Reis - Roger White DC Presentation

DC Railway Electrification System Design
Railway Electrification Infrastructure School

07 June 09
System June 2013

Dr Roger D White Roger.white@atkinsglobal.com
Lecture Contents
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
World System Voltages HV Supply Arrangement Distribution of DC Traction Supply D.C. Feeding Arrangement Trackside DC Substation Design Substation Electrical Performance Specification Traction Return Current Earthing Regeneration DC Magnetic Fields Cable Specification Induced Voltage Lightning Protection Disturbance effects
World System Voltages
DC System Voltage 160, 180, 500, 525, 550, 600,630, 650, 750, 800, 825, 850, 860, 900, 1000,1200, 1350, 1500, 2400, 3000, 3500, 6000DC 11,000 16 2/3 Hz, 15,000 16 2/3 15,000 Variable Frequency up to 50 Hz Zosen to Marienfede [Trial 1901-1904] Three Phase 725 V [Gornergratbahn] , 1125[Jungfraubahn], 3600 16 2/3 Hz three-phase [ 1912-1976] Single Phase AC System Voltage: 6.25/ 50, 6.3/25, 11/ 25, 12.5/60, 20/50 , 20/60 , 25/50, 25/ 60, 50.50 kv/Hz
AC and DC Electrification
400kV GRID
Ea rth W
ire
Grid Site Feeder Station Overhead Contact System Train
R Y B
Busbar + 25kV
25 kV 50 Hz
2 Track Traction Return System
3kV d.c.
DC AC
SGT1 Y-B
66/132kV GRID
E th ar
R Y
ire
Grid Site
Sub Station
Overhead Contact System
AC
Train
1000V 3 phase
DC
0.75/1.5/3 kV d.c.
2 Track Traction Return System
to
AC
DC
NORTH
to
AC
DC
NORTH
to
to
UK DC Networks
NR 750V

DC electrified track 4,285 single track kms; DC sub-stations (430); +420 V DC 210 V DC, giving a supply voltage of 630 V DC 408 km (253 miles)[11 lines electrified in the 1890s
LU Network

550 V DC overhead;
Blackpool Tram (61 Stations route 18km)

Croydon, (39 Stations ; route 28km) Manchester, (50 Stations; route 37km) Midland Metro: ( 23 Stations; 20km) Sheffield: (48 Stations: route 29km) Nottingham Super Tram: (23 Stations; route14km)
750 V DC, Overhead

750V Docklands Light Rail third rail
45 stations route 40km

60 Stations route 77.7km
1,500 V DC, Overhead Tyne & Wear Metro
LRT Passenger Journeys Light Rail and Tram Statistics DoT 2011/2012
HV Supply Arrangement
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
7
High Voltage Supply Feeding Arrangement
Distribution of DC Traction Supply
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
9
DC Railway Contact Systems
600V/650V/750V suburban third rail
630V fourth rail system LUL
Overhead Line

750V LRT/Tram LRT 1500V dc Metro system 3000Vdc OHL suburban and intercity;
10
Factors Influencing DC Substation Spacing
Maximum permissible system voltage drop Traction loading/performance/ Train auxiliaries Third rail conductor cross section Electrification protection settings
11
Most Economic Distance between Substation BS EN 501288
630V d.c. Electrification System is
2-3km [LU] +420V rail
-210 V rail.
660-750 V d.c. Electrification System
3--6km
1500V dc Electrification System
5-13km
3000V dc Electrification System
8-20km
Pictures 1500V Sydney Australia

12
DC. Feeding Arrangement

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
General view of a completed Conductor Beam installation (From Furrer and Frey literature)
13
DC. Feeding Arrangement

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
General view of a completed Conductor Beam installation (From Furrer and Frey literature)
14
DC Traction Feeding Arrangement
33/11kV Supply
Power Transformer Circuit Breaker Normally Closed
33/11kV Supply
Feeder Station
Rectifier Unit Isolator Normally Open Insulated Overlap or Sectioning Gap
I/4
I/4
I/4
I/4
I/4
I/4 Rail current I/8 if both rails available Rail current I/4 if one rail is available per track
15
Feeding Arrangement
Normal Feeding Arrangement

Normal feeding
track sectionalisation areas
Tee feeding arrangement Single end feeding arrangement
Degraded Mode
Loss of supply of transformer rectifier units Bypass feeding arrangement
16
Trackside DC Substation Design
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
17
Supply and converter design arrangements
Transformer winding design factors:
short circuit reactance, commutating reactance
Transformer reactance determine:

d.c. short circuit fault current, operating d.c. voltage regulation, operating load loss [winding resistance] transformer efficiency, Transformer & converter power factor harmonics supply side
18
6 Pulse converter
3 Phase Fully Controlled Bridge
50Hz 3 Phase Line to Line
Vdc 6 Pulse
750V 1500V dc 6 Pulse Rectifier
20 mS
19
12 Pulse Series Bridge Converter
Transformer Secondary Windings Phase Displaced
12 Pulse Converter
Switch Gear and Busbars
Overhead Line or Third Rail

Vdc 12 Pulse
Return Running Rails 750V 1500 V dc
12 Pulse Rectifier
20 mS
20
12 Pulse Parallel Bridge Converter
Transformer Secondary Windings Phase Displaced
12 Pulse Converter
Switch Gear and Busbars
Overhead Line or Third Rail

Vdc 12 Pulse
Parallel Interface Transformer
Return Running Rails 750V 1500 V dc
12 Pulse Rectifier
20 mS
21
Rectifier Protection
Short Circuit Protection
short circuit, overloading: thermal relay and over current time relay. failure of one of the rectifier arms. two-phase transformer fault current Diodes fully rated Switching, interruption, lightning. attenuated with a resistor capacitor network commutation hole storage
Internal Short Circuits

Over Voltages

LAR Rectifier Hong Kong
22
Rectifier Mechanical Construction
Diodes
aluminum extruded heat sinks, connected in parallel in a bridge hermetically sealed diode fuses and micro switches,

Heat sinks natural air cooling. AC and DC busbars are arranged at top or bottom of the cubicle.
23
Substation Electrical Performance
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
World System Voltages HV Supply Arrangement Distribution of DC Traction Supply D.C. Feeding Arrangement Trackside DC Substation Design Substation Electrical Performance Traction Return Current Earthing Regeneration DC Magnetic Fields Cable Specification Induced Voltage Lightning Protection Disturbance effects
24
Substation Electrical Performance
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Substation rating DC Traction supply voltage Regulation of DC traction voltage DC short circuit fault current Power factor of rectifier unit AC and DC harmonics
25
Typical specification 750V sub station system
Rated capacity 2400kW Rated D.C. traction voltage 600VDC Rated D.C. traction current 4000A Short circuit protection 40 kA 0.25 sec Transformer 22kV/415V Rated Capacity 2 MVA Short circuit protection 40 kA 0.25 Sec
26
Fault Profile
27
DC Traction supply voltage European regulation EN 50163
Table 1 Definition of operating d.c. System Voltages lowest non permanent voltage duration 10min, lowest permanent voltage duration indefinitely, nominal voltage designed system value, highest permanent voltage duration indefinitely highest non permanent voltage duration 5 min. Ref[1] EN50163[Table 1,]
600*
750
1500
3000
400 600 720 770+
500 750 900 950^
1000 1500 1800 1950
2000 3000 3600 3900
28
Voltage Regulation with Track Sectioning Hut
33/11kV Supply
Power Transformer Circuit Breaker Normally Closed
33/11kV Supply
Feeder Station
Rectifier Unit Isolator Normally Open Insulated Overlap or Sectioning Gap
I/4
I/4
I/4
I/4
I/4
I/4 Rail current I/8 if both rails available Rail current I/4 if one rail is available per track
29
Short Circuit with track Parallel Hut
33/11kV Supply
Power Transformer Circuit Breaker Normally Closed Rectifier Unit
33/11kV Supply
Feeder Station
Isolator Normally Open Insulated Overlap or Sectioning Gap
Ia
Ia Ia +Ib Ia +Ib Ia +Ib Ib /4 Ib /4 Ib /4 Ib /4
Ib /2
Ib /2
Ib /2
Rail current Ib /4 if both rails available
30
DC Short Circuit Current Waveform
31
LUL Double DC earth fault >100kA
Double Pole Earth Fault Bleed Resistors
Rail leakage
Double Earth Fault +420V
250 Ohm
125 Ohm
Rail Leakage
Rail Leakage
Rail Leakage
-210V
32
Power Factor of Traction Rectifier Unit
Power Factor AC System Characteristic 3 phase Power factor dependencies: Transformer design Converter design/arrangement DC Traction load DC Auxiliary Load Harmonics in the AC Current
33
Production of AC and DC Characteristic Harmonics
Pulse Number DC Harmonics p np
AC Harmonics np 1
0,6,12,18,24
1,5,7,11,13,17,19,23, 25
12
0,
12,
24
1,
11,13,
23,25
34
Harmonics in DC Electrification Systems
Harmonics are responsible for:

Overheating capacitors Overheating generators & induction motors Instability in converter control systems Interference into control systems Noise on telephone lines Interference into signalling systems
System
Planning Levels [IEC 61000-3-6] 5% 4% 3%
Compatibility Levels
400V 6.6, 11, 22 kV >20kV and <145kV 275 and 400kV
8% [IEC 61000-2-2] 8% [IEC 61000-2-12] 5% [UK]
Harmonics can be reduced by:
3%
3.5% [UK]
Increasing converter pulse number Installation of filters
35
Rectifier Performance Characteristics
36
Traction Return Current
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
37
Fourth Rail Systems: London Underground UK Diode/Floating Earthed Railway Hong Kong MTRC, DLR Manchester Metro Floating Negative Earth Network Rail Southern, Japan, Australia Singapore MRT, Hong Kong LRT, Lantau and Airport Hong Kong Croydon Tram; Nottingam Tram Sheffield Super Tram, Edinburgh tram; Dubai Metro;
38
Typical Earthing Diode Earthed Railway

Traction Current Catenary
Substation Rectifier DC System Voltage

Main Earth bar Diode Earth
Vrail
Vrail
Vrail
Vrail
Distance
Traction Current
Catenary
Substation Rectifier
DC System Voltage

Main Earth bar
Vrail
Vrail
Vrail
Vrail
Distance
39
Testing rail insulation
40
Rail and Utility Potentials
Traction Current
Catenary
Vdc Rail Resistance
Rail Return
Leakage Resistance Utility Corrosion Remote Ground Potential of Rails Scale in 10(s) Volts Potential of Utility with Interference Scale in 100(s) mV
41
Traction Earthing
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
World System Voltages HV Supply Arrangement Distribution of DC Traction Supply D.C. Feeding Arrangement Trackside DC Substation Design Substation Electrical Performance Specification Traction Return Current Traction Earthing Regeneration DC Magnetic Fields Cable Specification Induced Voltage Lightning Protection Disturbance effects
42
Traction Earthing and Bonding
Provide a safe return path for traction load; Ensure good return path for fault current; Maintain the potential of all accessible metalwork;
120V Mainline 60V depots

Traction or fault current in metallic services Prevent arcing Protective Earthing: Equipment Functional Earth: Equipment Suppression of Electrical Noise: EMC
Lightning protection,
Corrosion control
43
Earthing Standards European and National
UK and European

European Standard EN 50122 -1 electrical safety and earthing European Standard EN 50122- 2 provision against stray currents BS 7430 Code of Practice for Earthing BS 7671 17th Edition of the IEE Wiring Regulations G59/1 Electricity Association Engineering Recommendation G5/4 Electricity Council Regulations 1-106 Earthing and Bonding of LU Electrical Networks MR-S-PO-0009-Part 1Earthing Code of Practice MR-S-PO-0008 Earthing management E7720 A3 Engineering Standard 25kV 50Hz immunisation SSL-SE-0858-A1 Earthing Practice 1985- Signal Engineering. NR/SP/ELPE/21032 Network Rail Earthing Systems
LUL Standards

Network Rail
44
Typical DC Electrification Earthing Arrangement

Earth Wire
Telecoms PSU
Distribution Network Operator Supply
Telecoms. Cable
DC Voltage NGC Substation
Track circuit
SignallingPSU
Local RECS Station Apparatus Tunnel Structure Rebars Copper Earth Mat
Track Structures
R D White 2007
Station Metallic Structures
45
Depot Bonding Arrangement

M&E Earth M&E earth M&E CPCearth rated for 1500V fault current 300sq mmCu ( to be determined by Siemens) Traction return bonding 6 times 250sqmm ( to be determined by Siemens) Non Electrified lines
AC Sub Station
Fault return path
Traction Bond
Test Track DC Sub Station

Main Earth Bar minimum 400mm2
Infrastructure and Maintenance rails earthed No 1500V
OVPD
Floating
Earthed
Car Wash OCS 1500 V
SS & Car Wash & Approach Roads 400sqmm cables
HMS & LMS 400sqmm cables
Note 1 SS and HMS are the same civil structure Note 2 Failure of the OCS to the structure where rails are floating, the return path is via the MEB and OVPD is required to close to clear dc breakers. Note 3 Failure of the OCS to the structure where rails are earthed the return path is via the MEB and the DC Bonds to clear dc breakers.
Stabling Shed (SS) 20 Roads Rails Floating OCS1500V
Propsed new location of the IRJ
HMS Rails Earthed OCS 1500V

Crane
Bogie Drop
Wheel lathe
LMS Rails Earthed OCS 1500V
Lift Jacks DPS DPS

E&M earth
Fault LMS 1500V earth fault to rails: SS 1500 V earth fault rails LMS 1500V earth fault to structure SS 1500 V earth fault structure Car Wash 1500 V earth fault structure Path Structure bond/rails/return bonds Return bonds Rails Return Bonds Fault Return Path Fault Return Path Protection dc breakers dc breakers dc breakers OVPD& DC Breakers OVPD& DC Breakers
Fault HMS 1500V earth fault to rails HMS 1500 V earth fault structure
Path Return Bonds Structure bonds/Rails/return Bonds
Protection dc Breakers dc Breakers
1
Revision Record
Issue: 1 Drawn by: Checked by: Approved by:
14 Dec 2009 R D White D Ellis
Client: Title:
14/12/09
Proposed DC Rail and Structure Bonding of Traction Maintenance Depot

Project: MMMP
Our Ref: DC Depot Bonding.vsd
46
System Earthing
47
Bonding in Tunnel Structures (Dubai)
48
Civil Insulation PSD

Monitoring on PSD Isolation Test
2.000
1.000
0.500
Resistance (M)
0.250
0.125
0.063
0.031
0.016 0 10 20 30 40 50 Humidity (%) 60 70 80 90 100
49
Stray Current Collection
Traction Current
Catenary
Vdc Rail Resistance
Rail Return
Leakage Resistance
Corrosion Remote Ground Potential of Rails Scale in 10s Volts Potential of Utility with Interference Scale in 100s mV
50
Stray DC Current and Corrosion
Protection Required reinforcing bars of railway structures reinforced concrete track bed electrical utilities water and gas pipes Corrosion Discharged of leakage current
Typically 1A corrodes 9.1kg of iron per year
51
North London Lines AC DC Operation
52
Regeneration
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
53
Regenerative Traction Units and Supply Points
Technical Merits of Regenerative Traction Units Reduction of heat Reduction of brake dust Reduction of tunnel maintenance Elimination of brake resistors. Technical Merits of Regenerative System Improved efficiency reduction in energy costs.
Rheostatic brakes on Croydon Trams
Disadvantages of Regenerative Systems More capital investment in traction and supply equipment. More harmonics [medium voltage supply]. Intelligent protection system on the supply and traction. Increase stray current dc network losses charged at 15.57% in the southern region; dc network losses charged at 10.26% for the dc network in Merseyside;
54
DC Magnetic Fields
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
55
Magnetic Electric Fields and Overhead Lines
Magnetic Field Amps/m 1500V DC twin track 3000A per track
Electric Field Volts/m

ELECTRIC FIELD 1500V DC Roger D White WS Atkins Rail
EmagField
56
Cable Specification
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
57
Cables and Conductors Applications
Systems 33kV & 11kV Distribution and substation feed D.C, traction return cables; D.C. feeder cables; Track bonding; Lineside cables; Overhead line conductors; Tunnels [no smoke zero halogen]
58
Cable Insulation Specifications
Track Application

copper and aluminum, XLPE insulation [cross linked polyethylene] concentric solid core, stranded cables . Armour and PVC Coating
Older Cables

oil impregnated insulated paper tapes. Outer core protected by steel tape, or galvanized wire armouring.
HV Supply and Distribution

solid, gas or oil-filled cables. ratings in excess 33kV 33kV fluid filled and XLPE [substation] XLPE [cross linked polyethylene] Armour and PVC Coating 59
Induced Voltage
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
60
Electrical System Characteristics
Victim Cable Position of receptor cables telecoms cables Signalling cables Parallelism of cables/ DC/HV AC mutual impedance as a function frequency screening factors of the earthed conductor Electrical Dependencies Change of traction load or fault current [ time varying] DC Ripple [rectifier supply] Coupling increases with harmonics [j2..f.M] Fast transients [ power supply] Normal load Current Typically < 4000A Fault current typically < 100kA Parallelism with 25kV railways ( 50Hz only) Traction unit psophometrically weighted current
61
Lightning Protection
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
62
Lightning Protection
Lightning Protection on DC switchboard
Prevent OHL surges, Surge protection fitted on each feeder circuit breaker,
Exposed masts on Viaducts
Lightning protection for Radio Antenna and other masts Signal Heads
63
Disturbance effects
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
64
Disturbance Effects of DC Electrification Systems
AC LV and HV Systems AC side harmonics in 3 phase supply AC voltage distortion Power factor Lightning DC and Power System Harmonics DC Side Harmonics Overlap effect, Resonance and system capacitance Traction line filter resonance Magnetic and Electric Fields
Inductive and Radiated Effects

High frequency radiated emissions Traction load traction to regeneration. Power arcs on the ramp end of the rails Disturbance changes supply & traction Switching of the d.c. power [di/dt] Longitudinal Transverse voltages Lightning Harmonics in the return circuits Conductor overheating Corrosion due to DC stray current
Return Circuit and DC Stray Current

65
Key System Interfaces
Physical Interfaces (OLE to Civil structures, Signalling, Comms) OHL clearances Power line clearances Signalling mast clearances Touch and step potentials ( clearance 2.5m) Electrical Supply Interfaces (Depot and mainline ) Supply feeding Segregation of feeding Degraded mode of operation Earthing Interfaces (Traction Return to Civil Earth, DNO Signalling Earth, Comms earth and Third Party Earth) Interconnection of Earths Rating of the earth connection Segregation of earths
Magnetic Coupling (OLE to Comms and Signalling) Induced voltage Noise on telephone systems Disturbances to communication systems Magnetic Coupling (Power Lines to Comms and Signalling) Induced voltage Noise on telephone systems Disturbances to communication systems Stray DC Current (Traction return and civil structures) Civil Clearances Corrosion of railway civil structures Utilities
66
DC Railway Electrification System Design

Railway Electrification Infrastructure School
System June 2013

Dr Roger D White Roger.white@atkinsglobal.com
67

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DC Railway Electrification System Design

Railway Electrification Infrastructure School

System June 2013

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

World System Voltages

Overhead Contact System

Blackpool Tram (61 Stations route 18km)

750 V DC, Overhead

750V Docklands Light Rail third rail

45 stations route 40km

1,500 V DC, Overhead Tyne & Wear Metro

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

High Voltage Supply Feeding Arrangement

Distribution of DC Traction Supply

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

DC Railway Contact Systems

600V/650V/750V suburban third rail

630V fourth rail system LUL

Factors Influencing DC Substation Spacing

Most Economic Distance between Substation BS EN 501288

630V d.c. Electrification System is

2-3km [LU] +420V rail

660-750 V d.c. Electrification System

1500V dc Electrification System

3000V dc Electrification System

Pictures 1500V Sydney Australia

DC. Feeding Arrangement

DC. Feeding Arrangement

DC Traction Feeding Arrangement

Rectifier Unit Isolator Normally Open Insulated Overlap or Sectioning Gap

Normal Feeding Arrangement

track sectionalisation areas

Tee feeding arrangement Single end feeding arrangement

Loss of supply of transformer rectifier units Bypass feeding arrangement

Trackside DC Substation Design

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Supply and converter design arrangements

Transformer winding design factors:

short circuit reactance, commutating reactance

Transformer reactance determine:

3 Phase Fully Controlled Bridge

50Hz 3 Phase Line to Line

750V 1500V dc 6 Pulse Rectifier

12 Pulse Series Bridge Converter

Transformer Secondary Windings Phase Displaced

Switch Gear and Busbars

Overhead Line or Third Rail

50Hz 3 Phase Line to Line

Return Running Rails 750V 1500 V dc

12 Pulse Parallel Bridge Converter

Transformer Secondary Windings Phase Displaced

Switch Gear and Busbars

Overhead Line or Third Rail

50Hz 3 Phase Line to Line

Parallel Interface Transformer

Return Running Rails 750V 1500 V dc

Short Circuit Protection

Internal Short Circuits

LAR Rectifier Hong Kong