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Foundations of A New Gov't Part II

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Foundations of a New Govt Part II

I. State of the Country


a. By the 1830s Americas population had grown to 12 million people in 24 states
b. Many young people began to move west of the Appalachian Mountains and as a result
the government started to take Native American land
c. The US had to use the military to put down a Seminole tribe rebellion in Georgia and
Spanish Florida
i. The Adam-Onis Treaty: Spain gave Florida to US
d. Texans won their war with Mexico which acknowledged the Republic of Texas as an
independent country
e. The Oregon Country attracted fur traders and established the Oregon Trail (2,000 miles
long)
II. The Industrial Revolution
a. The Industrial Revolution was an ongoing effort to increase production using machines
b. First Textile Mill was in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (Slater Mill)
c. New Technology
i. Interchangeable Parts
ii. Cotton Gin
iii. Steam Power
iv. Canals- 3,000 miles of canals
v. Roads- went from Maryland to Ohio
vi. Railroads- Baltimore and Ohio was first (B &O)
vii. Postal and News Service
III. Second Great Awakening
a. People were brought back to religion called revivals
b. Several Protestant denominations (Baptist, Methodist, Unitarian) experienced rapid
growth
c. In Christianity Black traditions (call and response) blended with white traditions
d. AME (African Methodist Episcopal Church was formed in 1819
IV. 1800s Economy
a. America was a nation of farmers and young people began trading and selling creating a
Market Revolution
b. Free Enterprise System- economy where goods are privatized and not determined by
state control
c. Capitalism- system of supply and demand
d. Bank Notes- most common form of money in 1800s (piece of paper the bank issued to
people)
e. Northern Economy
i. The Northwest was ideal for farming and transporting
ii. Manufacturing was the backbone of the Northeast (Industrialization Period)
1. The Northeast also had the biggest population growth
2. Factory workers soon united for better pay and shorter days
a. Labor Union- organization of workers formed to protect
workers interests
f. Southern Economy
i. The southern economy was built on farms (cotton,tobacco,sugar) and slavery
ii. Slave Importing was banned in 1808, but slavery continued to grow
iii. Slaves tried to revolt (Turners Rebellion), but usually these were swiftly put
down and met with harsh justice
V. New Politics
a. Jefferson Republicans split into two groups
i. Jacksonian Democrats who believed in limited government
ii. National Republicans (later became Whigs) believed in Jeffersons improvement
ideas
b. Jackson Presidency
i. Jackson used the spoil system to replace many government positions with
Jacksonian Democrats
ii. Jackson feared a large government and vetoes many laws that limited peoples
liberty
iii. Indian Relocation
1. Many people in the south wanted to move west to 100 million fertile
acres that was occupied by Native American tribes
2. Jackson convinced Congress to pass the Indian Relocation Act of 1830
3. The US army gathered 15,000 Cherokee and forced them to march west
for 116 days which killed 1 out of 4 people. This was known as the Trail
of Tears
iv. The Bank War
1. Jackson looked at the US Bank as a threat to peoples rights because it
was controlled by a few wealthy people
2. Jackson vetoed an early charter renewal
3. The American Whigs nicknamed the President King Andrew I
v. The presidents following Jackson were met with death from pneumonia and
fighting between parties.
VI. Beginning of the Civil War
a. Slavery continued to be a political and social issue, particularly because of manifest
destiny which was the US desire to occupy the whole continent from ocean to ocean.
b. The Mexican War
i. The Republic of Texas voted to annex, join, the US.
1. Southerners (Democrats) were for the addition, Northerners (Whigs)
were against it because it unbalanced the slave vs. free states.
ii. Texas became the 28
th
state in 1845
iii. Mexico considered this a declaration of war and President Polk actually wanted
to occupy all the land from Texas west to the Pacific.
iv. Congress declared war after a small skirmish were Americans were killed in
18456
v. Bear Flag Revolt- a group of settlers claimed land in California and declared it
independent
vi. 1847-The US had occupied New Mexico and California
vii. Treaty of Guadalupe
1. US got Texas, New Mexico, California and the border was set at the Rio
Grande River
2. Mexico was paid $15 million
3. Gadsden Purchase (1853)- Mexico sold southern New Mexico and
Arizona for $10 million
c. In California the settlers found gold in 1848, which caused a population boom over the
next several years mostly unmarried men and Chinese immigrants
i. Many Native Americans lost their land during this time and had to resort to
small plots of land called reservations
d. Wilmot Proviso prohibited any of the newly acquired land from Mexico permit slavery
e. Compromise of 1850
i. Congress would admit California as Free
ii. New Mexico and Utah would decide to be free or slave states on their own
iii. Congress would abolish sale of slaves in Washington D.C.
iv. Texas would give up claims to New Mexico for $10 million
v. The Fugitive Slave Act- all Americans would have to assist in return of runaway
slaves
f. Uncle Toms Cabin- Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book highlighting the terrors of
slavery which horrified northerners.
g. The gap between the North and South also grew economically and they were not just
divided by the slavery debate.
h. The Kansas Nebraska Act (1854) called for creation of two new states that were north of
the slavery line to be added, but not according to The Missouri Compromise.
i. Bleeding Kansas- groups from the North and South would settle in Kansas and
create two different capitals founded because of the slavery debate.
i. Politics
i. The Whig party mostly disappeared by the 1850s and was replaced by American
Party (aka Know-Nothings) who supported nativism and the Republican Party
who were Anti-south.
1. Nativism- a movement to ensure thats white born Americans got better
treatment than immigrants
ii. Dred Scott Decision
1. Courts ruled that Dred Scott, a slave who was formerly free could not
sue his owner and he was not free because he had lived free briefly.
2. Court had no power to ban slavery because slaves were personal
property
iii. The Lincoln-Douglas debates about slavery highlight majority rule and minority
rights
1. Lincoln believed a majority could not deny minorities rights, but he did
not support banning slavery only in new territories
2. Douglas believed in popular sovereignty
3. Douglas won the debates, but Lincoln became well known after
iv. A House Divided
1. The election of 1860 saw four men nominated: Abraham Lincoln
(Republicans) Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrats), John
Breckenridge (Southern Democrats), John Bell ( Constitutional Union
Party (moderate Democrats))
2. Lincoln won the Presidency without winning a southern state (39% of
popular vote and 180 electoral votes).
v. In 1861, seven delegates met in Alabama to secede and form the Confederate
States of America and name Jefferson Davis President.
vi. The country was split whether to fight to keep the Union intact or let the states
go peacefully.
vii. Lincoln was opposed, but did not want to start a war.
viii. Fort Sumter
1. A base in South Carolina
2. A federal ship was fired on while trying to restock the fort.
3. When Lincoln said that he was sending another ship unarmed Jefferson
Davis ordered the fort to be taken, using force if necessary
4. The federal troops refused so the Confederate army bombarded Fort
Sumter for 36 hours until they surrendered.
5. This was an open act of rebellion and Abraham Lincoln had no choice,
but to engage in war.
ix. By 1861 the states (except the Border States) had picked sides and the Civil War
began.

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