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Biology, 7e (Campbell)
Chapter 47: Animal Development


Chapter Questions

1) Russian nesting dolls, which are a set of smaller dolls packed inside larger dolls, most resemble which one of the
following developmental theories?
A) epigenesis
B) preformation
C) cell differentiation
D) morphogenesis
E) cell theory
Answer: B
Topic: Overview
Skill: Application

2) You buy a pie that contains a mixture of cherries and blueberries. When you cut the pie up, you notice that some
slices have more blueberries than cherries and other slices have more cherries than blueberries. This uneven
distribution of cherries and blueberries is most like the uneven distribution of
A) nuclei in a zygote.
B) nuclei in an early embryo.
C) nuclei in an egg.
D) cytoplasmic determinants in a zygote.
E) cytoplasmic determinants in an early embryo.
Answer: D
Topic: Overview
Skill: Application

3) A puppy is born with a malformed right leg. A veterinarian studies the animal and determines that all of the
correct types of cells are present, but that the leg simply took on the wrong shape. This is most likely a problem of
A) morphogenesis.
B) cell differentiation.
C) histogenesis.
D) preformation.
E) fertilization.
Answer: A
Topic: Overview
Skill: Application

4) As an embryo develops, new cells are formed and different types of cells develop by the process of
A) differentiation and morphogenesis.
B) preformation and cell differentiation.
C) cell division and differentiation.
D) preformation and morphogenesis.
E) preformation and epigenesis.
Answer: C
Topic: Overview
Skill: Knowledge

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5) Fertilization of an egg without activation is most like
A) placing the key in the ignition of a car but not starting the engine.
B) resting during halftime of a basketball game.
C) preparing a pie from scratch and baking it in the oven.
D) walking to a store and buying some groceries.
E) boarding a train in Chicago and riding it to Philadelphia.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Application

6) In some rare all-female salamander species, the females require the sperm from males of another species.
However, the developing embryos show no signs of a genetic contribution from the sperm. In this case, the sperm
appear to be used only for
A) morphogenesis.
B) epigenesis.
C) egg activation.
D) cell differentiation.
E) the creation of a diploid cell.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Application

7) Which of the following is a function of the acrosome contents during fertilization?
A) block polyspermy
B) help propel the sperm toward the egg
C) digest the exterior coats of the egg
D) nourish the mitochondria of the sperm
E) trigger the completion of meiosis by the sperm cell
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

8) Which of the following statements is (are) true concerning the vitelline layer of the sea urchin egg?
A) It is outside the fertilization membrane.
B) It releases calcium, which initiates the cortical reaction.
C) It has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins.
D) A and B are true.
E) A, B, and C are true.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

9) The cortical reaction functions directly in the
A) formation of a fertilization envelope.
B) production of a fast block to polyspermy.
C) release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell.
D) generation of a nervelike impulse by the egg cell.
E) fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

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10) What causes the "slow block" to polyspermy?
A) a transient voltage change across the membrane
B) the consumption of yolk protein
C) the jelly coat blocking sperm penetration
D) formation of the fertilization envelope
E) inactivation of the sperm acrosome
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

11) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) slow block to polyspermy
B) cortical granules
C) cortical reaction
D) depolarization
E) fertilization envelope
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

12) If an egg cell contained EDTA, a chemical that binds calcium and magnesium, what effect would this have on
reproduction?
A) The acrosomal reaction would be blocked.
B) The fusion of sperm and egg nuclei would be blocked.
C) The fast block to polyspermy would not occur.
D) The fertilization envelope would not be formed.
E) The zygote would not contain maternal and paternal chromosomes.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

13) Which statement about egg development is true?
A) Eggs without a nucleus cannot initiate division.
B) A second messenger system is activated following fertilization.
C) The sperm and egg micronuclei have fused by the end of the cortical reaction.
D) The contents of the cortical granules contribute to the fast block to polyspermy.
E) The mRNA involved with early activation of the egg arises from the sperm nucleus.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

14) Arrange the following stages of fertilization and early development into a proper sequence.
I. onset of new DNA synthesis
II. cortical reaction
III. first cell division
IV. acrosomal reaction; plasma membrane depolarization
V. fusion of egg and sperm nuclei complete
A) III, V, I, IV, II
B) V, I, IV, II, III
C) I, III, II, IV, V
D) V, III, I, II, IV
E) IV, II, V, I, III
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

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15) Which of the following statements about fertilization is false?
A) Fertilization reinstates diploidy.
B) Fertilization invaginates the blastula to form the gastrula.
C) During fertilization, egg cell depolarization initiates the cortical reaction.
D) During fertilization, gamete fusion depolarizes the egg cell membrane and sets up a fast block to polyspermy.
E) During fertilization, a slow block to polyspermy occurs when cortical granules erect a fertilization envelope.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

16) What part of the sperm first contacts the egg plasma membrane?
A) the vitelline membrane
B) the cortical granules
C) the acrosomal membrane
D) the actin proteins
E) the fertilization membrane
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

17) Which one of the following occurs in sea urchin but not mammalian fertilization?
A) the binding of a sperm cell to the egg
B) a fast block to polyspermy
C) hydrolytic enzymes are spilled from the acrosome
D) a slow block to polyspermy
E) a fusion of the egg and sperm membranes
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

18) As cleavage continues during frog development, the number of blastomeres
A) increases as the size of the blastomeres decreases.
B) increases as the size of the blastomeres increases.
C) decreases as the size of the blastomeres increases.
D) decreases as the size of the blastomeres decreases.
E) increases as the size of the blastomeres stays the same.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

19) Which of the following does not occur during early cleavage of a frog zygote?
A) The developing cell undergoes mitosis.
B) The nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of the two resulting cells increases.
C) The ratio of surface area to volume of the two resulting cells increases.
D) The embryo grows significantly in mass.
E) The developing cell undergoes cytokinesis.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

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20) How does the vegetal pole differ from the animal pole of a zygote?
A) The vegetal pole has a higher concentration of yolk.
B) The blastomeres originate only in the vegetal pole.
C) The posterior end of the embryo forms at the vegetal pole.
D) The vegetal pole cells undergo mitosis but not cytokinesis.
E) The polar bodies bud from this region.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

21) Which region of the frog blastula corresponds to the future dorsal side of the embryo?
A) morula
B) primitive streak
C) archenteron
D) gray crescent
E) blastocoel
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

22) The yolk of the frog egg
A) prevents gastrulation.
B) is concentrated at the animal pole.
C) is homogeneously arranged in the egg.
D) impedes the formation of a primitive streak.
E) leads to unequal rates of cleavage for the animal pole compared to the vegetal pole.
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

23) You observe an embryo with meroblastic cleavage, extraembryonic membranes, and a primitive streak. How
would you identify this organism, based on the information given?
A) insect
B) fish
C) amphibian
D) bird
E) sea urchin
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Application

24) Meroblastic cleavage occurs in which of the following?
I. sea urchins
II. humans
III. birds
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and III only
E) II and III only
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

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25) Which developmental sequence is correct?
A) cleavage, blastula, gastrula, morula
B) cleavage, gastrula, morula, blastula
C) cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula
D) gastrula, morula, blastula, cleavage
E) morula, cleavage, gastrula, blastula
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

26) What is the process called that involves the movement of cells into new relative positions in an embryo and
results in the establishment of three germ tissue layers?
A) determination
B) cleavage
C) fertilization
D) induction
E) gastrulation
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

27) After gastrulation, the outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a vertebrate is
A) endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm.
B) mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm.
C) ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
D) ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm.
E) endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

28) What would be the consequence if gastrulation did not occur?
A) Cleavage would not occur in the zygote.
B) Embryonic germ layers would not form.
C) Fertilization would be blocked.
D) The blastula would not be formed.
E) The blastopore would form above the gray crescent in the animal pole.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

29) The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into which structure?
A) reproductive organs
B) the blastocoel
C) heart and lungs
D) digestive tract
E) brain and spinal cord
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

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30) Without the formulation of an ectoderm, vertebrates would not form
A) a nervous system.
B) a liver.
C) a pancreas.
D) a heart.
E) kidneys.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

The following questions refer to the diagram of the embryo in Figure 47.1.



Figure 47.1

31) What type of embryo is most likely depicted here?
A) dog
B) frog
C) chick
D) snake
E) human
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

32) The next stage of development for the embryo depicted in Figure 47.1 is
A) gastrulation.
B) organogenesis.
C) blastula formation.
D) morula formation.
E) morphogenesis.
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

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33) In Figure 47.1, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are, respectively,
A) 1, 2, and 6.
B) 3, 4, and 5.
C) 2, 3, and 4.
D) 5, 6, and 3.
E) 1, 3, and 6.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Application

34) Which of the following will form the lumen of the digestive tract?
A) 1
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 7
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

35) The blastopore in this organism will become the
A) anus.
B) ears.
C) eyes.
D) nose.
E) mouth.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

36) In a frog embryo, gastrulation
A) produces a blastocoel displaced into the animal hemisphere.
B) occurs along the primitive streak in the animal hemisphere.
C) is impossible because of the large amount of yolk in the ovum.
D) proceeds by involution as cells roll over the lip of the blastopore.
E) occurs within the inner cell mass that is embedded in the large amount of yolk.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

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The following questions refer to the diagram of an embryo in Figure 47.2. Match the word or statement to the
lettered structures.



Figure 47.2

37) coelom
Answer: a
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

38) somite
Answer: b
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

39) notochord
Answer: e
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

40) gives rise to the muscles
Answer: b
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

41) gives rise to the brain and spinal cord
Answer: d
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge
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Figure 47.3

42) The drawing in Figure 47.3 is from what stage of amphibian development?
A) blastula
B) neural stage
C) early gastrula
D) late gastrula
E) gray crescent stage
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

43) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) germ layers
B) morula
C) blastopore
D) gastrulation
E) invagination
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

44) Which of the following is mismatched?
A) mesoderm-notochord
B) endoderm-lungs
C) ectoderm-liver
D) mesoderm-somites
E) ectoderm-eye
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

45) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) ectoderm
B) mesoderm
C) archenteron
D) endoderm
E) germ layers
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

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Use the following information to answer the questions below.

In a study of the development of frog embryos, several early gastrulas were stained with vital dyes. The locations of
the dyes after gastrulation were noted. The results are shown in the following table.

+)4] e4C)
`C) ]-
E4E]E- E]E
)+] _]]
] E 4] ]E] p4]
))_ E 4] -)_]4)+] 4C]4 O4O]


46) Ectoderm would give rise to tissues containing which of the following colors?
A) yellow and purple
B) purple and green
C) green and red
D) red and blue
E) red and yellow
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

47) The mesoderm was probably stained with which color?
A) blue
B) yellow
C) red
D) purple
E) green
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

48) The endoderm was probably stained with which color?
A) red and yellow
B) yellow and green
C) green and purple
D) blue and yellow
E) purple and red
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

49) Which of the following helps direct the formation of the primitive streak but contributes no cells to the embryo?
A) endoderm
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) neural crest
E) hypoblast
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

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50) The primitive streak in a bird is the functional equivalent of
A) the lip of the blastopore in the frog.
B) the archenteron in a frog.
C) polar bodies in a sea urchin.
D) the notochord in a mammal.
E) neural crest cells in a mammal.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

51) What does the development of all vertebrates require?
A) a large supply of yolk
B) an aqueous environment
C) extraembryonic membranes
D) an amnion
E) a primitive streak
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

52) Which of the following is not an extraembryonic membrane that develops from the embryos of reptiles, birds,
and mammals?
A) chorion
B) yolk sac
C) egg shell
D) amnion
E) allantois
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

53) Which of the following is least related to the others?
A) zona pellucida
B) amnion
C) chorion
D) allantois
E) yolk sac
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

54) The least amount of yolk would be found in the egg of a
A) bird.
B) fish.
C) frog.
D) eutherian (placental) mammal.
E) reptile.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

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55) A primitive streak forms during the early embryonic development of which of the following?
I. birds
II. frogs
III. humans
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and III only
E) II and III only
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

56) Which structure in bird and mammalian embryos functions like the blastopore of frog embryos?
A) primitive streak
B) neural plate
C) archenteron
D) notochord
E) somites
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Comprehension

57) Extraembryonic membranes develop in which of the following?
I. mammals
II. birds
III. lizards
A) I only
B) II only
C) III only
D) I and II only
E) I, II, and III
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

58) At the time of implantation, what is the human embryo called?
A) blastocyst
B) gastrula
C) fetus
D) somite
E) zygote
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

59) Which one of the following initiates implantation by secreting enzymes that break down the endometrium?
A) inner cell mass
B) endoderm
C) chorion
D) mesoderm
E) trophoblast
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

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60) In placental mammals, what is the major function of the yolk sac during development?
A) It transfers nutrients from the yolk to the embryo.
B) It differentiates into the placenta.
C) It becomes a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo.
D) It produces blood cells that then migrate into the embryo.
E) It stores waste products from the embryo until the placenta develops.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

61) Which one of the following plays a major role in gas exchange in a mammalian embryo?
A) amnion
B) hypoblast
C) chorion
D) trophoblast
E) yolk sac
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Knowledge

62) Thalidomide is a chemical that was prescribed as a sedative in the early 1960s. Many women who took the drug
during their first trimester gave birth to children with arm and leg deformities. What developmental process did this
drug affect?
A) early cleavage divisions
B) determination of the polarity of the zygote
C) differentiation of bone tissue
D) morphogenesis
E) organogenesis
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.1
Skill: Application

63) Changes in both cell shape and cell position are involved with which process(es)?
A) gastrulation
B) organogenesis
C) cleavage
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.2
Skill: Knowledge

64) Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the
A) nucleus.
B) cytoskeleton.
C) extracellular matrix.
D) transport proteins.
E) none of the above
Answer: B
Topic: Concept 47.2
Skill: Knowledge

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65) The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of cells
narrower and longer, is
A) convergent extension.
B) induction.
C) elongational streaming.
D) bi-axial elongation.
E) blastomere formation.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.2
Skill: Knowledge

66) Which of the following would probably have the greatest effect on convergent extension?
A) stopping DNA synthesis
B) stopping mRNA synthesis
C) releasing an enzyme that digests glycoproteins
D) A and B only
E) A, B, and C
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.2
Skill: Comprehension

67) Which statement about cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) is false?
A) They are glycoproteins.
B) They bind to CAMs on other cells.
C) They are all produced by the same gene.
D) They contribute to cell migration.
E) They contribute to stable tissue structure.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.2
Skill: Knowledge

68) If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the first cleavage plane does not divide the gray crescent, what is
the expected fate of the two daughter cells?
A) The daughter cell with the entire gray crescent will die.
B) Both daughter cells will develop normally because amphibians are totipotent at this stage.
C) Only the daughter cell with the gray crescent will develop normally.
D) Both daughter cells will develop abnormally.
E) Both daughter cells will die immediately.
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.3
Skill: Comprehension

69) In humans, identical twins are possible because
A) of the heterogeneous distribution of cytoplasmic determinants in unfertilized eggs.
B) of interactions between extraembryonic cells and the zygote nucleus.
C) of convergent extension.
D) early blastomeres can form a complete embryo if isolated.
E) the gray crescent divides the dorsal-ventral axis into new cells.
Answer: D
Topic: Concept 47.3
Skill: Comprehension

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70) Hans Spemann has referred to which of the following structures as the primary organizer in the early
development of amphibian embryos?
A) optic cup
B) notochord
C) neural tube
D) dorsal ectoderm
E) dorsal lip of the blastopore
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.3
Skill: Knowledge

71) In frogs, formation of the eye lens is induced by chemical signals from
A) cells that will become the neural plate.
B) cells that are forming the inner ear.
C) an outgrowth of the developing brain.
D) both A and B
E) both A and C
Answer: E
Topic: Concept 47.3
Skill: Comprehension

72) The arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space defines
A) pattern formation.
B) induction.
C) differentiation.
D) determination.
E) organogenesis.
Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.3
Skill: Knowledge

73) Which mathematical situation has a parallel in embryonic limb development?
A) using X, Y, and Z coordinates to plot a graph
B) plotting a graph of an exponential growth curve
C) plotting a graph of a linear growth curve
D) using parallel lines to construct a parallelogram
E) E = mc
2

Answer: A
Topic: Concept 47.3
Skill: Comprehension

74) Which of the following is not involved in positional information for pattern formation?
A) apical ectodermal ridge
B) zone of polarizing activity
C) cadherins
D) fibroblast growth factors
E) Sonic hedgehog
Answer: C
Topic: Concept 47.3
Skill: Knowledge


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Media Activity Questions

75) As cleavage continues, a zygote forms into a solid multicellular ball called a(n)
A) endometrium.
B) morula.
C) trophoblast.
D) gastrula.
E) blastula.
Answer: B
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Sea Urchin Development

76) During gastrulation, invagination occurs at the
A) archenteron.
B) blastocoel.
C) endometrium.
D) blastopore.
E) trophoblast.
Answer: D
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Sea Urchin Development

77) During gastrulation in frogs, a rod of mesoderm under the dorsal surface forms the
A) notochord.
B) ectoderm.
C) endoderm.
D) archenteron.
E) blastopore.
Answer: A
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Frog Development

78) During gastrulation in frogs, cells from the animal pole spread over the embryo and form the
A) endoderm.
B) ectoderm.
C) archenteron.
D) blastopore.
E) blastula
Answer: B
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Frog Development

79) The posterior portion of the neural tube will develop into the frog's
A) spinal cord.
B) brain.
C) blastocoel.
D) digestive tract.
E) anus.
Answer: A
Topic: Web/CD Activity: Frog Development



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Self-Quiz Questions

80) The cortical reaction of sea urchin eggs functions directly in the
A) formation of a fertilization envelope.
B) production of a fast block to polyspermy.
C) release of hydrolytic enzymes from the sperm cell.
D) generation of an electrical impulse by the egg cell.
E) fusion of egg and sperm nuclei.
Answer: A

81) Which of the following is common to both avian and mammalian development?
A) holoblastic cleavage
B) epiblast and hypoblast
C) trophoblast
D) yolk plug
E) gray crescent
Answer: B

82) The archenteron develops into
A) the mesoderm.
B) the blastocoel.
C) the endoderm.
D) the placenta.
E) the lumen of the digestive tract.
Answer: E

83) In a frog embryo, the blastocoel is
A) completely obliterated by yolk platelets.
B) lined with endoderm during gastrulation.
C) located primarily in the animal hemisphere.
D) the cavity that becomes the coelom.
E) the cavity that later forms the archenteron.
Answer: C

84) What structural adaptation in chickens allows them to lay their eggs in arid environments, rather than in water?
A) extraembryonic membranes
B) yolk
C) cleavage
D) gastrulation
E) development of the brain from ectoderm
Answer: A

85) In an amphibian embryo, a band of cells called the neural crest
A) rolls up to form the neural tube.
B) develops into the main sections of the brain.
C) produces cells that migrate to form teeth, skull bones, and other structures in the embryo.
D) has been shown by experiments to be the organizer region of the developing embryo.
E) induces the formation of the notochord.
Answer: C

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86) Differences in the development of different cells in the early frog embryo (zygote to blastula) are due to
A) the differences between meroblastic and holoblastic cleavage.
B) the heterogeneous distribution of cytoplasmic determinants, such as proteins and mRNA.
C) inductive interactions occurring between the developing cells.
D) concentration gradients for regulatory molecules such as BMP-4.
E) the position of the cells relative to the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA).
Answer: B

87) During convergent extension,
A) cells on the opposite side of the embryo follow converging developmental pathways leading to bilateral
symmetry.
B) the cells of the neural folds adhere to one another to complete the neural tube.
C) the cells of a tissue layer reorganize, forming a narrowed, elongated sheet.
D) the dorsal-ventral axis is established.
E) cell adhesion molecules are expressed, causing the eight blastomeres to adhere tightly to one another.
Answer: C

88) In the early development of an amphibian embryo, an important "organizer" is located in the
A) neural tube.
B) notochord.
C) archenteron roof.
D) dorsal ectoderm.
E) dorsal lip of the blastopore.
Answer: E

89) Any blastomere removed from an eight-cell mammalian embryo can develop into a normal late-stage embryo.
This finding supports the idea that
A) only the zygote is totipotent.
B) the progressive restriction of potency hypothesis applies.
C) the first cleavage event must be transverse to the animal-vegetal axis of the zygote.
D) cell divisions producing the earliest blastomeres do not result in an asymmetrical distribution of cytoplasmic
determinants.
E) there is no organizer in mammals.
Answer: D