Chapter 28 Ground GR

Study Case Editor - GGS
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The GGS Study Case editor contains Average Weight, Ambient Temperature, Current Projection Factor, Fault Current Durations, option to input or compute Fault Current Parameters (i.e., fault current to ground, current division factor, and X/R ratio), and Plot Parameters (for the Finite Element Method only). ETAP allows for the creation and saving of an unlimited number of study cases for each type of study, allowing the user to easily switch between different GGS study cases. This feature is designed to organize the study efforts and to save time. To create a new GGS study case, go to the Study Case Menu on the toolbar and select Create New to open the GGS Study Case editor.
Study Case ID
A study case can be renamed by deleting the old Study Case ID and entering a new one. The Study Case ID can be up to 25 alphanumeric characters. Use of the navigator buttons at the bottom of the Study Case editor allows the user to go from one study case to another.
Options
In this group, select the average body weight for the person working above the ground grid and the ambient temperature. The weight is used to calculate the Tolerable Step and Touch Potentials.
50 kg
Click on this option to select an average body weight of 50 kg.
70 kg
Click on this option to select an average body weight of 70 kg.
Ambient Temperature
0 Enter the soil ambient temperature in C. This parameter is used for determining the ampacity of the ground conductors.
Reports & Plots

Specify the report/plot parameters.
mk:@MSITStore:C:\ETAP%201111\Etaps.chm::/Chapter_28___Ground_Grid_Systems... 5/1/2014
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Auto Display of Summary and Alert

Check this box to automatically show the result window for Summary and Warning.
Report Details
Check this box to report intermediate results for an IEEE standard method or voltage profiles for the Finite Element method.
Auto Display of Summary & Alert

Check this box to automatically show the result window for Summary & Warning.
Plot Step
Plot Step is valid only for the FEM Study Model. This value is entered in meters or feet, and it is used to find the points (or locations) where Absolute/Step/Touch potentials need to be computed and plotted. Note: The smaller this number, the more calculations are required, increasing calculation time, but yielding smoother plots. The recommended value is 1 meter. If higher resolution is needed, decrease this number.
Boundary Extension
Enter the boundary extension in meters or feet. This value is used to extend the grid boundaries inside which the Absolute/Step/Touch potentials need to be computed.
Fault Durations
Allows the user to specify fault current durations.
Enter the duration of fault current in seconds to determine decrement factor. The fault duration (t ) (t ) and f c shock duration (t ) are normally assumed to be equal, unless the fault duration is the sum of successive s shocks
t t
c s
Enter in seconds the duration of fault current for sizing ground conductors.
Enter in seconds the duration of shock current to determine permissible levels for the human body.
Grid Current Factors

In this group, the Corrective Projection Factor and the Current Division Factor can be specified.
Enter the Current Division Factor in percent, relating the magnitude of fault current to that of its portion flowing between the grounding grid and the surrounding earth.
Enter the Corrective Projection Factor in percent, accounting for the relative increase of fault currents during the station lifespan. For a zero future system growth, C = 100. p
Update
Check this box to update/replace the number of conductors/rods in the Conductor/Rod editor with the number of conductors/rods calculated by using optimization methods. This box is only valid with the IEEE
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methods.
Ground Short-Circuit Current

This group is used to specify the fault current conditions for the GGS.
User Specified
Click on this option to input and display values for 3I and X/R specified by the user. 0
Short-Circuit Study
Click on this option to use and display the 3I and X/R values obtained from a short circuit study 0 performed on a one-line diagram.
Ifg
Enter the rms value of the fault current to ground in kA. The Maximum Grid Current is determined from this rms value, the Decrement Factor, Current Projection Factor, and Current Division Factor.
X/R
Enter the ratio of Inductive Reactance to Resistance. This value is used to calculate the decrement factor.
nd Remarks 2 Line
Up to 120 alphanumeric characters can be entered in this remark box. Information entered here will be printed on the second line of every output report page header. These remarks can provide specific information regarding each study case. Note: The first line of the header information is global for all study cases and is entered in the Project Information editor. Graphical User Interface Study Case Editor Calculation Methods Required Data Output Reports Plots

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Study Case Editor - GGS

Study Case Editor - GGS

Reports & Plots

Study Case Editor - GGS

Auto Display of Summary and Alert

Auto Display of Summary & Alert

Grid Current Factors

Study Case Editor - GGS

Ground Short-Circuit Current

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