 to 1684, English enclaves. The most
typical tactic was a fierce initial cavalry charge exploited by agile infantry who easily leapt obstacles.
The Moroccans were especially adept at concealing ambushes in the most unlikely places. Janissary
garrisons were sent out by the Ottomans as they took control over Algeria, Tripoli and Tunisia. Moroccan
armies used massed arquebusiers, some Andalusian exiles but also Christian renegades and Turks, to
defeat Dom Sebastian's Portuguese army in 1578 and wreck the Songhai Empire in 1591. The many
tribal cavalry present in 1578 had little effect, possibly due to lack of space. Later armies made less
use of firearms. The negro "Abid" foot relied on by Morocco after 1673 were similar to previous
spearmen and skirmishing gunmen. Incendiary hand grenades were effective against the English garrison of
Tangiers in 1678. Corsairs were armed with swords, bucklers, bows and a few crossbows and later some
firearms, including pistols, and half-pikes. Coastal bombards must be in the fortifications of a BUA on a
waterway.
4. TUAREG 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Dry. Ag 4. RGo, D, O.
C-in-C - Cm (S) @ 29 AP.
Sub-generals - Cm (S) @ 29 AP.
Ihaggaren and Imrad camel warriors - Cm (S) @ 9 AP.
Camel scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.
Imrad or mixed foot - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.
Replace foot with Iklan skirmishers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP or Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
1
0-2
15-47
0-3
0-40
0-20
These dreaded inhabitants of the deep Sahara desert differed from their Arab counterparts in wearing
veils and having upper garments dyed with indigo in various shades. A Frenchman later wrote "To see a
Tuareg war charge is to feel complete and utter fear creep through one's body. Great serried squadrons of
tall blue-veiled men mounted on fast white camels crashing forward like a vast roller". Armies of 12,000
camelmen interfered in the Western Sudan. The Ihaggaren aristocrats armed with short all-iron "allarh"
lance, long straight "takouba" sword and long white oryx-hide "lamt" shield raided, Imrad vassals with
lance and/or javelin herded goats and camels or traded, and Iklan negro serfs with javelins cultivated and
smithed. All could have arm-daggers.
5. WEST SUDANESE 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Dry. Ag 0. Rv, H(G), either Wd or D, RGo, BUA.
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP.
Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP, LH (O) @ 25 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP.
Yan lifida - Si (S) @ 10 AP.
Yan kwarbai - Up to 1/2 Si (I) @ 5 AP, rest LH () @ 5 AP.
Zagi - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Yam baka - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.
Yam lifida baka - Bw () @ 5 AP.
Yam assigiri - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.
Yam fate-fate - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
Plashed wood or scrub edge - FO @ 2 AP.
Palisade or thorn boma/zariba to protect baggage - FO @ 2 AP.
0-2 Tuareg allied contingents - List: Tuareg.
Any except Songhai:
Yam bindiga - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Only if Kanem or Bornu:
Replace yam baka with yam mashi - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
1
1-2
0-4
1-32
0-20
48-80
0-4
0-12
0-6
0-4
0-12
0-2
3/4-all
Only if Bornu 1570 AD to 1602 AD:

Tripolitanian "Turkish" mercenary arquebusiers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP or Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
0-8
The Western Sudan is the lightly wooded rolling grassland south of the Sahara desert. Its nations include
Songhai until its destruction by Morocco in 1591, Bornu, Kanem and the Hausa states. Yan lifida,
including barde bodyguard, were disciplined charging cavalry in mail and sometimes plate corslet and/or
thick brightly-patterned quilts for man and horse. They were armed with Tuareg lance, sword and
shield. Yan kwarbai varied between mostly unarmoured men on good horses widi long Tuareg or smaller
round shields using short lances and/or javelins, and Shuwa in loin cloths riding bareback on scrubby
ponies with javelins or throwing irons, few shields and sometimes spear. Zagi foot supported them and
resupplied javelins. Yam baka used weak bows firing unflighted poisoned arrows. Yam lifida baka
added quilts, shield and spear. Yam mashi used javelins and shield. Yam fate-fate had long sword and
shield. Yam assigiri held off cavalry with long iron spears. Yam bindiga had firearms with a
disproportionate effect due to noise and smoke. Black-powder muskets were later preferred to modern
rifles as more bang for the buck! Rebels could lack cavalry. Generals must be cavalry if more than 1 cavalry
element is used
6. TUPI OR TAPUYA 1494 AD - 1692 AD

Tropical. Ag 2. WW, Rv, Wd, RGo.
Max N500
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.

Sub-generals - Wb () @ 24 AP.
Warriors - up to 1/2 Bw (S) @ 7 AP, rest Wb () @ 4 AP.
Scouts - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Canoes - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Wb, Bw, Sk].
Portuguese allies - List: Portuguese Colonial.
1
1-3
48-120
0-3
0-2
Only from 1575 AD if Tupi or 1645 AD if Tapuytf:

Skirmishers with javelin or bow - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Re-arm skirmishers with firearms - Sk () @ 3 AP.
Cannon - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
0-20
1/5-all
0-1
The Tupi tribes whom the Portuguese found in possession of coastal Brazil were themselves relatively
recent arrivals, having emigrated from inland. Europeans describe them as fighting in armies of several
thousand, and as ferocious cannibals. They fought with long powerful bows and hardwood clubs, with
which, after an initial barrage of arrows, they charged "like bulls". It was said that they knew no other
tactics until a late 16th century English visitor taught them to lay ambushes. Their canoes each carried up
to 50 men. The Tupi resisted the Portuguese until the decisive defeat of their largest tribe, the Potiguar,
in 1601. They fought for the Portuguese in 1634-54, while the similar Tapuya fought against them with
the Dutch. The Tupi had acquired firearms from the French by 1575. These are colourful armies with bright
feathers and face paint.
7. WEST AFRICAN FOREST PEOPLES 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 0. WW, Rv, Wd, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Wb (I) @ 23 AP.
Sub-generals - Wb (I) @ 23 AP.
Warriors - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
Scouting or skirmishing archers - Sk (I) @ 2 A P.
Canoes - Bts (I) @ 1 AP |Wb, Sk|.
Stockades - FO @ 2 AP.
1
1-2
50-155
0-6
0-6
0-12
Only after 1658 AD:

Re-arm warriors with dane guns - Sk () @ 3 AP.
European renegades and their servants - Sh (S) @ 7 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.
0-1/3
0-1
This includes the Kingdoms of Ashanti, Yoruba, Benin, Ngola, Kongo, Dahomey from 1600, and also the
cannibal Jaga who emerged from the interior to attack Kongo in 1568-73, only to be defeated by the
Portuguese. Wars among these peoples were fought mainly to obtain slaves for trading with Europeans
or in Dahomey for human sacrifice. The favourite tactic was an ambush from thick cover and 19th
century observers thought the West Africans an excellent example of the truism that warlike instincts
vary inversely as the density of the terrain. An exception lay in the determined defence of stockades
until outflanked. The usual weapons were a large but light shield, javelins and a short sword. Hunting
bows were used by scouts and skirmishers, who in war were allowed to use poisoned arrows. From
1658, very large numbers of cheap flintlocks "dane guns" were imported, several being exchanged by
Dutch traders for a single slave. They were employed in war only for ineffectual skirmishing, with great
quantities of powder being expended to produce a very few casualties. The Kingdom of Kongo had
been Christian since 1490. Neither this nor its 29 European mercenaries saved it from being
destroyed by the Portuguese after the battle of Ambuila in 1665. A contemporary picture shows massed
ranks of spearmen flying cross-emblazoned flags and preceded by a few archers. The famous Dahomey
amazons were in existence before 1734 and were then gun-armed except for scouting bow girls.
8. EAST AFRICAN PAGAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD.
Monomotapa:
Zimba or Segeju:
Dinka or Shilluk:
Tropical. Ag 3. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA.

Tropical. Ag 4. Rv, H(G), RGo, BUA.
Dry. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), RGo, M, D, BUA.
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.

Warriors - Wb () @ 4 AP.
Youths with bows or javelins guarding herds or scouting - Sk (1) @ 2 AP.
Max Cx3
Max Cx3
Max Cx3
1
1-2
30-150
0-6
Reclassify warriors as elders defending villages - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.

Dry-stone wall or boma extension to protect cattle - FO @ 2 AP.
0-4
0-12
Only Monomotapa:
Upgrade generals to nobles - Wb (S) @ 25 AP.
Replace warriors with vassal troops - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
,
Re-classify sub-general as Portuguese adventurer with slaves - Sh (F) @ 16 AP. (2-b
All
0-1/3
0-2
Only Zimba before 1590 AD:

Reclassify warriors as archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
0-1/3
Only Dinka or Shilluk:

Downgrade generals and warriors to - Wb (1) @ 23 AP if general, 3 AP if not.
All
Only Shilluk:
Dug-out canoes - Bts (I) @ 1 AP [Wb, Sk].
0-5
This includes the Shona city-building Monomotapa kingdom of Zimbabwe, the Zimba and Segeju whose
migration threatened the Zanj cities, and the pagan nilotic peoples of the East Sudan such as the Shilluk
and Dinka who resisted the Funj Empire's expansion. Monomotapa is a Portuguese corruption of Mwene
Mutapa "Great Pillager", which implies an initially aggressive stance. They had now abandoned their
earlier capital (now the ruins of Great Zimbabwe), but their new cities were equally impressive stone
complexes. Their nobles are described as wearing skins with tails trailing on the ground as a sign of rank
and wearing swords in gold-decorated wooden scabbards on their left. Other men had spears or bows
with good iron arrowheads. They were said to be "warlike men, as well as great traders". Monomotapa
controlled a number of vassal states, some of which fell into the hands of Portuguese adventurers who
recruited armies from them of 10-25,000 men. An adventurer sub-general can only command vassals or
youths. A Monomotapan allied contingent must be commanded by an adventurer and replace all warriors
with vassals. The Zimba were expanding from the rolling grasslands of the interior into the coastal
plain and terrorising its inhabitants by their ferocity and cannibalism. They are described as armed with
bows, poisoned arrows and fire-hardened wooden spears and carrying small wooden shields. In 1589,
they were allied with by the Portuguese who used them to capture Mombasa, after which they are said to
have eaten the whole population except for a few dozen who jumped into the sea to be shot by
Portuguese arquebusiers or killed by sharks. They were shortly after taken in rear while attacking
Malindi by the Segeju, another warlike tribe (possibly Bantu) that was moving down the coast, and
destroyed. The nilotic Dinka and Shilluk each had stabbing spear, large hide shield and club, but their main
weapons were javelins which they drew up in formation to throw, the rear ranks hurling throwing sticks
overhead as a high-trajectory distraction. We assume that Monomotapan vassals were similar. The only
modern East African people to use the bow as their standard weapon are the Kamba, who themselves
ascribe this to being recent immigrants from a forest hunting environment. The Zimba may have been
hunter/gardeners rather than pastoralists and needed human flesh for lack of other portable food. We
suggest including most Monomotapan and Zimba archer figures as rear ranks of the warband. Modern
pastoral peoples regard hunting with almost the same disdain as they do agriculture. For example, the
Masai limited archery to uncircumcised youths and to the elderly if defending their village. The option to
reclassify village defenders as bowmen is limited to elements initially deployed in a village. Unwalled
villages should be fortified with a fence or thorn boma. Village defences can have an extension to protect
the cattle herd (baggage).
10
9. ARAB 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Coastal: Dry. Ag 3 if Omani, 0 if not. WW, H(S), H(G), , , RGo, BUA. Wd if Oman. Desert:
Dry. Ag 2. H(S), H(G), , E, RGo, D.
Bedouin cavalry - LH () @ 5 AP.
Bedouin on fast camels - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.
Bedouin on ordinary camels - Cm () @ 6 AP.
Bedouin foot with sword and spear or bow, or from 1517 matchlock - Wb () @ 4 AP.
Bedouin skirmishers with bow - Sk (I) @ 2 AP, or crossbow - Sk () @ 3 AP.
Bedouin skirmishers with sling or javelin - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Only if army is entirely desert Bedouin:
Bedouin C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, LH (O) @ 25 AP, or Cm (F) or (O) @ 26 AP.

Bedouin sub-general - As C-in-C.
Camel element including maiden in bridal dress in camel mirkab - Cm (S) @ 9 AP.
Herd of riderless black camels driven before army - Cm (S) @ 9 AP.
0-12
3-25
0-40
0-30
0-5
0-15
1
0-2
*0-1
*0-1
Purple banner of Ha'il and hereditary bearer - Cm (S) @ 9 AP or Si (S) @ 10 AP.

Reclassify cavalry as - Si (S) @ 10 AP.
*0-1
**0-l/2
Only if coastal state:
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (I) @ 25 AP, Bw (O) @ 25 AP, or Bd (O) @ 27 AP.

Sekhan archer bodyguard - Bw () @ 25 AP.
Sub-general - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Si (I) @ 25 AP.
Bedouin ally-general - Si (S) @ 20 AP, LH (O) @ 15 AP, or Cm (F) or () @ 16 AP.
Household, town or askari cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP.
Askari negro slave foot with sword and sometimes spear - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
Town militia, rioters or women, mainly with improvised weapons - Hd (S) @ 2 AP.
Mountain tribesmen with javelins or spear - Wb (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Dhows - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Bd, Bw, Sk, Bge].
1
0-1
0-2
0-1
2-10
0-6
0-12
0-24
0-6
Only if Oman:
Upgrade mailed household cavalry with frontal lamellar barding to - Si (S) @ 10 AP.
Baluchi guardsmen - Bd () @ 7 AP.
Omani crossbowmen - Sk () @ 3 AP.
Omani tribal infantry with sword and sometimes shield - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
0-2
1-4
0-8
24-48
Only if Yemen:
Bedouin foot led by unarmed shahidh poet exhorting and satirising - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.
0-1
Only if Yemen before 1517 AD:

Mamluk allies - List: Mamluk (Book 1).
Only if coastal from 1517 AD:
Replace Omani crossbowmen with Omani guardsmen with matchlock - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
0-4
2-man matchlocks in fortified BUA - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
0-2
Bombards in fortified BUA - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
0-3
Re-arm Bedouin skirmishers with matchlock - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
0-4
Bedouin sharpshooters riding camel and dismounting to fire - Dr () @ 7 AP.
0-1 per 3 LH
Only if Yemen from 1538 AD to 1539 AD and in 1547 AD:
Portuguese mercenaries and/or allies - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
2-6
Only if Oman from 1551 AD to 1554 AD:

Ottoman allies - List: Ottoman Turk (Book 1).
Only if Oman in 1581 AD:
Corsair galleys - Gal (F) @ 3 AP [Bd (F)].
0-2
1 per Gal
11
Only if Omani after 1650 AD:

Large European-style warships - Up to 1/2 Shp (S) @ 6 AP, rest (0) @ 4 AP [Bd|.
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Bd].
Rowing vessels - Bts (S) @ 3 AP |Bd|.
0-1
0-4
0-2
This covers both organised coastal states of the Arabian peninsula such as Oman, the Hejaz, Asir, Hadhramaut
or Yemen and the nomadic camel-herding and raiding Bedouin of the central Arabian desert, Libya, Syria,
Iraq and Nubia. The towns provided cavalry and a militia graded as (S) because fanatically opposed to
both Christian interlopers and to looting Bedouin who were the other main threat. Some could also count
on related tribesmen or, as in Yemen, javelin-armed mountaineers. All these were joined by Bedouin, who
could be sedentary or goat-pastoralists. Fast camel riders represent an elite mounted on racing camels.
Other camelry have cheaper camels used mainly for transport and will look right if depicted with 1 or 2
figures of each base on foot. Firearms spread among the Bedouin of coastal states, but not those of the
deep desert. Horsemen either charged or skirmished with lances, the camels they had ridden on the
march now being ridden by the matchlock-men who had led the horses on foot. Other sharpshooters
rode 2 on a camel, 1 dismounting to shoot. Most of the cavalry were unarmoured men on unbarded
horses, but a substantial number rode horses in quilted bards and many riders of these were themselves
mailed. Hejaz cavalry substituted short javelins for the lance. If more than 20 Bedouin elements are
used, they must all be commanded by Bedouin generals commanding no other troops. The proportions of
cavalry, camelry and foot varied widely. Only 1 element marked * can be used. Ghostly black camels
were said to bear souls to paradise, making their presence disconcerting! A maidens accompanied by a
group of fanatic "bridegrooms" was a common device to raise morale. The option marked ** can only be
used if any other Si (S) are present. Omani foot favoured the long straight "kattara" sword and it was not
their headlong rush that broke the enemy - it just got them into position to hew the enemy apart! "Dhow"
is used as a generic term for lateen-rigged sailing vessels such as the bourn, baghla, sambuk, zaruk or
badan. Oman captured a Portuguese 80 gun ship in 1650 and shortly after bought 2 other Europeanstyle 50 gun ships "which sailed like slugges" and 18 faster 12-32 gun ships. Boarding tactics were most
favoured. Oman now matched the Portuguese at sea, so could safely intervene to support the Zanj cities.
An Omani or Turkish allied contingent can include naval elements. Armies including naval elements need
not include otherwise compulsory Bedouin.
10. ZANJ 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, WW, H(G), Wd, M, RGo, BUA.
C-in-C - Bd (O) @ 27 AP.
Sub-general - Bd (O) @ 27 AP or Bd (F) @ 25 AP.
Swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
Javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Archers - Bw (O) @ 5 AP.
Coastal natives - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
Dhows - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bd, Bw, Sk, Wb, BgeJ.
0-2 neighbouring Zanj city allied contingents - List: Zanj.
Only 1585 AD to 1589 AD:
Corsair galleys and galliots - Gal (F) @ 3 AP |Bd (F), Art|.
Dismounted ship artillery - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
Upgrade corsair element as ally-general - Bd (F) @ 15 AP.
Only after 1585 AD:
Matchlock-men - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
Light artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Max N500
1
0-1
24-56
0-8
1 -2 per 4 Bd
0-36
0-4
1-4
3-4 per 4 Gal
0-1 per 4 Gal
0-1
0-8
0-3
Only after 1650 AD:

Omani allies - List: Arab.
12
The Zanj "empire" was a loose confederation of towns which controlled the coastline of East Africa
when the Portuguese arrived in 1498. These were Omani foundations, but had become largely
africanised in race and language. Expansion inland was blocked by the aggressive Zimba. We postulate
that town forces differed little from those of Oman except for the unsuitability of the environment for
horses. The arabicised, but now Swahili-speaking, upper class would be supported by a less-arabicised
native lower class and unassimilated native country people. The squadron of Mir AH Bey, a corsair
claiming to be an Ottoman admiral, greatly aided the Zanj against the Portuguese in 1586 and departed
replete with loot after blowing holes in the walls of Portuguese settlements. Unfortunately for himself, Mir
Ali Bey made the mistake of returning in 1589 to be captured at the taking of Mombasa and shipped to
Portugal in chains. Only 1 foreign allied contingent can be used. All corsairs must be in the same command.
11. SOMALI 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Dry. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, BUA.
C-in-C - Si (O) @ 30 AP.
Sub-general - Si () @ 30 AP.
Lancers - Si () @ 10 AP.
Turkish cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP.
Arab swordsmen - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
Arab or Persian archers - Bw () @ 5 AP.
Hadendoa spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 A P.
Danakil, Issa and similar spearmen - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
Midgan and similar archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.
Javelinmen or slingers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Dhows - Shp (1) @ 3 AP|Bd, Bw|.
Only Ada! under Ahmad Gran 1528 AD to 1543 AD:
Max N500
1
0-2
4-20
0-1
0-4
0-8
0-20
16-50
16-40
0-6
0-4
Turkish arquebusiers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.

Bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
0-12
0-2
This covers Islamic coastal states of the Horn of Africa (roughly equivalent to modern Somalia), such as
Adal, Fatajar, Ifat, Darwara and Bali. The crucial difference from the Zanj cities was that the dryer
climate here was more suitable for horses. The Sultanate of Adal was an important opponent of Abyssinia in
the first half of the 16th century, especially under the Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, nicknamed
"Ahmad Gran" (Ahmad the Left-Handed) 1528-1543. Turkish aid gave it the upper hand until the arrival
of the Portuguese, mainly in the the form of arquebusiers from Zebid in Arabia. Although regular
troops, as is implied by their description as "Turks", these do not seem to have fought in close
formation and are described as giving way before Portuguese charges, then harassing their withdrawal. A
small number of Turkish armoured cavalry were also used on occasion, as at Wofla in 1542. Somali
cavalry were fewer but better than Abyssinian, defeating 10 times their number at Chembra Koure in
1529. They willingly charged with lances into Portuguese foot garnished with pikes, breaking into them
and coming close to success. An Abyssinian account describes the Somali cavalry as "clad in cuirasses of
steel", which we take as mail or Ottoman-style mail-linked plates, and the infantry as "footmen with
buckler, sword and spear; others who drew the bow and shot like the children of Ephraim, others who
cast stones from slings. None of these warriors had the least fear of battle, and there were among them
those, who at the moment of combat, dashed forward with ardour, like a hunting dog that sees its prey."
Nearly all Somali foot carried a broad-headed thrusting spear. The Hadendoa (the "fuzzy-wuzzy" of 19th
century colonial wars) from Eritrea supplemented this with a long straight "kascara" sword and shield, the
Danakil and Issa from around Djibouti with light javelins, shield and the "belwa" short sword, and the
Midgan of the Ogaden with a long bow shooting unusually short poisoned arrows and possibly a shield.
All Somali shields were dinner-plate size, conical and of hide. Those of the Danakil differed from
those of other Somalis only in being almost black in colour instead of being bleached to near-white. The
Turkish-supplied artillery was crewed by Indians. Ahmad Gran was reported to have been accompanied
everywhere by 3 banners, 2 white with a red crescent and 1 red with a white crescent.
13
12. ABYSSINIAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Dry. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - LH (O) @ 25 AP.
Sub-generals - LH () @ 25 AP.
Cavalry - LH () @ 5 AP.
Spearmen - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP or Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Skirmishing javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Palisade, drystone wall or thorn boma - FO @ 2 AP.
Only until 1529 AD:
Mount C-in-C on elephant - El (i) @ 36 AP.
Camel scouts - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.
Wadj subject allies - List: Wadj.
Max N500
1
0-2
4-48
6-8
30-60
4-20
6-12
0-12
0-1
0-3
Only from 1533 AD:

Cannon crewed by renegade Arabs or later by Portuguese - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
0-1
Only from 1541 AD to 1543 AD:

Portuguese ally-general - Pk (F) @ 14 AP or Ln (F) @ 21 AP.
Portuguese with half-pikes - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.
Portuguese arquebusiers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Portuguese African slaves - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
1
0-1
1-3
1-2
Only after 1543 AD:

Replace spearmen with matchlock-men - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Only from 1636 AD:
Upgrade C-in-C and cavalry to "black horse" - Si (S) @ 30 AP if C-in-C, 10 AP if not.
Upgrade matchlock-men with muskets and rests to - Sh () @ 6 AP.
0-1/3
1-4
All
This covers the armies of the Abyssinian Empire (modern Ethiopia). This was a Christian enclave constantly
at war with its pagan and Islamic states neighbours and was hard pressed from 1529 until the 1541
Portuguese expedition introduced firearms and artillery. Abyssinian cavalry were mostly provided by the
Shawa and Galla of the south, typically armed with a short spear and 2 or more javelins but often no
shield, riding scrubby ponies with simple saddles substituting toe loops for proper stirrups. Shields were
prized by those who did have them and those of men who had distinguished themselves in battle were
embellished with silver or with a lion's mane. Some nobles substituted mail for a shield, but this does not
alter classification. Abyssinian foot also had stabbing spear and javelins, but added a large round hide
shield. Swordsmen usually had a long straight sword, sometimes wielded with both hands after discarding
their shields, but some instead used the enormous sickle-shaped "shotel", intended to hook over opponents'
shields. Abyssinian swordsmen were prized abroad as guardsmen until access was cut-off by Portuguese
domination of the sea. The Portuguese contingent of 1541-43 consisted of 400 Portuguese, mostly
aggressive arquebusiers but with some half-pikes, and 130 fighting slaves. It was accompanied by a
drum and fife band and several banners including that of their king, easily enough for 1 per arquebusier
element. It acquired enough horses to give the general a mixed element of Portuguese lancers and Abyssinians.
All troops prefixed by "Portuguese" and any Portuguese-manned artillery must be commanded by a
Portuguese ally-general who cannot control other troops. The survivors remained and took local wives,
who by 1750 had given rise to a hereditary regiment of 3,000 unruly half-breed matchlock-men firing
muskets from rests. The "black horse" were negro slave troops of the emperor's household whose large horses
and arms were imported from Sinnar. They wore black-plumed copper helmets with a short mail vizor and
hip-length mail shirts, and pushed their legs through horizontal slots in their horses' quilted barding. They
had high saddles with Arab stirrups and were armed with a 14 foot lance and an axe. They were said to
be capable of charging through all the cavalry of Abyssinia, not however an especially onerous task.
14
13. WADJ 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Dry. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), RGo, BUA.
C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP.
Sub-generals - Si (O) @ 28 AP or LH () @ 25 AP.
Heavy cavalry - Si () @ 8 AP.
Upgrade Si (O) generals and cavalry to - Si (S) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not.
Light horse - LH () @ 5 AP.
Foot - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
Reclassify foot as skirmishers with javelins - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Max N500
1
1-2
4-6
All/0
24-90
0-100
0-1/5
The Wadj or Hadya were originally tributaries of the Abyssinian Empire, but apparently became independent
after its temporary break-up from 1529. An Abyssinian attempt to re-establish control in 1569 was
probably defeated. Most wargaming attention has previously focussed on the heavy cavalry as a stiffener
for Abyssinian armies lacking that arm, but these were a tiny part of the army. They were armed with
lances, mailed and rode horses which were caparisoned in antelope hide. Whether this had a protective
value or was only decorative is unclear, so both are allowed. Most of the cavalry were bare-back pony
riders armed with stabbing spear, javelins and possibly throwing irons, a multi-bladed cross between an
axe and a boomerang. The foot's main weapon was the javelin, probably accompanied by the usual small
round shield of the area and stabbing spear. Any skirmishers would most likely be shieldless youthful
javelinmen.
14. ALWA 1494 AD - 1504 AD

C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (O) @ 28 AP or Cm (S) @ 29 AP.
Sub-generals - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (O) @ 28 AP or Cm (S) @ 29 AP.
Court cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP or Si () @ 8 AP.
Mounted warriors - 1/3 to 2/3 Cm (S) @ 9 AP, rest LH () @ 5 AP.
Scouting camelmen - Cm (F) @ 6 AP.
Archers - Bw () @ 5 AP.
Sword or spearmen - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.
Javelinmen - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Thorn boma to protect baggage - FO @ 2 AP.
Max N500
1
1-2
1-5
12-24
0-3
12-24
0-48
0-6
0-12
Aiwa was the last to survive of the 3 Christian Nubian kingdoms of the East Sudan, falling in 1504 to
the Funj's Abdallabi Arab precursors. The court and nobility were highly civilised and rich from trade in
gold, slaves and linen cloth, but the bulk of the population were poor peasants, many living in straw huts,
although some villages had houses of brick. Mounted troops used both horses and camels. Cavalry were
probably provided by the court nobility and are depicted both unarmoured and armoured and wearing
gold-embroidered robes. The fiercely charging camelry were described as spearmen swathed in black
felt cloaks. The foot archers were renowned, but the commonest infantry arms of the area in later times
were a shortish straight sword, a stabbing spear and javelins, an armament consistent with earlier Fatimid
accounts and depictions.
15
15. FUNJ EMPIRE 1504 AD - 1700 AD
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP.
Sub-generals - Si (S) @ 30 AP.
Court and vassal cavalry - Si (S) @ 10 AP.
Nomadic horse - LH () @ 5 AP.
Slave foot - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Shilluk or Dinka mercenaries - Wh (I) @ 3 AP.
Abdallabi Bedouin allies - List: Arab.
Only after 1650 AD:
Cannon - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Mercenary matchlock-men - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
1
1-3
10-32
8-16
0-32
0-16
0-1
0-1
The origin of the Funj Empire is obscure, but apparently the Bedouin Arab immigrants from the north
that had conquered Aiwa combined with Shilluk cattle-nomads from the south to form a black Islamic
state. After this acquired a fixed capital at Sinnar sometime around 1650, it became better known as the
Empire of Sinnar. The Abdallabi Arab northern component retained semi-independence under a hereditary
viceroy, but it is unclear how much if any of its former Bedouin character it retained. Funj armies were not
commanded by the Sultan, but by his "amin" (vizier), the Sultan's bodyguard and executioner, a slave
general or a provincial ruler. Much use was made of large copper kettle drums for stiffening morale and
signalling. The army's main strength lay in the armoured cavalry maintained by the Sultan and his vassal
magnates. Nearly all wore mail and spiked iron or copper helmets, most rode horses in complete quilted
cotton bards plus a metal chanfron and frontlet and all carried a long broad-headed lance, javelins, long
sword and a round shield of elephant or giraffe hide. They had saddles with high fronts and cantles, but
rode barefoot, substituting toe loops for stirrups. Royal units could be commanded by the Sultan's sons
or by slave officers. Vassals could command their contingents in person, nominate a relative to do so or
borrow a slave officer from the Sultan. Lighter cavalry were provided by nomads under their own tribal
"qa'id", the whole being supervised by a royal officer called the "muquddam al-qawawid". The most
dangerous enemies of the Funj were Abyssinia and the Turkish garrison of Egypt, but they also made
large conquests among the nilotic peoples of the eastern Sudan, who then provided large numbers of
slave infantry armed with javelins and light shields. These were segregated by tribal origin in separate
compounds and were apparently quite content with their new career. The tougher Shilluk and Dinka
peoples that avoided conquest provided mercenaries instead. Northern magnates lived in rectangular
earth or stone forts with several 3 or 4 story towers, those of the south in villages surrounded by thorn
hedges.
16. SHAIQIYA 1660 AD - 1700 AD
C-in-C - Si (O) @ 28 AP.
Sub-generals - Si () @ 28 AP.
Max N500
1
1-2
Cavalry - Si () @ 8 AP.
Foot - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
Skirmishers - Sk (1) @ 2 AP.
6-24
30-80
0-12
Previously peaceful agricultural subjects of the Abdallabi part of the Funj Empire, the Shaiqiya broke
away between 1660 and 1690 to form the aggressive independent states of Amri, Merowe, Kajebi and
Hannek. These spent the next 130+ years fighting each other and terrorising their neighbours. The
cavalry rode unbarded Dongola stallions in Abyssinian-style saddles with toe loops. They wore mail,
carried shields and were armed with a sword and 4 or 5 throwing spears in the left hand. They were
described as "singularly fearless in attack", "riding up to the very faces of the enemy with levity and
gaiety of heart, as to a festival" and as always prefixing a fatal spear thrust with the greeting "Salaam
aleikoum" (Peace be with you)! Other accounts add that they are hard drinkers, fond of dice and
untruthful. The foot were also armed with spears.
16
17. INDONESIAN OR MALAY 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA. Moluccas only H(S), Wd.
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.
Warriors - Wb () @ 4 AP.
Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.
Skirmishers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Upgrade skirmishers to blowpipe men - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
Light guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Any except Moluccan:
Noble cavalry - LH () @ 5 AP.
1
1-2
24-90
0-24
6-16
2-6
0-4
2-8
Only Moluccan from 1512 AD:

Arquebusiers - Sk () @ 3 AP.
Portuguese allies - List: Colonial Portuguese. Javanese
allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.
0-4
Only Malays, Sumatrans or Javanese:

Upgrade warriors to - Wb (S) @ 5 AP.
Replace archers with skirmishing matchlock-men - Sk () @ 3 AP.
Jong or prau mayang - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Wb, Bw, Sk, Bge|
All
0-8
0-4
Only Malays or Sumatrans:

Mount generals on elephants - El (I) @ 36 AP.
Elephants - El (I) @ 16 AP.
Replace Art (I) by heavy guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
2-3
0-4
Any
Only Javanese:
Mount generals as - El (I) @ 36 AP or LH () @ 5 AP.
All
Only Javanese from 1678 AD:

Replace warriors with charging matchlock-men - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Dutch allies - List: Dutch Colonial.
0-24
Only Sumatran:
Great ships- Shp (S) @ 6 AP |Wb|.
0-1
Any except Malays or Sumatrans:

Prahu - Bts (S) @ 3AP |Wb, Sk|.
Scouting outriggers - Bts (F) @ 2 A P.
0-6
0-2
This list covers the Malay sultanate of Malacca until its end in 1511, the declining Javanese empire of
Majapahit until 1513, its powerful successor Mataram, the Sumatran empire of Acheh, the Moluccas (the
"Spice Islands") and the other states of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines from 1494 until 1700. A
16th or 17th century account of a battle in 1357 between Majapahit and the west Javanese state of Sunda
describes princes in howdahs on elephants, each with a standard of a distinctive colour and matching
parasol, and armed with bows, spears and oblong shields; noble cavalry, including "the highest dignitary
of Sunda", with spears, swords and shields; and infantry with shields, swords, throwing-spears and
blowpipes (plus cannon and arquebuses, anachronistic for 1357). One contingent's noble cavalry are
uniformed, in gold-embroidered yellow jackets and yellow loin cloths. Dangerous cavalry mockcombats with the throwing of blunt javelins are still practised even today in Java and a high level of
skill is displayed. The infantry attacked very fiercely, "as though they were conscious of no peril", "like
men who did not expect to escape with their lives"; combined with the Malay and Javanese reputation
for running amok, this must justify classification as Wb (S). Foot archers are not mentioned as taking part
in the 1357 battle, perhaps because they had been replaced by arquebusiers when the account was written.
A 16th century Portugese account describes Javanese using "huge" bows as well as
17
spears, the wavy-bladed kris, scimitars, blowpipes and wooden shields large enough to protect the whole
body. Javanese accounts of the same battles stress only the generals on their elephants and the amok
charges of infantry with spears and krisses. The blowpipe and its poisoned darts was in limited use by
nearly all the nations of the area, often in the hands of woods-dwelling aborigines. It was greatly feared
and was especially dangerous to animals. A few firearms were used from the start of the period, but by
1685 the Javanese had 10,000 men with matchlocks. Finally, the noise of very large gongs and drums
was relied on to encourage the troops and overawe the enemy. The Malays of Malacca are described as
wearing cotton sarongs, some of the rich adding short silk coats, and long black turbans and as fighting
"in bands" with bows and poisoned arrows, spears and krisses. Only the king and those to whom he
gave special permission could wear yellow. The inhabitants of the Moluccas (not to be confused) were
described as "swift, agile, efficient and cruel in war", as headhunters and as using prahu with up to 180
paddlers on each side. Some Christian-convert islands were given arquebuses and artillery by the
Portuguese and the Moslem sultan of Gilolo captured some of these from the former between 1533 and
1550 and used them against the Portuguese and their allies. The Moluccas were so mountainous and
wooded as to make horses useless, so there were none on the islands. Javanese and Portuguese allies
cannot be used together.
18. VIETNAMESE 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), , Wd, E, M, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - El (O) @ 40 AP.
Sub-generals - El () @ 40 AP or Si () @ 28 AP.
Elephants - El () @ 20 AP.
Cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP.
Regular crossbowmen and halberdiers - 1/3-2/3 Bw (O) @ 5 AP, rest Bd (I) @ 4 AP.
Militia - up to 1/2 Bw (I) @ 3 AP, rest Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
Militia skirmishers - 1/3-1/2 Sk (O) @ 3 AP, rest Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
Chinese-style handgunners or arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Chinese-style rocket launchers or light guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Chinese-style bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
Dug-out boats - Bts (O) @ 2 AP |Bd, Bw, Wb, Sk|.
Khmer allies - List: Siamese, Burmese, Laotian or Cambodian/Khmer.
1
1-2
1-4
2-6
12-24
12-48
6-24
0-6
1-3
0-1
0-4
Somewhat remarkably, the Vietnamese were not attacked even once by China during this period, but
instead fought each other and sometimes the Khmer. The Later Le kings were deposed in 1527 by the
Mac clan, who were opposed by the Nguyen and Trinh clans in the name of Le puppets. In 1592, the
Mac were ejected from the capital. The Trinh then ruled the north of the country and the Nguyen ruled
the south, intervening in a Khmer civil war as an excuse to occupy the Mekong delta. From 1627 to 1672
the Trinh fought the Nguyen without either side coming out on top and eventually divided the country
in half with walls running from the coast to the Laotian frontier. Elephants in Cochin China (the Nguyen
territories) were described as having a 2-tier fighting platform carrying a fighting crew of 14. Vietnam
had long been under heavy Chinese influence and we assume that the regular foot were still armed in
Chinese style with crossbows and halberds. An 18th century Chinese picture of Vietnamese coastal
peasants being rounded up shows them mostly unarmed, but a few with swords. We assume that some
militia would instead have spears or halberds and that the bow and crossbow were still favourite
weapons. Skirmishing peasant crossbowmen sniping from cover were still being encountered in 19th and
20th century wars. Chinese-style firearms were used from before the start of the period. Large dug-out
canoes continued in use for river raiding. A Portuguese colony at Faifo near Danang made little impact.
18
19. SIAMESE, BURMESE, LAOTIAN OR CAMBODIAN/KHMER 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Tropical. Ag 1. WW (except Laos), Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - El (I) @ 36 AP.
Sub-generals - El (I) @ 36 AP, or Si (I) @ 25 AP.
Elephants - El (I) @ 16 AP.
Cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP.
Swords/spearmen - 0-1/3 Bd (F) @ 5 AP, rest Wb (1) @ 3 AP; or all Wb () @ 4 AP.
Archers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP or Bw (I) @ 3 AP.
Upgrade archers to crossbowmen - Bw (O) @ 5 AP or Sk () @ 3 AP.
Arquebusiers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP or Sk () @ 3 AP.
Artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Grenade throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
Porters or levies from captured towns - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
Stockade for camp - FO @ 2 AP.
River boats - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Wb, Bw, Sh, Sk|.
Junks - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Wb, Bw, Sk|.
Only if Burmese:
Upgrade elephants with large crews or escorts to - El () @ 20 AP.
Only from 1515 AD:
Upgrade elephants with crew using firearms as - El (S) @ 24 AP.
Upgrade foreign-built or manned artillery to - Art (S) @ 25 AP or Art () @ 20 AP.
Max Cx5
1
1-2
0-6
2-4
24-60
8-24
0-8
0-8
0-2
0-1
0-6
0-12
0-8
0-4
All
Any
Any
Only Siamese from 1605 AD to 1632 AD:

Upgrade swordsmen to Japanese guards - up to 1/2 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, rest Bd () @ 7 AP.
0-8
Only Siamese after 1632 AD:

Moghul, Tartar and Rajput foreign horse guard - Si (S) @ 10 AP.
Elephants mounting 1 pdr guns - El (S) @ 24 AP.
0-1
0-2
The armies of these nations had grown alike through their contacts in war. Burmese, Siamese and Laotian
rulers still duelled on elephants and one colourful episode of the wars was when the Siamese Queen
Suriyot'ai and her daughter fell while armed and mounted on elephants in an attempt to extricate the
King from danger. Traditionally, the driver sat on the elephant's neck, the warrior fought from a platform
howdah with a curved-blade spear and/or javelins and his parasol-bearer clung to the rump, but in Siam,
Cambodia and possibly Laos, the mass import of Japanese swords led to the warrior instead sitting on the
neck where he could reach the enemy, the parasol-bearer moving to the howdah and the driver sitting
on the rump, directing the elephant with a very long goad. Burmese elephants had previously been
reported to have crews of 8, 10, 12 or 16, but this may have reflected 4 in the howdah and 1-4 on foot
guarding each leg. They were reported in 1568 to have a howdah crew of 4 men with firearms. A general is
reported still fighting in the old style in 1592. Parasols were the insignia of rank, the King's being white
and officers' red. Cavalry were few and inefficient. Foot swordsmen with short sword and shield did not
always form together with the spearmen with leather shields. A lesser number of men had 2-handed
Japanese swords or the ph'kak. King Ekat'otsarot of Siam (1605-1620) enlisted Japanese guardsmen who
revolted in 1611 and were a potent factor in civil wars until their massacre in 1632. Native foot guards
seem to have been spearmen. A Siamese manual of 1518 mentions both cannon and infantry firearms,
presumably introduced in the 15th century, probably from Ming China, and epic poetry describes its use
by their enemies as well. The manual also illustrates a variety of elaborate deployments in depth.
Cavalry and elephants are usually deployed on the flanks, but not usually in the front line and never in
the same line. Feints, feigned flights and ambushes from woods are also mentioned. In one case the
baggage-porters are used to give the impression of more men. In addition to porters, illustrations of
baggage earlier depict ox-carts, pack elephants loaded with sacks, game carried on poles, pigs led on a
string and women with harps or carrying infants. The boats each river village had to provide are
described as dug-outs from a single large teak tree with 50-60 paddlers and 30 shot.
19
20. DUTCH COLONIAL 1602 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.
Max N400
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP, Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Sh (O) @ 26 AP.

1
Sub-generals - As above.
0-2
Shot - up to 1/2 arquebusiers Sh (I) @ 4 AP, rest musketeers Sh () @ 6 AP.
3-24
Pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP.
0-2 per 4 Sh (O)
Field guns - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.
0-1
Siege artillery dismounted from warships, or fortress artillery - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
0-1
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [0-1/2 Sh, Pk or Art (S), rest Wb|.
2-4
Merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Sh, Wb, Art (I), Bge|.
2-6
Yachts or sloops - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Wb].
0-1
Longboats - Bts () @ 2 AP [Sh, Wb|.
0-3
Sailors - Wb () @ 4 AP.
0-1 per Shp or Bts
Fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP.
0-1
Only from 1622 AD:
Grenade-throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
Upgrade arquebusiers to musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.
0-1 per 12 Sh (O)

All
Only WIC in Brazil from 1634 AD to 1654 AD: Tapuya

allies - List: Tupi or Tapuya.
Only VOC in Java or Sumatra:
Kumpani Islam native auxiliaries - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
0-16
Only VOC in Amboina, the Celebes, or the Moluccas:

Hired head-hunters - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
0-2
Only VOC in the Celebes or Moluccas:

Native allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.
Only VOC in Ceylon from 1638 AD:
Sinhalese allies - List: Sinhalese.
Only VOC in West Africa in 1648 AD:
Kongo allies - List: West African Forest Peoples.
Only VOC in Java from 1678 AD to 1681 AD:
Javanese allies - List: Indonesian or Malay.
This covers the local armies of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) from its founding in 1602
and its western hemisphere equivalent, the West-Indische Compagnie (WIC) from 1621. Established as a
private company to trade with the Spice Islands, the VOC interpreted legitimate competition to include
destroying other nations' trading posts in Africa, South America and the east, bullying local rulers with
armed force into granting exclusive trading rights and then finally establishing colonies. In the process, they
seized many Portuguese possessions. Soldiers and arms were provided by the Dutch state, but paid for by
the VOC and WIC. The under-paid and ragged Portuguese were impressed by the dress and well-fed bodies
of Dutch colonial soldiers found after battles. The Javanese were mostly impressed by their arrogance and
a Captain Tack was so hated by his allies that they faked a civil war to kill him and still commemorate
him with a Punch & Judy style shadow-puppet villain. The extent to which pikes were used is unclear, but
they were certainly used in Java in 1685, as were grenades. There are many references to musketeers and to
landing parties of musketeers and sailors. Most sailors were Dutch, but Scandinavians, Germans, English
and Scots are also mentioned. Even more soldiers were foreigners, mainly German, but also Swiss,
English, Scots, Irish, Danes, French, Flemings and even Japanese. Wastage was high. Dutch warships were
relatively small and fast with 1 1/2 gun decks like contemporary English frigates. The large warships
used at home from 1664 did not serve on distant stations. Warships were supplemented by lightly-armed
merchantmen and by a few yachts and sloops of 4-6 guns.
20
21. SINHALESE 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Tropical. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C on elephant - El (O) @ 40 AP.
Sub-generals - El () @ 40 AP.
Elephants - El () @ 20 AP.
1
0-2
4-6

Archers - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.
Upgrade archers with pavises as - Bw () @ 5 AP.
Armed camp followers - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
I

/
,
Arquebusiers - Sk (O) @ 4 AP. { - /
I
I
Only after 1560 AD:

Replace archers with musketeers - Sh (O) @ 6 AP, or Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
12-48
4-18
Any
2-8
0-6
4-18

Dutch allies - List: Dutch Colonial.
This covers the armies of the Buddhist and Tamil kingdoms of Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka). The
Portuguese established a trading presence on the coast in 1518 and persisted in unsuccessful
attempts to conquer the whole island from 1570 on. Between 1638 and 1663 the Dutch took all
their coastal settlements, at first with Sinhalese co-operation, but by 1700 had not managed to
impose their authority on the inland kingdom of Kandy. Sinhalese armies were generally
similar to those of the Hindu states of the Indian mainland, except that there were no horses in
Ceylon. However, Sinhalese elephants, although smaller than Burmese, were said to be so fierce
that other elephants were afraid of them. Visitors reported that the Sinhalese used little armour,
thinking it cowardly. Most shields were small. They could be round, heart-shaped or
rectangular. A 15th century sculpture shows shoulder-high standing shields, possibly pavises for
archers. The most common weapon was a short, heavy, slightly curved "kastane" sword. A visitor
during 1583-91 contrasted the Sinhalese' skilled use of firearms "which be muskets" with the less
than competent caliver-men of Indian armies. Armies of up to 100,000 are reported.
22. POLYNESIAN OR MELANESIAN 1494 AD - 1700 AD
Tropical. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA.
N500
47.
46.
Max
C-in-C - Bd (F) @ 25 AP.

Sub-general - Bd (F) @ 25 AP.
Warriors - Wb (I) @ 3 AP.
Maori scouts, skirmishing Polynesian slingers or Melanesian archers - Sk (I) @ 2 AP.
War canoes - Bts (S) @ 3 AP if Maori, Bts () @ 2 AP if not |Any|.
Palisade or stone barricade - FO @ 2 AP.
0-1
1-2
48-150
0-12
0-6
0-12
Maori only:
Upgrade warriors to - Bd (F) @ 5 AP.
All
This covers those peoples of the Pacific that fielded substantial armies. Polynesians include the
peoples of Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, Easter Island and Hawaii, and the Maori of New Zealand.
Melanesians include the peoples of Fiji, the Solomons and the New Hebrides. Generalisation is
tricky but chieftains and their picked followers typically fought with heavy wooden swords or
clubs. Otherwise, Melanesians often favoured long spears and sometimes a small shield. Most
Polynesians prefered javelins and clubs. Coconut fibre armour was used. A favourite weapon of
the Maori was a long wooden sword, the tiaha, with a sophisticated fencing technique. Others
used short greenstone mere or wooden patu. They made huge canoes called waka taua from the
giant kauri pine. In Hawaii, chiefs wore feather-covered crested helmets and red and yellow
feather cloaks, and sent their priests out in front to open each battle by shouting insults.
21
ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT
23. RESTORATION BRITISH 1661 AD - 1688 AD
Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (O) @ 24 AP.
Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk () @ 24 AP.
Embark general on ship as - Sh (S) @ 27 AP.
Max N500
1
1-2
0-1
Life Guards and Blues - Pi () @ 10 AP.

*4-8
Horse - Pi () @ 10 AP.
1-12
Guards pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.
*6-8
Other pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.
6-24
Musketeers - Sh (O) @ 6 AP.
2 per Pk (O)
Artillery of the train - Art () @ 20 AP.
1-4
3-decker line-of-battle ship - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [general if Sh].
0-1 per 4 Shp (O)
2-decker line-of-battle ships - Shp () @ 5 AP [Sh or Wb|.
0-4
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh, Wb], or storeships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bge|.
0-4
Landing parties - up to 1/4 marines Sh (S) @ 7 AP, rest sailors Wb () @ 4 AP.
0-1 per Shp
0-1
Only from 1672 AD:
Dragoons - Dr () @ 7 AP.
Only from 1678 AD:
Horse grenadiers - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
Only from 1684 AD:
Re-arm dragoons with firelocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Re-arm guards musketeers with firelocks as - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
Fusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
Only after 1685 AD:
3 pdr battalion guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Raw Irish pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.
Raw Irish musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
1-6
*l-2
1 per 4 Pk
All
2 per guards Pk
0-6
0-1 per 4 Pk
0-6
2 per Pk (I)
When Charles II was restored to the thrones of England and Scotland, the large Commonwealth army
was disbanded, so that the standing army consisted only of the guards regiments. These increasingly had to
be supplemented by lesser units raised in emergency or to garrison overseas possessions such as Tangiers.
When James II acceded, he used all possible opportunities, such as the Monmouth Rebellion, to increase
such units and make them permanent. Towards the end of his reign, James dismissed most of the
Protestant officers and soldiers stationed in Ireland and replaced them with Irish recruits who could not
be quickly assimilated, convincing many of his intention to re-catholicise England and Scotland by force.
When William of Orange landed in the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, the desertion of many senior
officers paralysed James into fleeing the country, although it is quite probable that much of the army
would have fought for him out of loyalty rather than inclination. Guards regiments did not serve overseas.
Accordingly, minima marked * apply only if any troops so marked are used. Horse wore corslets and
were armed with a pair of pistols and a sword. Horse guards added a carbine and these had spread to at
least most of the other horse by 1685. Horse grenadiers were attached to guards cavalry to act as supporting
dragoons. They are not reported as using grenades in action. The new grenadier companies given to all
foot regiments from 1678 were still primarily grenade-throwers rather than the general purpose assault
troops they later became. From 1667 onward, foot mixed a lower proportion of firelocks with their
matchlocks, but this does not affect classification until the guards were entirely re-equipped with
firelocks in 1684. 1/3 remained pikemen. Whether these still had helmet and corslet is disputed, but
Trelawney's regiment had them in 1680, and it has been suggested that they were still standard issue
until 1697. A regiment of fusileers was raised in 1685 to guard the artillery. The artillery train at
Sedgemoor in 1685 was rendered immobile by the desertion of
22
its draught teams and only the loan of the Bishop of Bath & Wells' carriage horses enabled some guns to
be brought into action. Most of the guns were 8 pdr, with a few 12, 6 and 4 pdr guns. James II later
introduced light 3 pdr guns to accompany and be manned by foot regiments. In 1688, he brought over
Irish troops to fight against William of Orange. Mostly naval wars were fought against the Dutch in
1664-67 and 1672-74. Warships now fought in line of battle (single element wide column). Frigates at this
time were not the light warships with a single gun deck of Napoleonic times, but typically a large but
narrow vessel with 1 1/2 gun decks. Most of the fleet were older 2-decker "great ships" whose tubbier build
made them a better gun platform. The few 3-deckers were mainly used as flagships.
24. DUTCH UNITED PROVINCES 1649 AD - 1688 AD. Cold. Ag
1. WW, Rv, Wd, M, E, Rd, BUA, I.
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP.
Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.

Horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.
Musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.
Artillery - up to 1/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP |Sh, Wb].
Merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP |Sh, Wb, Bge|.
Yachts or sloops - Bts (S) @ 3 AP |Sh, Wb|.
Marines and seamen - up to 1/2 Sh (O) @ 6 AP, rest Wb () @ 4 AP.
Fireship - Shp (X) @ 4 AP.
Only from 1664 AD:
Replace merchant ships with line-of-battle ships - Shp () @ 5 AP |Sh, Wb|.
Only from 1672 AD:
Upgrade foot guard musketeers with flintlocks to - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
1-2
4-8
1-4
6-20
2 per Pk
0-3
0-4
0-6
0-1
0-1 per Shp
0-1
0-3
0-1 per 4 Pk
2-6

Austrian allies - List: Later Imperialist. Brandenburg allies
- List: Brandenburg-Prussia.
Only in England in 1688 AD:
English officer and gentleman volunteers - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.
English horse (Duke of Albany's) - Pi () @ 10 AP.
English dragoons (Royals) - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
0-1
0-2
0-1
This covers Dutch armies from the Peace of the Hague until William of Orange became King of England.
During William's 21 year minority, the Dutch were governed by an anti-monarchist oligarchy, led by Jan
de Witt, whose mercantilist policies led to the English wars of 1652-54, 1664-67 and 1672-74. These
were mostly fought at sea, but some landings were made or planned, notably the English descent on
Terschelling and Vlieland in 1666 and the famous Dutch raid on the Medway in 1667. A much more
serious threat was the French invasion of 1672-78, which the Dutch after a disastrous start managed to
partly turn round thanks to inundations and the young William's competent military leadership. Pikemen
still retained corslets but the horse had lost them. Guards and artillery wore blue coats, Scots and Swiss
foot and some dragoons wore red, Walloons green and the rest various shades of grey. Headgear was a
broad-brimmed black hat, except for grenadiers and some dragoons who substituted fur caps. The foot,
especially the foot guards, were considered by their contemporaries to be excellent troops, but not so the
horse, who had reverted to distant shooting and were usually ridden over by the French. The fleet
initially initially depended on 1 1/2 decker frigates supplemented by even worse-armed merchant ships, the
first true battleships appearing in time for the war of 1664. Dutch ships carried more marines than
English ships and these had to be landed in 1674 to support the army.
23
25. SCOTS WESTERN COVENANTER REBEL 1679
Cold. Ag 0. Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, E, M, RGo, BUA, Rd.
C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.
Reclassify C-in-C or sub-general as - Pi (1) @ 28 AP.
Covenanters "with sword, pike, fusil or pitchfork" - Wb () @ 4 AP.
Skirmishers with firearms - Sk () @ 3 AP.
Families and less enthusiastic supporters - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
Max N200
1
1-2
0-1
0-2
12-24
0-3
0-12
The terrorist murder of Archbishop Sharp on May 3rd brought to a head the struggle for control of the
Church of Scotland between Episcopalians and Presbyterians. A small force of horse and dragoons under
Claverhouse pursuing the assassins attempted to disperse a "coventicle" (armed open-air Presbyterian
prayer meeting) but was blocked at Drumclog by 3 bodies of rebel horse and 4 of foot. Provoked into
charging by being outshot by the dragoons, the rebel foot swept the government troops away with heavy
casualties. Having failed next day to take Glasgow, the rebels were crushed on June 22nd at Bothwell
Bridge by a much larger force commanded by the Duke of Monmouth.
26. ENGLISH MONMOUTH REBEL 1685 AD

Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP.
Sub-general - Pk (O) @ 24 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP.
Sub-general - Pk () @ 24 AP.
Pikemen - Pk () @ 4 AP.
Scythesmen - Bd (I) @ 4 AP.
Clubmen - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
Drakes - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Max N350
1
0-1
0-1
1-7
15-30
10-15
5-10
0-2
0-1
This covers the West Country rebellion of the Protestant Duke of Monmouth, the bastard son of Charles
II, against his Catholic uncle King James II. The army's home territory is Somerset. Monmouth's ship
brought veteran officers, 3 small cannon, 1,500 corslet and helmet cavalry armours of which only a
small proportion were unloaded, some pistols and carbines, a supply of red coats faced with purple for
Monmouth's personal "red" regiment, 500 pikes, 500 swords and probably 1,000 muskets. Other weapons
had to be obtained locally. More pikes and muskets and red coats faced with yellow were captured from
the militia or brought in by militia deserters. These standard weapons were supplemented by scythe
blades set on short poles and by sporting firearms. The gentry that provided the cavalry no doubt brought
swords, pistols and horses. The foot were typically tradesmen and artisans from the local towns,
predominantly cloth workers, pious nonconformist Protestant family men of mature years. Only 11 % of
them were farmers or farmworkers. Earnestness in the cause and the training immediately commenced under
professional officers made them much more formidable than the pathetic throng of yokels of popular myth.
A huge number of peasant "clubmen" armed only with improvised weapons were reported to have gathered
at Axminster, but actually numbered only 160. The cavalry have also possibly been less than fairly
treated. Although they often fled while led by Lord Grey, some of them led by his subordinate elicited the
admiration of the regular cavalry they fought. A troop of 80 encountered early in the campaign all had
helmets, corslets and double-barrelled carbines and pistols. While demolishing legends, it is only fair to
point out the the "Bloody Assize" that followed the fatal battle of Sedgemoor according to Judge
Jeffreys "was not half bloody enough for him that sent me". About 300 rebels died in the battle, 700
were slain in the pursuit and 100 were summarily hung by the army before Jeffreys arrived. Of the 1,336
he tried, 340 were actually executed and 850 transported. Half the rebels present at the battle, all of
whom were certainly guilty of high treason, got away and were covered by a general pardon next year.
24
27. SCOTS JACOBITE 1689 AD - 1690 AD
Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H[S), H(G), Wd, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP, Pk (F) @ 24 AP or Wb (O) @ 24 AP.
Sub-general - Pk (F) @ 24 AP.
Cavalry - Pi () @ 10 AP.
Irish pikes - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.
Irish musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Highlanders - Wb () @ 4 AP.
Locheil's snipers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
Max N250
1
0-1
0-2
0-1
0-1
2 per Pk (F)
15-50
0-1
This covers the rebel army of John Graham of Claverhouse "Bonnie Dundee". Like the later rebel Jacobite
armies of 1715 and 1745, it was raised from Catholic Highland clans and detested by the vast majority of
Scots. It won a spectacular victory at Killiecrankie over a lowland Scots Whig government army
reinforced with a single English regiment, but Claverhouse fell at the moment of victory. Deprived of his
leadership, it failed after a bitter battle to capture Dunkeld and was defeated and dispersed at Cromdale
next year. The cavalry consisted of a single troop of remnants of Claverhouse's old regular regiment,
supplemented by gentleman volunteers. At Killiekrankie, it split into two parts after its initial charge, one
of which Dundee was leading when he was shot. Only 1 element of Pk (F) can be used. Only the front
rank of the Highlanders should be depicted with sword and targe and/or firelock. Others should be armed
with Lochaber axes, spears, a very few bows, many only with long dirks. Purcell's small Irish regiment
was criticised for "charging like stampeding cattle" beside the Highlanders instead of shooting, which
must justify classing them as (F). At Killiecrankie, Locheil sent a small body to shoot from cottages,
though they were soon driven out by government musketeers.
28. SCOTS CONSTITUTIONAL 1689 AD - 1690 AD

C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.
Sub-general - Sh (S) @ 27 AP.
Militia horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
Fusileers/grenadiers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP or Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
Raw musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Raw pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.
Highland independent company - Sk () @ 3 AP.
Leather guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Max N250
1
0-1
1-2
4-16
1 per 2 Sh (O)
0-1 per 8 Sh (O)
0-8
1 per 2 Sh (I)
0-1
0-1
In 1689, the Scottish Parliament passed a Claim of Right asserting that, by transforming a limited
constitutional monarchy into an arbitrary Catholic despotism, James II had violated the Scots constitution
and "forfaultit the Croun". The small Scots regular army was insufficient to put down the revolt of James'
Highland supporters and much of it including the cavalry unreliable, so the Scots brigade was recalled
from Dutch service and new regiments raised. The militia horse were armed with sword and pistols. They
did not get red coats until after Killiecrankie, so probably wore civilian dress. All other troops wore red
coats and, except for the grenadiers, black hats. Hastings' English regiment had yellow facings and all the
Scots white except for McKay's and the artillery, who were both faced red. McKay's, Ramsay's and
Balfour's regiments were veterans of the Dutch service. Leven's were newly raised but well trained, but
Kenmore's were extremely raw and had to be formed 6 deep instead of 3 like the other regiments. The 4
veteran regiments each had a grenadier company, and it is likely that these provided the detachment of
200 men with firelocks drawn from these regiments to act as advance and flank guard. The artillery at
Killiecrankie consisted of 3 ineffective under-charged leather guns carried on pack ponies. The loyalty of
the Highland company (which normally functioned as a patrolling police force) was extremely suspect, so
that it was sent to hide in a wood out of the way.
25
29. IRISH JACOBITE 1689 AD - 1691 AD
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP.
Sub-generals - Pi () @ 30 AP.
Horse guards - Pi () @ 10 AP.
Horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.
Foot guard and veteran musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.
Foot guard and veteran pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP.
Raw musketeers - Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Raw pikemen - Pk (I) @ 3 AP.
Sharpshooters "with long guns" - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
6 pdr field guns - Art () @ 20 AP.
Militia with half-pikes, scythes and a few firearms - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
Only in 1690 AD:
18 pdr and 24 pdr siege guns and mortars - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
French ally-general - Pi (O) @ 20 AP.
French musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
French pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.
French grenadiers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
Only in 1691 AD:
Regrade sub-general (Sarsfield) as - Pi (F) @ 31 AP.
Ditches - FO @ 2 AP.
Soldiers disbanded into rapparee guerillas - Hd (F) @ 1 AP.
1
1-2
0-1
2-8
1-7
4-8
1 per 2 Sh (O)
20-60
1-2 per 2 Sh (I)
0-4
0-3
0-3
1-2
0-20
0-1
*1
*8-16
1 per 4 Sh (F)
0-1 per 8 Sh (F)
1
0-12
0-6
After James II had lost the British throne in the bloodless "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, he fled to
France, then moved to Ireland intending to use it as a base for recovering Britain. He was enthusiastically
supported by the Catholic majority, whose different aims were Irish independence and Catholic supremacy.
James had already sent the Earl of Tyrconnel in 1685 to reorganise the army in Ireland by purging it of
Protestants. It refused disbandment by the new government and was now vastly expanded, the existing
troops of horse guards and horse grenadiers, 3 regiments of horse, 1 of dragoons, 1 2-battalion regiment
of foot guards and 4 1-battalion regiments of red-coated foot being joined by 5 new regiments of horse, 7
of dragoons and 39 of foot. Louis XIV had sent 20,000 uniforms (probably French grey/white) and 8,000
firearms by the start of 1689. 18,000 more matchlocks and 8,000 flintlocks were requested, but it is
uncertain whether enough were received for the normal ratio of 2 muskets to 1 pike. Many foot are
reported as clothed in local homespun and armed with half-pikes or pole-scythes. Any flintlocks mainly
equipped the dragoons, with only a few going to fusileers supporting the sparse artillery or acting as
special service troops. Few if any bayonets were issued. 6 battalions of French foot under the command
of the Comte de Lauzun followed in 1690 in exchange for 5 Irish regiments sent to France, but returned
home in September of that year after the lost battle of the Boyne. The majority of Irish foot remained
unskilled until the end of the war. Only the foot guards shine in battle accounts. Whether the other old
regiments kept their discipline or had been excessively diluted by the need to find instructors for new
regiments is unclear. The ordinary foot were best fighting from the cover of enclosures or ditches with
their pikes drawn up behind in support. In contrast, the horse's wild charges with sword and pistol were
greatly feared and the dragoons were also good. The horse guards were solid troops whose corslets made
them tough opponents. James was brave and hard-working, but stupid and stubborn. He commanded
personally at the Boyne, but lost heart after the battle and retired to France blaming the Irish. Command then
devolved to Tyrconnel and Berwick, then to 2 newcomers. The most respected by opponents was Patrick
Sarsfield, described by James as "a brave fellow, but very scantily supplied with brains", and who did not
co-operate well with his seniors. The better was the Marquis de St.Ruth, sent over by Louis with a staff
but no troops to act as C-in-C on James' behalf. He was close to winning the final battle at Aughrim in
1691 when his death by a long range cannon ball fatally disrupted the army's command.
26
30. WILLIAMITE ANGLO-DUTCH 1688 AD - 1700 AD

C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP.
,
.
1
Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Sh (S) @ 7 AP. 1-2
British horse - Pi () @ 10 AP.
3-6
British dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
1-2
British foot guards - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 1 AP.
0-8
British foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh () @ 6 AP.
8-24
British fusileers - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
0-2
Huguenot horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.
0-3
Huguenot or Swedish foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
0-9
Dutch horse - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
1-4
Dutch dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
0-2
Dutch foot guards - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
3-6
Dutch foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, rest Sh () @ 6 AP.
6-12
Danish horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.
0-3
Danish, Brandenburg or other German foot - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
0-16
0-1 per 8 Sh
3 pdr accompanying guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
0-2
6-12pdrfieldguns- Art () @ 20 AP.
0-4
18-24 pdr siege guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
0-1
3-deckers - Shp (S) @ 6 AP [Sh (S), Wb|.
0-1 per 3 Shp (O)
2-deckers - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh (S), Wb|.
0-4
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh (S), Wb|, or storeships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Bge|.
0-4
Landing parties - up to 1/3 marines Sh (S) @ 7 AP, rest seamen Wb () @ 4 AP.
0-1 per Shp
0-1
Only in Ireland from 1689 AD to 1691 AD:
Enneskillen horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.
Enneskillen dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Londonderry foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
0-2
0-1
0-3
Only from 1692 AD:

Reduce all pikemen other than Swedish from 1/3 to 1/4.
All
Only from 1696 AD:

Upgrade shot other than Huguenot and Swedish to - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
All
In 1688, the English finally lost patience with the attempts of their Catholic King James 11 to subvert
Parliamentary rule and the Anglican religion, and invited his Protestant Dutch son-in-law William of Orange
to take the throne jointly with his wife Mary. William was keen to use British resources, much greater than
those of his native Holland, to thwart the European expansionism of Louis XIV of France. He formed the
"Grand Alliance" of England, the Dutch, Spain, Savoy, Brandenburg-Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, Bavaria and
Sweden. Before England's full strength could be employed against Louis, it was first necessary to clear
James IPs forces from Ireland. William commanded personally at the Boyne in 1689 and later on the
continent at Steenkirk in 1692 and Neerwinden in 1693. The various national contingents under his
command were integrated rather than fighting separately. Dutch foot had a high reputation, especially the
guards, but their cavalry were considered a little dubious and too fond of distant pistol fire. Danish cavalry
were excellent troops noted for their aggression, but their pike-less foot proved vulnerable to Jacobite
cavalry. The Huguenot regiments were of French Protestants forced out by religious persecution 1686-87.
Many had been well-trained in French service and they hated Louis XIV. They brought French methods
with them and were regarded as an elite. They were kept on a separate establishment until 1699, then
absorbed by the British army. Irish Protestant troops were tough and aggressive, but resistant to discipline
and initially lacked uniforms. The foot of most contributing nations started with 1/3 pikemen and 2/3
musketeers, mostly with matchlocks except in guard units. The British reduction to 1/4 pikemen became
official in 1694, but was already used in regiments sent to the continent. Expanded flintlock production
from 1695 quickly made matchlocks obsolete.
27
31. LOUIS XIV FRENCH 1661 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 4. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, V, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Pi () @ 30 APorPi(F)@31 AP.
Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pi (F) @ 31 AP.
Maison du Roi - Pi () @ 10 AP.
Gendarmerie de France and chevaux legers - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.
Gardes foot musketeers - Sh () @ 6 AP.
Common foot musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Siege and field guns - up to 1/4 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest () @ 20 AP.
Pontooneers - Pon () @ 5 AP.
Gardes pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP.
Common foot pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP or Pk (O) @ 4 AP.
Max Cx2
1
1-2
0-4
5-12
2-6
0-8
8-24
0-4
0-1
1 per 2 Sh (O)
1 per 2 Sh (F)

Replace common foot pikemen with fusiliers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Downgrade caracoling chevaux legers to Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
0-1 per 2 Pk
0-6
Only after 1670 AD:

Fusiliers du Roi - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
Chasseurs - Sk () @ 3 AP.
0-1 per 8 Sh
0-1 per 2 Art
0-1

English allies - List: Restoration British.
Only from 1690 AD:
Regrade gendarmerie and chevaux legers as - Pi () @ 10 AP.
Carabiniers - Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
All
1 per 6 Pi (O)
Only from 1692 AD:

Hussars - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
Gardes pikemen - Pk (O) @ 4 AP.
Common foot pikemen - all Pk (F) @ 4 AP or all Pk (O) @ 4 AP.
0-2
1 per 4 Sh (O)
1 per 4 Sh (F)
This covers French armies from Louis XIV's assumption of autocratic rule until 1700. The Maison
du Roi comprised 4 strong companies of Gardes du Corps, 1 of Gendarmes (in corslets), 1 of Chevaux
Legers, 2 of Les Mousquetaires and, from 1676, 1 of Grenadiers a Cheval, and seem to have favoured
firearms. The 12 companies of Gendarmerie de France and the chevaux legers were unarmoured and
mostly charged in a shallow formation at the gallop with sword in hand in the style of Turenne and
Conde, but Marechal de Puysegur writing in 1748 thought that the caracole had lingered in some
regiments until around 1670. After 1690, all reverted by royal command to firing before charging home.
The skirmishing "carabin" light horse seem to have disapeared in the cavalry reductions of 1659 and
adding 2 "carabiniers" with rifled carbines to each cavalry company in 1679 proved an inadequate
substitute. From 1690, each cavalry regiment was ordered to have a full company of carabiniers and in
1692 these were amalgamated into a single large 100 company regiment of Royal Carabiniers which
fired from the halt. Dragoons were increasingly favoured. The field units of the Gardes a Pied now
comprised only the Gardes-Francaises and the Gardes-Suisses. Gardes pikemen kept their corslets to the
end of our period. Others had discarded them by the end of the 30 Years War, but some regiments
appear to have had them re-issued. Firelocks were disapproved of and used only on a small scale until
1692, when half each regiment's shot were authorised them. An unofficial practise of replacing pikes
with firelocks was repeatedly forbidden in the years before 1670. The Fusiliers du Roi formed in 1671 to
guard and man the artillery were entirely equipped with firelocks. The typical French infantry tactic was
an impetuous attack combining pikemen with musketeers advancing sword in hand. Allies can include
naval elements and need not then include otherwise compulsory types.
28
32. LATER SPANISH 1660 AD - 1700 AD
Warm. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), O, V, E, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP.
Sub-general - Pi (S) @ 32 AP.
Cuirassiers - Pi () @ 10 AP.
Dragoons - Dr (I) @ 6 AP.
Spanish foot - 1/4 Pk () @ 4 AP, 3/4 Sh () @ 6 AP.
Artillery - Art () @ 20 AP.
Linear entrenchments to protect artillery - F @ 4 AP.
1
0-1
4-9
1-5
16-64
0-3
0-1 per Art
Only after 1665 AD:

Downgrade generals to - Pi () @ 30 AP.
Downgrade Spanish foot to - 1/4 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, 3/4 Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Only from 1689 AD:
Catalan miquelettes - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
Any
3/4-all
0-1 per 6 Sh (O) or 12 Sh (I)
0-20
Only from 1694 AD:

English and Dutch allies - List: Williamite Anglo-Dutch.
Spain's only aggressive war in this period was a failed attempt to reconquer Portugal 1661-1665. The rest
of the century saw frequent defensive wars against France, mostly in the Low Countries. Many Spanish
generals were totally ignorant of tactics and owed their promotion to favouritism. Pride and jealousy
hindered co-operation, hence the single sub-general. Cuirassiers retained the corslet, which they wore
over a buff coat or yellow coat with red cuffs. Generals and their escorts at first wore 3/4 armour.
Dragoons also wore yellow before changing to green in 1700. Foot wore white coats except for Irish and
Swiss regiments, who wore red. Pikemen still wore corslets. The army was greatly neglected after the
accession of the mentally-unstable Carlos II "the Bewitched" in 1665, the less fashionable foot suffering
especially. There are several 17th century references to poor quality Spanish troops and in 1718 they were
described as "an unpaid, unclothed, unofficered and undisciplined parcel of wretches". Miquelettes were
irregulars with long accurate firelocks, more useful in home defence than regular foot. Allied
contingents including naval elements need not include otherwise compulsory un-embarked land troops.
The Spanish navy did not recover from its crushing defeat in 1639 by the Dutch until after 1700.
33. BRAGANZA PORTUGUESE 1640 AD - 1700 AD
Warm. Ag 0. WW, Rv, HS), H(G), Wd, O, V, RGo, Rd, BUA.
Max N500
C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP.

Sub-generals - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (F) @ 31 AP.
Dragoons - Dr (I) @ 6 AP.
Militia foot - 1/4 to 1/2 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, rest Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Artillery - up to 1/2 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art () @ 20 AP.
1
1-2
3-18
1 per 8 foot
24-48
1-4

Upgrade foot to regimented or mercenary - 1/4 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 3/4 Sh () @ 6 AP.
0-1/2

English allies - List: Restoration British.
0-1 per 6 Sh (O)

0-24
This covers the Portuguese army from the Duke of Braganza's 1640 revolt against Spanish rule. It
presumably started with a similar organisation and equipment to the Spanish army in which its officers had
been trained. It was reformed 1660-1668 by the Duke of Schomberg, now considered the founder of the
modern army, only to be then neglected. The cavalry were "ill-disciplined and impetuous". Each foot regiment
included a dragoon company. The artillery were the best arm.
29
34. SAVOYARD 1648 AD - 1700 AD
Warm. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), Wd, V, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C-Pi(F)@31 AP.
Sub-generals - Pi (F) @ 31 AP.
Savoyard or Huguenot horse - Pi (F) @ 11 AP.
Savoyard, mercenary or Huguenot foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Spanish foot or Savoyard militia - 1/4-1/3 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, rest Sh (1) @ 4 AP.
Artillery - Up to 1/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (1) @ 5 AP.
Only from 1689 AD:
Swinesfeathers or chevaux de Frise - PO @ 1 AP.
Unregimented Vaudois sharpshooters - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
Austrian allies - List: Later Imperial.
Bavarian allies - List: Later Bavarian.
Spanish allies - List: Later Spanish.
1
0-2
4-8
1-3
18-60
0-18
0-3
0-1 per 8 Sh (F)
0-1 per Sh
3-20
0-24
0-36
Astride the Alps between France and Italy, the Duchy of Savoy survived by diplomacy and good soldiers.
It had been a loyal expendable ally of the French until regency and civil war left it weakened and
cynical. It could now still help France, disengage gracefully or switch sides. This policy risked rapid
frontier adjustment either way, but ended in Savoy becoming the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. In the 1690s,
Horse and artillery wore blue coats, dragoons yellow, blue and green and foot white. The "musket rests"
reported then were probably swinesfeathers with hooks.
35. LATER VENETIAN COLONIAL 1645 AD - 1700 AD
Warm. Ag 1 before 1684 AD, then 3. WW, Rv, H[S1, Wd, O, V, BUA.
C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP, or on foot in 3/4 armour as - Bd (S) @ 29 AP.
Sub-generals - Pi (S) @ 32 AP, Bd (S) @ 29 AP or LH (S) @ 27 AP.
Horse - Up to 1/2 Pi (I) @ 8 AP, rest LH (S) @ 7 AP.
Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP or Dr (I) @ 6 AP.
Venetian marines - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Venetian, mercenary, Italian or Croatian regular foot - 1/3 Pk (O), 2/3 Sh (O). '
Sclavonians - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Morlacchi or Maniote mountaineers - Hd (F) @ 1 AP.
Artillery - up to 1/2 Art (I) @ 5 AP, rest Art (S) @ 25 AP.
Venetian galeasses - Gal (S) @ 5 AP [Bd, Pk, Sh]
Venetian and other Italian galleys - Gal (F) @ 3 AP [Pk, Sh, Art].
Large merchant ships - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any].
Small petaches, pinks, tartanes and feluccas - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any foot].
Maltese galleys - Gal () @ 4 AP |Bd, Sh].
Maltese marines - up to 1/4 knights Bd (S) @ 9 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Max N500
1
0-2
0-6
0-6
0-1 per Gal
18-48
0-15
0-15
0-2
1-3
4-12
0-8
0-4
0-6
1 per Gal (O)
Only after 1667 AD:

0-1 per 12 Sh
Upgrade large merchant ships to warships of 44-60 guns - Shp () @ 5 AP [Any foot],
0-1
0-1
Only in 1668 AD and 1689 AD:
French allies - List: Louis XIV French.

Saxon foot - Sh () @ 6 AP.
0-6
Saxon swinesfeathers - PO @ 1 AP.
0-1 per Saxon Sh (O)
Brunswick/Wurtemburg/Hanover/Hesse foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh () @ 6 AP.
0-18
30
This covers Venetian colonial armies and offensive naval expeditions from the renewed Ottoman attack of
1645 that ended in 1669 with the loss of Crete after an epic 22 year siege of its last fortress. The Turkish
disaster at Vienna in 1683 encouraged Venice to counter-attack, clearing the Turks from the Peloponnese by
1690. The many field battles all resulted from attempts to relieve fortresses besieged by Venetian
amphibious forces, hence the increased naval presence in the list. The Stradiot light horse were still just
as aggressive, but now mostly armed with pistols, sabre and carbine instead of the former light lance. A
Venetian marine guard of honour is described as armed with half-pike or musket and with helmet and
sword, though no mention is made of body armour. Morlacchi were Dalmatian mountaineers "uneducated
men who do not understand the logic of keeping promises to a defeated enemy", but useful for pursuit. The
Maniotes were Greek mountaineers from the Peloponnese "a sort of people who call themselves
Christians, but live chiefly on spoil and robbery", led 1688-89 by one Liberachi. A few light field pieces
are referred to on one occasion, but the most commonly mentioned artillery are 50 pdr, presumably main
bow guns landed from galleys. Maltese marines led by the Knights in red tabards were considered
especially good assault troops. French allies need not include otherwise compulsory cavalry or dragoons.
The army's base is assumed to be either the colonial possessions on the eastern side of the Adriatic, or
until 1669, Crete.
36. LATER OTTOMAN TURK 1645 AD - 1700 AD
Warm. Ag 4 until 1683, then 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, O, E, RGo, Rd, BUA.
Max Cx4
C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Si (F) @ 28 AP.

1
Sub-generals - Si (S) @ 30 AP or Si (F) @ 28 AP.
1-2
Qapukulu sipahis - Si (F) @ 8 AP.
1-5
Feudal sipahis - Si (I) @ 5 AP.
19-36
Upgrade feudal sipahis to Roumeliot - Si (F) @ 8 AP.
0-18
Delis, Kurds or Bedouin Arabs - LH () @ 5 AP.
0-4
Janissaries - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
2-12
Slav or Anatolian sharpshooters - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
3-12
Mount sharpshooters on horses as segmen - Dr (S) @ 8 AP, (O) @ 7 AP or (I) @ 6 AP.
0-3
Azabs, gonullas or levendat - up to 1/2 Bw (I) @ 3 AP, rest Hd (S) @ 2 AP.
0-10
Artillery - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
0-3
Zamburak camel guns - Art (F) @ 10 AP.
0-2
0-1
Galleys - Gal (O) @ 3 AP [Bw, Hd(S)].
,
0-4
Corsair galleys and galliots - Gal (F) @ 2 AP [Bd].
'
0-2
1 per Gal (F)
Crimean Tartar allies - List: Tartar (Book 2).
Only from 1690 AD:
Great ships and frigates - up to 1/2 Shp (S) @ 6 AP, rest Shp (F) @ 4 AP |Bw, Hd (S)|.
0-4
This is a revised sub-set of Army No. 12 in Book 1, included here so that wargamers seeking the natural
opponent in this era of the Venetians and Imperialists will not be forced to buy an extra book. Qapukulu
("court slaves") were regular household cavalry regiments now with little armour and fighting with
scimitar and pistols. The Roumeliot feudal sipahis of the European provinces were similarly armed, but
the Asian feudal sipahis that had to be increasingly relied on after the disaster at Vienna in 1683 were
mostly armed only with a scimitar, sometimes supplemented by obsolete weapons such as bows, light lances
or matchlocks. Some ornate textile horse armour was captured at Vienna in 1683, implying that
bodyguards may still have been equipped in the old style. Delis ("madmen") were light cavalry 'raised
from among converted Serbs, Bosnians and Croats for use as scouts and often paid by provincial rulers
out of their revenues. Janissaries (Yeni-ceri - "new troops") were elite regulars armed with long
firearms, but always willing to charge with the scimitar. Sharpshooters were provided by Slav or
Anatolian tufekcis, sarica, arnauts, klephts, or if mounted, segmens. Azabs ("bachelors") were now
raised by conscription and used like gonullas as garrisons. Levendat were marines, the largest ships
carrying up to 500. A few huge bombards were still used in fortifications, but most artillery was now
reasonably-sized, if still only minimally mobile, heavy brass siege pieces.
31
37. LATER IMPERIALIST 1649 AD to 1700 AD

Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, V, E, M, RGo, Rd, BUA.
Max Cx3
C-in-C - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP.

Sub-generals - Pi (S) @ 32 AP or Pi (I) @ 28 AP.
Crabats/Croats/Croatian hussars - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
Hungarian heavy hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP.
Hungarian light hussars - LH (F) @ 4 AP.
Lubomirski's Poles in Imperial pay - LH (I) @ 4 AP.
Hungarian haiduks or Sclavonians - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Grenzer frontier militia - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
Levy with halberds or morgensterns - Bd (I) @ 4 AP.
Matchlock wall pieces in fortified BUA - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Artillery - Up to 2/3 Art (S) @ 25 AP, rest Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Brunswick and/or other minor German allies - List: Later Minor German States.
1
0-2
8-15
2-5
1-6
*0-1
*3-5
*4-6
12-48
0-4
0-8
0-4
0-2
1-3
0-12
Only in 1664 AD:

French allies - Louis XIV French.
Only from 1664 AD:
1 per 8 Sh

1 per 2 Sh (O)
Only from 1681 AD:

0-1 per 8 Sh (O)

1 per 3 Sh (O)
Only until 1683 AD:

Upgrade horse to cuirassiers - Pi (S) @ 12 AP.
0-2
Only in 1683 AD:

Sharpshooters in fortified BUA - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
Polish allies - List: Later Polish.
0-1
Only in 1683 AD and from 1685 AD:

Saxon allies - List: Later Saxon.
0-10
Only from 1683 AD to 1688 AD and in 1691 AD:

Bavarian allies - List: Later Bavarian.
0-15
Only 1684 AD to 1686 AD and 1690 AD to 1692 AD:

Swedish horse - Pi () @ 10 AP.
Swedish foot - 1/3 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
0-3
0-10

Pontooneers - Pont () @ 5 A P.
Danube flotilla - up to 1/2 Gal (F) @ 3 AP, rest Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Any foot].
Country people "got up into a body in hopes of booty and plunder" - Hd (F) @ 1 AP.
Brandenburg allies - List: Brandenburg-Prussia.
0-1
0-4
0-4
0-15
Only after 1688 AD:

Upgrade hussars as regulars to - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
Swinesfeathers or chevaux de Frise - PO @ 1 AP.
All
0-1 per Sh (S)
32
This covers the armies of the Holy Roman Empire after the 30 Years War. Ottoman Turks and/or Hungarian
rebels were now the main opponents. The crushing defeat of a Turkish invasion at St.Gotthard south of
Vienna in 1664 led to a peace treaty due for renewal in 1681. The Turks chose instead to launch another
massive invasion in 1683. Vienna was subjected to an epic siege before being relieved by a combined (in
order of numbers) Imperial, Polish, Bavarian and Saxon force commanded by the Polish King Jan III
Sobieski. An Imperial allied contingent for that army must be accompanied by Bavarian and Saxon allies of
the contingent size ranges listed here. All Imperialist horse were reported in 1684 to wear corslets, but 2
of the 12 regiments reported in early 1683 were described as cuirassiers, implying that they had 3/4
armour. In 1689, all 11 regiments of horse are called cuirassiers, suggesting this was no longer so.
Lobster-tail helmets were worn until after 1700. Some Hungarian loyalists continued to serve during
revolts. 1,000 of 8,000 Hungarian hussars are described with long lances, which, with surviving armour,
suggests that some were as heavy as those of Poland. Other levy hussars were horse archers. Items
marked * apply only if any Hungarians are used. Crabats or "Croats" were light horse with sword, pistols
and carbine. Regular hussars imitated them and the types merged. Flintlock muskets, often with a reversionary
matchlock mechanism, began to be used in numbers around 1680, but in 1688 were still only 10%. Pikes
were reduced at the same time, but not abandoned until plug bayonets were issued in 1704. The "boarspears" said to have replaced pikes were swinesfeathers doubling as musket rests or combined into
chevaux de Frise, reported in 1689 as "very valuable". Members of a Dutch merchants' shooting club
provided sharpshooting at the siege of Vienna. Grenzer were militia of the Militargrenze frontier defences
created in 1557. 3/4 plate armour for cuirassiers, mail and plate armour for heavy hussars, flintlock and
combination lock muskets, matchlock wall pieces (but not muskets), plug bayonets, swinesfeathers with
musket hooks, peasant levy halberds and morgensterns, and assembled chevaux de Frise can all be seen in
the Armoury at Graz.
38. HUNGARIAN REBEL 1670 AD - 1685 AD
Cold. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(G), RGo, Rd, BUA.
Max Cxi .5
C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP, or LH (F) @ 24 AP.

Sub-general - Ln (F) @ 31 AP, or LH (F) @ 24 AP.
Armoured hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP.
Light hussars - LH (F) @ 4 AP.
Haiduks - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Artillery - Art (I) @ 5 AP or Art (S) @ 25 AP.
1
1-2
0-3
32-48
1-4
0-36
0-3
Only in 1677 AD:

Only from 1682 AD:
Turkish allies - List: Later Ottoman Turk
When it became apparent after the Imperialist victory over the Ottoman Turks at St.Gotthard in 1664 that
the Empire would not dispute Turkish possession of Transylvania, the Hungarian nobles lost a prime
motive for loyalty. A revolt in 1670 was easily put down, but resultant repression, the taxes to pay an
occupying army and religious interference fed dissatisfaction that created the "kurucok" partisan army.
Imperial concessions in 1681 were not believed and in 1682 the rebels called for Turkish aid. After 1685,
the few remaining diehards took service with the Turks. The national troop types were the hussar and the
haiduk, an infantryman equally able with musket and sabre. A rebel force was described in 1677 as
dismaying 20 squadrons of Imperial horse with "clouds of arrows and a continued fire from the foot and
dragoons". This makes it apparent that most Hungarian hussars were still primarily horse archers. Though
many now carried a carbine as well as a bow, this seems to have been used to fire a single shot before
reverting to the older weapon. However, a force of Hungarian hussars assisting the Imperialists in 1683
was said to include 2,000 armed with long lances. Together with presence of 26 complete and 68 partialsets of hussar mail-and-plate armours in the Armoury at Graz, this suggests that a small proportion of
Hungarian cavalry were very similar to Polish hussars. Polish allies need not include otherwise compulsory
foot, cannot include artillery, but must include Lithuanian Tartars.
33
39. LATER BAVARIAN 1649 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 1. Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, V, RGo, Rd, BUA, I.
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.
Musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Max N500 until 1682

1
1-2
3-7
0-3
16-48
0-1 per 6 Sh (F)
Artillery - Art (O) @ 20 AP or Art (I) @ 5 AP.
1-4

Pikemen - Pk (F) @ 4 AP.
1 per 2 Sh (F)
Only from 1688 AD:

Hussars - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
Re-arm dragoons with flintlocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Guards - 1/2 fusileers Sh (S) @ 7 AP, 1/2 grenadiers Sh (F) @ 6 AP or Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
0-2
Any
0-4
The Bavarian army was largely demobilised after the 30 Years War to speed economic recovery and
remained relatively small until after the 1670s. Uniforms were worn from 1671. Horse wore corslets over
light-grey coats, but reverted to caracoling. Some dragoons wore red coats, others blue. The hussar
regiment of 1688 wore blue. Artillery wore a bluish-grey coat. The foot mostly wore light or dark grey
coats before 1673, after which blue became usual and was standardised in 1684. Unlike those of other
German states, Bavarian foot kept up the rapid attack tactic.
40. LATER SAXON 1649 AD to 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, Rd, BUA.
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP, or (1656 AD to 1680 AD) with Croat guard as - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
1
1-2
4-7
1-6
16-48
1-6
1 per 2 Sh
Only from 1683 AD:

Re-arm dragoons with flintlocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Swinesfeathers - PO @ 1 AP.
All
0-1 per Sh (O)
Only from 1687 AD:

Re-arm musketeers with flintlock and bayonet as - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
All
Only from 1697 AD:

This covers the armies of Electoral Saxony from the end of the 30 Years War. Unlike Bavaria, Saxony
retained a large standing army to protect its eastern interests. Intrigues by Electors to obtain the Polish
throne finally bore fruit when Augustus "the Strong" obtained the Polish crown in 1697. Horse retained
the corslet, but had reverted to caracoling with pistols instead of charging home. In 1695, dragoons
adopted the red coats already worn by the horse. Foot were wearing uniform by 1683, footguards
wearing red coats, other foot and artillery grey. The Elector John George III ordered pikes to be left in store,
their anti-cavalry function instead being performed by swinesfeathers that could double as musket rests. Pikes
were finally discarded in 1687.
34
41. BRANDENBURG-PRUSSIA 1646 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 3 or *1. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, Rgo, M, Rd, BUA, I.
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.
Leibgarde (with firelocks) - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
Battalion guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Field guns - Art () @ 20 AP.
1
1-2
4-14
0-3
1-4
0-2
Only in 1658 AD:

Dutch ships - up to 1/2 Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Any foot], rest Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any].
0-6

Foot (with pikes and matchlocks) - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh () @ 6 AP.
Wibranzen - 1/3 Pk (1) @ 3 AP, 2/3 Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Only from 1674 AD:
Jager - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
2-6
18-42
*12-18
0-3
Only from 1689 AD:

Dragoons (with firelocks) - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Foot (with firelocks) - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
2-8
12-36
2-4
This army almost vanished at the end of the 30 Years War when the Estates refused to continue
paying for it. A compromise in 1653 allowed a permanent nucleus of 5,000, supplemented by a
ruthless conscription introduced during the Polish war of 1655. The cavalry relied on fire and
stood to receive attack. Corslets were discarded in 1689 and did not return until 1736. Except for
the leibgarde, the foot retained pikes and matchlocks until the death of the Great Elector in 1688.
Jager were rifle-armed snipers recruited from gamekeepers. A battery of 12 light
guns
massed
together was important in the decisive defeat of the Swedes at Fehrbellin in 1675. The Wibranzen
were a traditional East Prussian militia reorganised to hinder Polish and Cossack incursions. The
minimum marked * applies only if any Wibranzen are used.
42. LATER MINOR GERMAN STATES 1649 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 0. WW, Rv, H(S), H(G), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA.
Max N500
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.

Dragoons (and Hesse-Kassel mounted jager) - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
'
Jager - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.
1
1-2
6-12
0-3
12-36
0-lper6S h
0-3
0-3
Only before 1699 AD if Hesse-Kassel, 1689 AD if not:

1 per 2-3 Sh
Only from 1685 AD:

Re-arm musketeers with flintlocks as - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
Any
This covers lesser German states such as Hesse-Kassel, Wurtemberg, Hanover, Brunswick
and
the
Palatinate. Cavalry had reverted to the caracole, pikemen returned and distant musketry replaced
the fast attack. Allied contingents from this list can include its non-compulsory troop types.
35
43. LATER DANISH 1649 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 3. WW, Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, E, Rd, BUA, I.
Oin-C - Pi (F) @ 31 AP.
Sub-generals - Pi (F) @ 31 AP.
Guard firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
Galloper guns - Art (F) @ 10 AP.
Battalion guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
Peasants - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
Warships - Shp () @ 5 AP [Sh, Wb].
Longboats - Bts (O) @ 2 AP [Any].
Prams, gunboats or mortar boats - Bts (S) @ 3 AP [Wb|.
Seamen - Wb () @ 4 AP.
Max N500
1
1-2
4-24
0-8
6-20
1-2
0-1
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-4
0-2
0-1 per Shp or Bts

2 per 4 Sh (O)

Upgrade musketeers to firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
1/2-all

Dutch warships - Shp (O) @ 5 AP [Sh, Wb].
Dutch fireships - Shp (X) @ 4 AP.
Dutch foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh () @ 6 AP.
Brandenburg foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh () @ 6 AP.
Imperial foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh () @ 6 AP.
0-3
0-1
* 12-24
*6-12
*6-12
0-12

0-2 per 5 Sh
Only from 1672 AD:

Upgrade musketeers to firelocks - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Sh (S), Wb|.
Marines - Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
0-4
All
0-1
0-1 per 2 Shp or Bts
Only in 1700 AD:

Saxon allies - List: Later Saxon.
This covers Danish armies after the unlucky interventions in the 30 Years War. In addition to further
unsuccessful wars against Sweden in 1653, 1657-1660, 1675-79 and 1700, the Danes also provided high
quality allied contingents for the Dutch and English. Their cavalry in particular were noted for their
aggression and maintained a good reputation right through the Marlburian wars. The cuirass had been
temporarily abandoned, though it was to be reintroduced in 1701. Firelocks had been issued to the
guards by 1625, most of the army by 1655 and all of it by 1672, by when plug bayonets were in use.
The situation as regards pikes is more obscure. In 1657 foreign colonels raising regiments for Danish
service were forbidden to include pikemen. However, we are also informed that in 1672-78 a ratio of 2
shortened pikes to 5 firelocks was officially sanctioned. The Danish troops that came to England in
1688 had no pikes and they were formally abolished the next year. Landing parties of Danish seamen are
described as armed with bills and morgensterns and "falling on with much haste and violence". Minima
marked * apply only if any Polish, Brandenburg or Imperial troops are used. A Saxon corps of 2
regiments each of cuirassiers and foot tried to join the Danes in 1700. Polish allies must not include
reiters or foot, nor Saxon allies include dragoons or Art (O), even if these are normally compulsory.
36
44. CAROLINE SWEDISH 1649 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 4. WW, H(S), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I.
C-in-C - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (F) @ 24 AP.
Sub-generals - Pi (O) @ 30 AP or Pk (F) @ 24 AP.
Horse - Pi () @ 10 AP.
Musketeers - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
3 pdr regimental guns - Art (1) @ 5 AP.
6 pdr field guns - Art () @ 20 AP.
16 pdr heavy guns - Art (S) @ 25 AP.
Warships - Shp (O) @ 5 AP |Wb, Pk, Sh].
Frigates - Shp (F) @ 4 AP [Wb, Pk, Sh].
Sailors - Wb (O) @ 4 AP.
Transports - Shp (I) @ 3 AP [Any].
1
1-2
1-16
2-6
6-12
2 per Pk
1-3
0-2
0-1
0-1
0-4
0-2
0-1 per Shp (O) or (F)
0-6
0-1
Only after 1654 AD:

Re-arm dragoons with firelocks as - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Any
0-1 per 6 Sh

Brandenburg allies - List: Brandenburg-Prussia.
Only after 16% AD:
Regrade mounted generals and horse as - Pi (F) @ 31 AP, if general, 11 AP if not.
Re-arm dragoons with firelocks as Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Upgrade dismounted generals and pikemen as - Pk (S) @ 25 AP if general, 5 AP if not:
All
All
All/0
Only in 1700 AD:

Anglo-Dutch allies - List: Williamite Anglo-Dutch. German
allies - List: Later Minor German States.
This covers Swedish armies from the end of the 30 Years War until after the battle of Narva. This
includes the reign of Christina and of Charles X, XI and XII. There were wars in 1654-60 against Poland,
1674-9 against Brandenburg and Denmark and in 1700 against Denmark, Russia and Saxony-Poland. By
1675, Swedish cavalry armour retained a heavy breast plate, but no longer had a back plate or helmet.
They still used pistols immediately before contact. This was changed after the accession of Charles XII in
1697, cavalry now being forbidden to wear armour or to use pistols in the charge, instead charging at the
gallop using a long straight slender sword optimised for thrusting. They now rode knee behind their
neighbour's knee starting at the centre of each squadron to form a shallow wedge. Foot regiments now
had 2 battalions (4 in the foot guard regiment), each with 50 4-deep files of pikemen and 100 of
musketeers, with small groups of grenadiers on the wings. Pikes were especially valued by Charles XII as
an assault weapon as well as for defence against cavalry and were retained until 1720. The army had no
grenadiers or firelocks by 1654, but had some of both by 1689. Charles XII replaced all the matchlocks
with flintlocks, but this does not affect classification since the foot used "ga-pa" (go on) tactics,
concentrating on forward motion and disregarding casualties from fire. They were supposed to halt
briefly at 50 paces to allow the last 2 ranks to fire, then press-on into contact, the first 2 ranks firing
point-blank. This did not always work. In one battle, a battalion Charles XII was personally leading
halted spontaneously at 30 paces to blow away their Russian opponents with a single volley, which greatiy
annoyed him! Most of the army consisted of territorial regiments whose uniform coats initially
corresponded to the colour of the provincial standard. From 1687 their coats were changed to dark blue.
Anglo-Dutch allies can include naval elements and need not include otherwise compulsory Dutch guards or
unembarked British land troops.
37
45. RUSSIAN CONSCRIPT 1648 AD - 1700 AD

Cold. Ag 1. WW, Rv, Wd, M, BUA, I.
Max Cx4
C-in-C - Pi (I) @ 28 AP.

1
Sub-generals - Pi (I) @ 28 AP or Si (I) @ 25 AP.
0-2
Noble cavalry - Si (I) @ 5 AP.
5-14
Cossack horse - Don LH (O) @ 5 AP or Ukrainian LH (I) @ 4 AP.
0-12
Kalmuks - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
0-3
Streltzi - up to 1/4 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
8-24
Heavy or medium guns - Up to 1/2 Art (O) @ 20 AP, rest Art (S) @ 25 AP.
1-2
3 pdr or lighter accompanying guns - Art (1) @ 5 AP.
0-5
Cossack foot - up to 1/4 Sk (S) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
0-8
Mount Cossack foot on horses as - Dr (O) @ 7 AP.
1 per 4 LH (I) or Sh (F)
Cossack chaika - Bts (O) @ 2 AP |Sh (F), Sk (S)].
0-1 per Sh (F) or Sk (S)
Angry peasants - Hd (F) @ 1 AP.
0-2
Only until 1667 AD:
Reiters - Pi (1) @ 8 AP.
Hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP.
Gulay gorod - PO @ 1 AP.
Foreign foot - 1/4 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, 3/4 Sh (I) @ 4 AP.
Only from 1695 AD:
Guard or old regiments of foot - 1/5 Pk (1) @ 3 AP, 4/5 Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
0-5
0-3
0-2
0-12
12-48
5-10

Conscript militia - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
0-30
Only in 1700 AD:

Dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP or Pi (I) @ 8 AP.
Newly raised regiments of foot - 1/5 Pk (I) @ 3 AP, 4/5 Sh (1) @ 4 AP.
Linear entrenchments - FO @ 2 AP, or swine feathers - PO @ 1 AP.
Warships - Shp (O)@ 5 AP| ShJ.
Galleys - Gal (I) @ 2 AP [Sh|.
1-2
3-5 per Sh (S)
0-1 per Sh
0-2
0-3
This list covers Russian armies from Alexei Mikhailovitch's institution of conscription from the tax
rolls to provide western-style "foreign" regiments until the post-Narva reforms of Peter the Great. Very
large numbers of troops were raised at short notice, but a satisfactory standard of training was rendered
impossible by the practise of disbanding all or all but a cadre when a war ended. As well as "foreign"
foot, there were new mounted regiments of reiters with 3/4 armour and pistols and hussars (actually
lancers), but these proved even harder to maintain. Accordingly, reliance still had to be placed on the
streltsi, now possibly with a proportion of pikemen, and the noble cavalry. The noble cavalry were now
mostly minor gentry and their retainers. There were a few units entirely of nobles commanded by boyars,
but these often sent substitutes when required for war instead of for peacetime parades. Armour was
now rare, but the bow was still in use together with firearms. From 1685, the "foreign" foot were
progressively disbanded until only the 2 "old" regiments of Lefort and Gordon survived to be joined by
the new Preobrazhenskii and Semenovskii guard regiments. This reduction was premature and in 1695
many of the disbanded men had to be called on again to fill up the conscript militia for a campaign
against the Turks. New regiments of foot armed with firelock, plug bayonet and a smaller proportion of
half-pikes were still very raw in 1700 and only the first 2 of the new dragoon regiments were ready.
The new dragoons sometimes fought mounted, so can be either Dr (S) or Pi (I). There were as yet no
grenadiers. The Cossacks of the Ukraine shifted their allegiance to Russia in 1654. Those fighting mounted
were distant skirmishers more timid than Don Cossacks. The gulay gorod "walking fort" is last mentioned
in 1660. Field entrenchments became a Russian speciality from 1700 on and swine feathers were issued
well into the 18th century for protection against Turkish cavalry.
38
46. LATER POLISH 1632 AD - 1700 AD
Cold. Ag 1. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, Rd, BUA, I.
Max Cx2
C-in-C - Drabant Pi (O) @ 30 AP, Pancerni Si (O) @ 28 AP or Hussar Ln (F) @ 31 AP.

1
Sub-generals - Ln (F) @ 31 AP or Si () @ 28 AP.
0-2
Downgrade sub-general to Lithuanian ally-general - Ln (F) @ 21 AP or Si (S) @ 20 AP.
*1
Hussars - Ln (F) @ 11 AP.
2-8
Pancerni - Si () @ 8 AP.
2-3 per Ln
Upgrade pancerni to Lithuanian petyhortsy - Si (S) @ 10 AP.
*3-7
Reiters - Pi (1) @ 8 AP.
2-6
Lithuanian Tartars - LH (S) @ 7 AP.
0-2
2-6
German-style foot - 1/3 Pk (O) @ 4 AP, 2/3 Sh () @ 6 AP.
12-24
Haiduks - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
0-3
Regimental guns - Art (I) @ 5 AP.
1-3
0-2
Tabor - FO @ 2 AP.
0-12
Noble levy - Si (I) @ 5 AP.
**9-24
Fake hussars - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
0-4
Only before 1648 AD or from 1658 AD:
Ukrainian Cossack allies - List: Free Cossack (Book 2).
Only after 1652 AD:
Wallachian or Tartar light cavalry - LH (F) @ 4 AP.
Grenade-throwers - Sk (X) @ 8 AP.
Replace all noble levy with Dymowe, Lanowe or other levies - Hd (O) @ 1 AP.
Marauding peasants - Hd (F) @ 1 AP.
Crimean Tartar allies - List: Tartar (Book 2).
Only from 1676 AD:
Guard dragoons - Dr (S) @ 8 AP.
Janissary or Moldavian guards - Sh (F) @ 6 AP.
Upgrade pancerni to - Si (S) @ 30 AP if general, 10 AP if not.
1-2 per Ln
0-3
**6-12
0-3
0-2
0-2
All
Regrade light cavalry as - 1/2 Wallachian LH (I) @ 4 AP, 1/2 Tartar LH () @ 5 AP.
Re-arm German foot in Polish-style - up to 1/8 Pk (F) @ 4 AP, rest Sh (S) @ 7 AP.
Only from 1683 AD:
Chevaux de Frise or wheeled obstacles - PO @ 1 AP.
Imperialist, Bavarian and Saxon allies - List: Later Imperialist.
Reclassify hussars as - Pi (F) @ 31 AP if sub-general, 11 AP if not.
Any
1/2-all
0-1 per 4 foot
All
This list includes the army of King Jan III Sobieski's 1683 relief of Vienna. The bodyguard was now the
Drabant-Reiter, but a pancerni unit guarded Sobieski's personal "bunczuk" horse-tail standard kept near
him in battle. Junior generals also had a bunczuk. The grading of Lithuanian generals reflects their
furious rivalry. The hussars' lances were taken away in 1689, but reissued to fight the Crimean Tartars in
1698. The armoured cossacks now called "pancerni" were issued light lances in 1676, the petyhortsy
retaining heavier lances. Light cavalry were now "Tartar" or "Wallachian". Originally horse archers, the
former were acquiring lances and the latter carbines. The noble levy were still in theory available, but
Sobieski despised them and instead tried new peasant levies who proved equally useless. Noble levy must
be in the C-in-C's command. Minima marked * or ** apply only if troops so marked are used. "German"
foot had been given pikes after mishaps against the Swedes. From 1676, a new Polish-style infantry
had only a few half-pikes, relying instead on berdische axes both as a fearsome hand-to-hand weapon and
as a musket rest. The Ukrainian Cossacks were now independent enough to be classed as allies until the
revolt of 1648. Those of the Dnieper's right bank were intermittently available again from 1658. Swap
fake hussars for servants with lances on baggage animals when enemy within 200p or if shot at.
39
Abyssinian.
Acheh.
Adal.
Algerian.
Aiwa.
Arab.
Ashanti.
Bavarian. Later,
Austrian.
Benin.
Braganza Portuguese.
Brandenburg-Prussia.
British. Restoration,
Brunswick.
Burmese.
Cambodian.
Dahomey.
Danish. Later,
Dinka.
Dutch. Williamite Anglo-,
Dutch Colonial.
Dutch United Provinces.
East African Pagan.
French. Louis XIV,
Funj.
Hanoverian.
Hawaiian.
Hesse-Kassel.
Hungarian Rebel.
Imperialist. Later,
Indonesian.
Irish Jacobite.
Jaga.
Javanese.
Kandy.
Khmer.
Kongo.
Laotian.
Maghrebi.
Page 14
17
13
7
15
11
9
34
32
9
29
35
22
35
19
19
9
36
10
30
20
24
10
28
16
35
21
35
33
32
17
26
9
17
21
19
9
19
7
Majaapahit.
Malacca.
Malay.
Maori.
Mataram.
Melanesian.
Minor German States. Later,
Moluccan.
INDEX
17
17
17
21
17
21
35
17
Monomotapa.
Moroccan.
Ngola.
Omani.
Ottoman Turk. Later,
Philippine.
Polish. Later,
Polynesian.
Portuguese. Braganza,
Portuguese Colonial.
Portuguese. Sebastianic,
Prussian.
Restoration British.
Russian Conscript.
Savoyard.
Saxon. Later,
Scots Constitutional.
Scots Jacobite.
Scots Western Covenanter.
Sebastianic Portuguese.
Segeju.
Shaiqiya.
Shilluk.
Shri Lankhan.
Siamese.
Sinhalese.
Somali.
Spanish. Later,
Sudanese. West,
Sumatran.
Sunda.
Swedish. Caroline,
Tapuya.
Tripolitanian.
Tuareg.
Tunisian.
Tupi.
Turk. Later Ottoman,
Venetian Colonial. Later,
Vietnamese.
Wadj.
West African Forest Peoples.
West Sudanese.
Williamite Anglo-Dutch.
Wurtemberg.
Yemeni.
Zan j.
Zimba.
Page 10
7
9
11
31
17
39
21
33
5
6
35
22
38
30
34
25
25
24
6
10
16
10
21
19
21
11
29
8
17
17
37
9
7
8
7
9
31
30
18
15
27 35 11 12 10
For details of other WRG wargames rules, army lists and reference books, send your stamped and addressed
envelope or International Reply Coupons to W.R.G, The Keep, Le Marchant Barracks, London Road,
Devizes, Wilts SN10 2ER, UK. Phone credit card orders for air or surface mail delivery to 01380 724558.
Phone list suggestions or comments to Phil Barker on 0121-472-6207.
Thanks are due to many for their help, especially Richard Brzezinski for Poles and Swedes, Ian Gray for
initial pointers on Danes and Africans, Chris Peers for Portuguese, Nigel Tallis for Arab expertise, but
foremost to Duncan Head, who wore me to a frazzle trying to keep up. My thanks also in advance to the
unknown experts on obscure armies, who I trust will rush to correct me!
40

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What armies are included in the lists?

What armies are included in the lists?

What period do the army lists cover?

What period do the army lists cover?

D.B.R.

WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP

D.B.R. ARMY LISTS

All Rights Reserved.

(c) Wargames Research Group November 1996.

WARGAMES RESEARCH GROUP

D.B.R ARMY LISTS

ARMIES OF THE EUROPEAN ENLIGHTENMENT

23. Restoration British.

29. Irish Jacobite.

ARMIES OF THE EASTWARD COLONIAL EXPANSION

1. PORTUGUESE COLONIAL 1494 AD - 1700 AD

C-in-C - Ln (F) @ 31 AP or Bd (O) @ 27 AP.

Only in East Africa:

Only in Indonesia from 1520 AD to 1605 AD:

Only after 1550 AD:

Only after 1620 AD:

C-in-C (Dom Sebastian) - Ln (S) @ 35 AP or Ln (F) @ 31 AP.

Coastal bombards - Art (S) @ 25 AP.

Only before 1570 AD:

Only from 1530 AD:

Only if Morocco in 1578 AD:

Only if Algeria until 1552 AD:

5. WEST SUDANESE 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Only if Bornu 1570 AD to 1602 AD:

6. TUPI OR TAPUYA 1494 AD - 1692 AD

C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.

Only from 1575 AD if Tupi or 1645 AD if Tapuytf:

Only after 1658 AD:

Tropical. Ag 3. Rv, H(G), Wd, RGo, M, BUA.

C-in-C - Wb (O) @ 24 AP.

Reclassify warriors as elders defending villages - Bw (I) @ 3 AP.

Only Zimba before 1590 AD:

Only Dinka or Shilluk:

Only if army is entirely desert Bedouin:

Bedouin C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, LH (O) @ 25 AP, or Cm (F) or (O) @ 26 AP.

Purple banner of Ha'il and hereditary bearer - Cm (S) @ 9 AP or Si (S) @ 10 AP.

Only if coastal state:

C-in-C - Si (S) @ 30 AP, Si (I) @ 25 AP, Bw (O) @ 25 AP, or Bd (O) @ 27 AP.

Only if Yemen before 1517 AD:

Only if Oman from 1551 AD to 1554 AD:

Only if Omani after 1650 AD:

Only after 1650 AD:

Turkish arquebusiers - Sk (S) @ 4 AP.

Only from 1533 AD:

Only from 1541 AD to 1543 AD:

Only after 1543 AD:

14. ALWA 1494 AD - 1504 AD

Only Moluccan from 1512 AD:

Only Malays, Sumatrans or Javanese:

Only Malays or Sumatrans:

Only Javanese from 1678 AD:

Any except Malays or Sumatrans:

19. SIAMESE, BURMESE, LAOTIAN OR CAMBODIAN/KHMER 1494 AD - 1700 AD

Only Siamese from 1605 AD to 1632 AD: